Monera include organisms that have a very simple structure that is composed of p

rimitive cells, which are prakariotik. Tues prakariotik is the core material of
cells that have not terlidungi by core or karioteka membrane. Belong to the Mone
ra are bekteri group and the blue algae or Chyanophyta.
I. Bacteria
In the classification, these creatures are grouped into the world of plants, sub
-division sides Schyzomycetes or fungi, because breed divide. In the latest clas
sification, bacteria belonging to the kingdom Monera.

A. The characteristics and nature of Bacteria

To be able to properly study the bacteria we need to recognize the characteristi
cs and nature.
1. Bacterial characteristics
The bacteria is a creature who renik has characteristics as follows:
1. Body composed of a single bacterial cell (unisel). Living alone (solitary)
and some are living in groups (colonies). Body size in micron units, larger tha
n viruses. To watch him the tools needed in the form of a microscope.
2. Bacterial cells do not have chloroplasts, which appear transparent or tran
slucent. Because do not have chloroplasts, bacteria can not develop their own fo
od substance with the help of sunlight energy. However, there are several types
of bacteria that have a pigment / dye such as chloroplasts, which can perform ph
otosynthesis. Therefore, these bacteria are fotoautotrop. There is also a bacter
ium that has no pigment, but can synthesize their own nutrients by using chemica
l energy in the medium, called kemoautotrop bacteria.
3. Bacteria do not breed in mating / asexually, by splitting.
4. Bacteria live everywhere, from the tropics to polar regions, ranging from
lowland to mountain top. There are free-living, parasitic, and saprofit others.

2. Bacteria form
Based on the shape, the bacteria are divided into three, namely bacteria round l
ike a ball (kokus), or a cylindrical rod (bacillus), and like spiral (sprillium)
. For more details, see the following picture!
1. Kokus
Are bacteria Kokus round like a ball. Based on the colony, kokus could be
classified into 5 types:
1. Monokokus, the ball-shaped bacteria that live independently or solit
ary.
2. Diplokokus, the ball-shaped bacteria that live always in pairs, each
pair consisting of two bacteria.
3. Tetrakokus, namely, round bacteria that live in groups and each grou
p consists of the four bacteria.
4. Sarkina, the ball-shaped bacteria that live in groups and each group
consisted of eight bacteria that form the structure like a cube.
5. Streptococcus, bacteria that is coupled spherical-like chain couplin
g.
6. Staphylococcal, which is shaped like a ball of bacteria and clustere
d like grapes.
2. Bacillus (bacillus)
Basil is a bacterium shaped like a cylinder or a small trunk. Shaped bacte
ria could be classified into three, namely:
1. Monobasilus, the rod-shaped bacteria that live independently or soli
tary.
2. Diplobasilus, the rod-shaped bacteria that live in pairs of two-two.
 3. Streptobasilus, the rod-shaped bacteria that form a chain.
3. Spiril (spirillum)
Spiril is the bacterium that has the form like a spiral, curved, or curved
. Which includes forms of this bacterium is vibrion, the bacteria that is shaped
like a comma punctuation.

3. Structure of bacteria
Body consists of a single bacterial cell. Bacterial cells resembling plant cells
. The parts of the cell consists of a bacterial cell wall, plasma membrane, and
cytoplasm.
1. Cell wall is strong enough parts and Hemicellulose is composed of substanc
es. Cell wall function is as a protector of the body bacteria, while giving your
body shape.
2. Plasma membrane in the inner cell wall, is a membrane lipoprotein that ser
ves as a gateway substance into or out into and from the bacterial cell.
3. Found in the cytoplasm of the plasma membrane. in this section there are v
arious organelles that serve as the executor of life activities, such as cellula
r respiration, synthesis of the cell, and others. In the middle of the cytoplasm
are the core ingredients that are not protected by the membrane core. At the co
re materials have chromosomes.
4. Tool Motion bacteria
Some strains of bacteria that can be moved by means of a whip or flagelum feathe
rs. Based flagelumnya number and location, the bacteria can be grouped into five
, namely:
1. atrik, ie bacteria that do not have flagelum,
2. montrik, the bacteria that has one of end flagelum body.
3. amfitrik, the bacteria that has falgelum two groups respectively in the ed
ge of his body.
4. lopotrik, which has a group of bacteria that flagelum at one end of the bo
dy.
5. peritrik, the bacteria that has the entire surface flagelum body.
5. Food bacteria
Based on how to obtain food, the bacteria can be divided into two, namely hetero
trop bacteria and bacteria autrotrop.
1. Bacteria heterotrop
Heterotrop bacteria are bacteria that can not synthesize their own food su
bstances. So, the food depend on other organisms. There are bacteria that obtain
their food from other organisms rest of the dead. This type of bacteria called
saprofit bacteria. There is also a food bacteria obtained directly from other or
ganisms. This type of bacteria called bacterial parasites. There is a parasitic
bacteria in animals, plants, and humans.
Bacteria that ride in humans is not always harmful to human health. For ex
ample, Escherichia coli bacteria that live in the thick intestine. These bacteri
a help decompose food scraps and also help the formation of vitamin K is essenti
al for blood clotting. Bacteria that do not cause disease in humans called apato
gen bacteria.
Instead of riding a lot of bacteria live in humans and cause disease are c
alled pathogens.
2. Bacteria autotrof
Autotrof bacteria are bacteria that can make his own food substances. To c
ompile these nutrients, the bacteria need energy.
Based on the use of energy sources, autotrof bacteria can be grouped into
two, namely fotoautotrof and kemoautotrof.
1. Fotoautotrof bacteria are bacteria that can synthesize their own foo
d substances by using sunlight energy. Examples of purple bacteria group (bakter
iopurpurin) and green bacteria (bakterioklorofil).
2. Kemoautotrof bacteria are bacteria that can synthesize their own foo
d substances using chemical energy. Examples include bacteria kemoautotrof iron
bacteria, sulfur bacteria, and bacterial substances limp (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosoc
occus, Nitobacter).
6. Respiratory bacterial
Bacteria can be divided into two groups, namely bacteria aerobic and anaerobic b
acteria.
1. Aerobic bacteria are bacteria that require oxygen in their lives are free
to break the substance in the medium. The bacteria of this type are often called
bakteriobligat aerobe. Aerobic bacteria that are happy to live in moist environ
ments and enough air. Examples of aerobic bacteria include bacteria that causes
tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus and Nitrob
acter.
2. Anaerobic bacteria are bacteria that in life or in breaking the substance
that does not require free oxygen. These bacteria are often called obligate anae
robic bacteria. To break down the food substances in the medium, the bacteria ex
crete certain types of fermen. Examples of anaerobic bacteria such as Micrococcu
s denitrificans used to living on the land-rich but poor in substance nitric oxy
gen. In these conditions describe Micrococcus denitrificans substance NH3 and HN
O3 into O2. Meanwhile, Clostridium tetani is a bacteria that causes tetanus.
7. Bacterial reproduction
Generally, bacteria reproduce asexually, by splitting or binary splitting (divis
ion one cell into two daughter cells). Bacterial cell division including divisio
n amitosis, which is simple.
How to generative reproduction of bacteria is often called paraseksual. Paraseks
ual place in three ways, namely transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
1. Transformation is the transfer of some genetic material in the form of AND
or genes from one bacterial cell to another type of bacteria with a complex phy
siological processes.
2. Conjugation is bergandengnya two bacteria (+ and -) to form a bridge for t
he transfer of genetic material.
3. Transduction is the transfer of genetic material by means of viruses.
In ideal conditions, bacteria will divide every 20 minutes. Thus, can be c
alculated how many times a day a bacterial cell can divide.
In less favorable conditions, some bacteria will die. But, there are sever
al types of bacteria that will survive, namely by making a strong wall called a
cyst. Bacteria are in the form of cysts, a spore core. Because the spores are st
ored in the strong wall of the cyst is often called spores endospora. In a state
as endospora, bacteria are not active and can survive for 50 years. Unlike the
spores of fungi, mosses, and ferns, bacterial spores useful to defend themselves
from environmental conditions are not favorable, while fungal spores, mosses, a
nd ferns are for breeding.
8. Bacterial growth
Bacterial growth influenced by factors as follows:
1. Temperature
Optimum temperature for bacterial growth is between 270 - 3000C. However,
there are bacteria that grow well at temperatures lower or higher than the optim
um temperature is average.
2. Humidity
Bacteria can grow well in humid environments or high water content.
3. Sunlight
Sunlight, especially ultraviolet light can kill bacteria. In addition, ult
raviolet rays can also damage the structure of the bacterial chromosome.
4. Chemicals
Several types of chemical substances, such as antibiotics and chemicals ot
her, nothing can kill or damage bacterial cell walls, which can inhibit bacteria
l growth.

B. ROLE OF BACTERIAL FOR HUMAN LIFE

1). Beneficial bacteria
1. Bacterial decay
We can not imagine what would happen if there is no pengurai bacteria and
other organisms. Most likely this earth will be full of garbage and carcasses re
maining organisms. But be thankful, that God has created bacteria that become ou
r friends to tackle the problem of garbage and the carcasses. Not only that, the
garbage and the carcasses are broken down by bacteria into nutrient elements. T
hus, bacterial decay was very helpful in restoring soil fertility.
In the colon we also have decay bacteria, namely Escherichia coli. These b
acteria help to decompose the rest of the food digestion. In addition, Escherich
ia coli help the formation of vitamin K is essential for blood clotting process.
2. Antibiotic-producing bacteria
Several types of bacteria capable of producing, among others:
(1) griceus Streptomyces, capable of producing streptomycin,
(2) aureofacien Streptomyces, capable of producing aureomisin, and
(3) venezuele Streptomyces, capable of producing kloromisin and kloramphen
icol.
3. Acid-producing bacteria
Some acid-producing bacteria include:
(1) Clostridium butiricum, producing butyric acid
(2) Propioni bacterium, producing propionic acid, and
(3) Acetobacter, producing vinegar or acetic acid
4. Bacteria in milk processing
In the milk processing industry is widely used bacterial services. Lactoba
cillus bulgaricus bacteria can be used to make yogurt, which is a kind of bevera
ge from milk ingredients. In the milk, Loctobacillus bacteria multiply and grow
rapidly. These bacteria menyekresikan matter which gives the delicious aroma of
milk. In addition to acid production interests and beverages, some kinds of bact
eria are also widely used to produce food, such as butter and cheese. Changes in
the sour cream cheese ingredients to be a solid and a fragrant aroma of the che
ese is due to chemicals produced by bacteria.
5. Bacteria that bound nitrogen substances
Some bacteria have a substance capable of binding weak / nitrogen (N2) fro
m air-free. Substances nitrogen is an indispensable element by plants for synthe
tic protein.
6. The role of bacteria in waste treatment
In an age of advanced technology that all this was a lot of problems that
arise. One of them is produced from industrial waste increased. To solve the was
te problem, one of which is to use the services of aerobic bacteria. Aerobic bac
teria in the air that much left to oxidize free wastes in the open reservoirs. I
n this way the aerobic bacteria will be free to oxidize the waste material.
7. Bacteria and genetic engineering
In the last decade, bacteria contributed greatly in the field of genetic e
ngineering. In this field, the bacteria can be used as a means to transplant a g
ene from a variety of organic beings. In this way can produce a variety of livin
g things that have combined properties desired in accordance with the humans.
In addition, it has developed the production of high quality amino acids u
sing bacteria services.
8. Making biogas
 The ability of bacteria to decompose organic substances can be used to des
cribe the waste and manure are a lot of us have. By using this bacterium, waste
and processed manure to produce biogas. This biogas can be used to replace fuel
oil or other fuels are being increasingly limited
2). Harmful bacteria
1. Bacterial pathogens
Pathogenic bacteria is a bacterial parasite that can cause illness to huma
ns. The resulting disease can interfere with various organs such as the digestiv
e tract, respiratory tract, genitalia, nervous system, and blood. Several types
of bacterial pathogens that attack many communities in the tropics, including In
donesia.
Various kinds of bacteria and diseases caused
1. Clostridium tetani bacteria cause disease Tetanus / muscle spasms
2. Diplococcus pneumonia bacteria causing pneumonia disease / pneumonia
3. Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
4. Bacterium Mycobacterium leprae causes penyakitLepra / leprosy
5. Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria cause disease Lion King / gonorrhea
6. Pasteurella pestis bacteria cause disease Pes / pestilence
7. Salmonella bacteria cause disease typosa Typhus
8. Dysenteriae Shigella bacteria cause dysentery diseases
9. Bacterium Treponema pallidum causes syphilis
10. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae causes the disease Cholera
2. Bacterial parasites in animals and plants
Disease caused by bacteria are as follows:
1. Anthrax, caused by Bacillus antraxis. Animals who are attacked are c
ows, buffaloes, and sheep.
2. Bruselosis, caused by Brucella abortion. This disease usually attack
s the cow.
3. Swollen jaw, penyababnya is Actynomyces bovis. This disease usually
attacks the cow.
Plant diseases caused by bacteria such as: cancer stem caused by Xanthomon
as oranges citri, coffee bars cancer caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and pu
mpkin blight caused by Erwina tracheiphilla.
3. Perusak bacteria of food
Here are some examples of destructive bacteria food:
1. Pseudodomonas cocovenenans, produce toxins Bongkrek acid. These bact
eria usually live in Tempe Bongkrek pulp derived from coconut husks to know and
whose creation is less hygienic.
2. Clostridium botulinum, produces toxins botulinin. These bacteria are
often found in canned foods that have been damaged. Poisons and botulinin Bongk
rek acid can be lethal to human consumption.
3. Leuconostoc mesentroides produce mucus on the food that has long or
going stale.
C. Preventive Action Against Bacterial Threats
To overcome the various activities that are harmful bacteria such, needs to be d
one the right thing. For example, to prevent damage to food, food ingredients sh
ould be preserved. Meanwhile, to prevent outbreaks of disease prevention needs,
with the vaccination and health care and environmental hygiene.
1) Vaccines to Prevent Disease Because of Bacteria
Some diseases caused by bacteria have been found in the vaccine. The vaccines ar
e given to healthy people, so if infected by the bacteria that the vaccine had b
een present in the body, that person will be immune to the disease.
Several vaccines have been found among others:
1. BCG vaccine (Bacillus Calmete Guerin) function to prevent TB disease.
2. DPTP Vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Profilaksi) function to prev
ent diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus.
3. TDC vaccines (typhoid, Cholera, Dysentria) to prevent the disease typhus,
cholera and dysentery.
4. Kotipa vaccine to prevent cholera, typhoid, and paratifus.
2) Preserving Food
To overcome bacterial activity saprofit of damage and cause food poison the food
needs to preserved. Preservation can be done in both traditional and convention
al. Traditional food preservation such as by drying, smoking, pickling, marinati
ng, and pemanisan.
Meanwhile, the conventional preservation among others by sterilization, pasteuri
zation, freezing, refrigeration, use of chemicals, as well as with radiation.
Preserving food by drying, pickling, pemanisan, and smoking in principle does no
t provide an ideal environment for bacterial life. With this treatment, external
environmental conditions bacteria solution becomes more concentrated. This caus
es the water in the cytoplasm of bacteria will berosmosis out, so the bacteria w
ill die from lack of water. A cold environment will cause the bacteria inactive.
Therefore, if the food is preserved by cooling out of place and preservation, w
ill soon show the existence of bacterial activity.
Preserving with pasteurization aims to kill the pathogenic bacteria alone. Meanw
hile, bacteria are not harmful apatogen and kept alive. Preservation is usually
performed on pasteurized milk. Milk preserved in this manner is heated to a temp
erature of 600C, then cooled. Once reheated cold temperatures until the temperat
ure reaches 600C. These activities carried out until 3 or 4 times. With this kin
d of treatment, predicted all pathogens are dead, while apatogen bacteria remain
ed alive.
Preserving food by sterilization is intended to exempt food from all the bacteri
a, either pathogens or apatogen. Preserved material to be heated to 1000 C or mo
re for several minutes. At this temperature all bacteria are dead. Normal steril
ization performed on food to be stored longer or be preserved by canning. Ordina
ry food such as milk and sterilized canned fish.
To free germ laboratory equipment and medical equipment, used with an oven heati
ng. With this tool, tools sterilized with heated to a temperature 1000C or more
for several minutes. To membebaskumankan these tools can also be done in a muffl
e concentrated alcohol.
II. Blue-Green Algae
Blue algae or Crynophita originally grouped into the world of plants, such as gr
een algae, red algae, algae blonde, and golden algae. Because the cell structure
similar to the structure of a bacterial cell, namely the prokaryotic nature of
blue algae in the world are grouped into Monera, a group with the bacteria.
In contrast to the bacteria that is always one cell body, the body of the blue a
lgae is a single-celled one-celled and more. There are single-celled living a so
litary and a colony, while many general-celled, threadlike.
These algae have chlorophyll in the cytoplasm, but no chloroplasts. Because they
have chlorophyll, algae can perform photosynthesis. Blue color of the algae is
caused by the existence of a blue pigment or fikosianin.
Blue algae that live in damp places, in the water, and some are bersimbiosis wit
h other organisms. Some types of blue algae can survive in the environment where
the temperature reaches 850C. Because of its ability to live in a less favorabl
e environment then this blue algae can be considered as the pioneer vegetation.
Environmental rocks which had been overgrown vegetation impossible, because dila
pukkan by blue algae, then can be a good place for the growth of other vegetatio
n.
a. Blue Algae Reproduction
Blue algae reproduce asexually, by splitting, fragmentation, and heterokist.
1. Divide
Breeding with the divide is only found in single-celled algae blue. Each b
ody is composed of a single cell will divide directly into two, so that binary f
ission.
2. Fragmentation
Developments by way of fragmentation was found in single-celled algae that
live colony and threadlike blue algae. Colonies (a collection of single-celled
algae blue) will split off into smaller colonies. Furthermore, each cell would s
plit up the colony binary, so at some point will produce a blue algae colony siz
e comparable with the parent colony.
Body of blue algae will threadlike disjointed into multiple threads that s
horter size. Every part or piece will grow into new individuals. Such proliferat
ion is often too homogonium.
3. Heterokist
In certain parts of the body threadlike algae are thick-walled cells that
form different cells in the vicinity. Therefore it is called heterokist cells. H
eterokist it if it separates itself from its parent thread can grow into new ind
ividuals.
b. Examples of Blue Algae
Here are some examples of blue algae:
1. Single-celled algae blue
1. Croococcus, algae are used to living in a quiet pool of water, multi
ply by splitting.
2. Gleocapsa, similar body shape Croococcus, but the cell surrounded by
blue mucous membranes. This algae used to live in stone or as epiphytes on othe
r plants.
2. Single-celled algae colonize blue
1. Polycistis, colonies of algae are shaped like a ball. Life on the po
nd where the water calm and clear.
2. Spirulina, algae are able to reproduce quickly and are able to synth
esize a substance with good food, so they can produce highly nutritious organic
substances.
3. Threadlike blue algae
1. Oscillatoria, his body composed of a layer of flat cells, living in
calm water, multiply by fragmentation thread or hormogonium.
2. Nostoc commune, cells making ball-shaped body composed like chains.
In some cells, the walls thicken and turn into heterokist.
3. Rivularia, typical of his body is thread-like whip. At the base of t
he filament or yarn are often found heterokist.
4. Anabaena cycadae and Anabaena azolae, these two types of algae Nosto
c has a similar body, but live on the roots of plants bersimbiosis others. Bersi
mbiosis living Anabaena cycadae at the root of fern plants hajj (Cycasrumphii),
whereas Anabaena azolae bersimbiosis water at the root of the nail (Azolla pinna
ta). Just as Nostoc, Anabaena also reproduce by the fragmentation yarn and with
heterokist.
c. Blue Algae Role For Human Life
As a human being autotrop, blue algae none of the adverse human. In fact, almost
all of them profitable. Several types of single-celled blue algae is a pioneer
vegetation. This is possible because some types of blue algae is that to survive
in conditions that are less good environment in which other organisms can not l
ive.
Some types of blue algae, such as Nostoc commune, Anabaena cycadae, and Anabaena
 azolae, able to help nourish the soil, because it can bind to the substance of
nitrogen (N2) from air-free. With their activities, mineral or nutrient content
of the soil will increase.
Some blue algae types, such as Spirulina, are capable of producing compounds of
carbohydrates and other organic compounds indispensable man. Therefore, Spirulin
a gives hope to men to develop it as a source of food in the future.
Summary
1. Kingdom Monera includes all organisms that do not have intisel membrane (p
rokaryotic) consists of blue-green algae
2. Differences between bacteria and green algae are:
* Bacteria not berklorofil
* Blue-green algae berklorofil
3. Bacteria live everywhere (water, soil, air, other living creatures)
4. Based on the shape of bacteria can be divided into:
* Stem (basil)
* Ball (kokus)
* Helix (spiral)
5. Reproduction of bacteria is:
* Binary fission
* Conjunction
* Transpormasi
* Transduction
6. There are beneficial bacteria, and some are harmful
7. In order to free the body from bacteria and other microorganisms can be do
ne by:
* Sterilized
* Cooled
* Salt
* Heated
* Sugar
* Given the preservative
* Given vinegar
8. blue-green algae is useful for eg Anabaena Man bersimbiosis with Azola whi
ch can be used as green manure. Spirulina used as food supplements because of hi
gh protein.
Bacteria and Role Names
1. Helping Escherichia leftovers rot in human colon and the formation of vita
min K
2. Generate qriseus Streptomyces antibiotic streptomycin
3. Generate Bacillus polymyxa antibiotic polimiksin
4. Streptomyces rimosus tetracycline antibiotics Produce
5. Clostridium acetobutylicum produce chemicals acetone and botanol
6. Metano a bacterium Produce Methane biogas
7. Making Acetobacterium vinegar
8. Lactobacillus bulgaricus Making yogurt
9. Making Acetobater xylinum coconut juice
10. Clostridium botulinum food Decay
11. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
12. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera or vomiting
13. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus
14. Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy
15. The cause of the disease Baccilus anthrax antracis
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