CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

CHE243-MATERIAL AND ENERGY

BALANCE AND SIMULATION

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
CALCULATION
Units And Dimensions
Conversion Of Units
Systems Of Units
Dimensional Homogeneity
PROCESSES AND PROCESS VARIABLES
Concept Of Mass, Volume, Flowrate
Chemical Composition
Pressure And Temperature

2.0 UNIT & DIMENSION

Proper handling of units is an essential part of being an engineer
A measured or counted quantity has a numerical value and unit, eg. 2
meter, 4.29 kilograms.

A dimension is a property that can be measured, e.g length, time,

mass or temperature, or calculated by multiplying or dividing other
dimensions, such as length/time (velocity).

Measurable unit are specific values of dimensions that have been

defined by convention, custom, or law, e.g grams for mass, seconds
for time and centimeters for length.

3.0 CONVERSION OF UNITS

Equivalence between two expressions of the same quantity can be defined in

terms of a ratio:
1 cm
1 centimeterper 10 milimeters
10 mm
10 mm
10 milimeters per 1 centimeter
1 cm
2

1 cm2
1 cm
10 mm 100 mm 2

ConversionFactors

To convert a quantity expressed in terms of the unit to its equivalent in terms

of another unit, multiply the given quantity by the conversion factor (new
unit/old unit). Example:
36 mg

1g

1000 mg

= 0.036 g

EXAMPLE 1
Convert an acceleration of 1 cm/s2 to its equivalent in km/yr2.

km
9.95 10
yr 2
9

CONVERSION OF UNITS

554 m4/(day.kg) to cm4/(min.g)

3 wk to miliseconds

4.0 SYSTEM OF UNITS

Base units for mass, length, time, temperature, electrical current and
light intensity.

Multiple units defined as multiples or fractions of base units such as

minutes, hours, and milliseconds, all defined in unit of seconds.

Derived units (a) by multiplying and dividing base or multiple units

(cm2, ft/min) preferred as compound unit.
(b) As defined equivalent to compound unit (eg. 1 lbf
32.174 lbm.ft/s2).

SYSTEM OF UNITS

SI unit System International meter (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for
mass, seconds (s) for time and Kelvin (K) for temperature.

CGS system Most identical to SI unit. Refer to Felder (pp. 11) Table
2.3-1.

American Engineering System foot (ft) for length, pound-mass (lbm)

for mass, seconds for time.

*Note: Refer to Felder (pp. 11)

5.0 DIMENSIONAL
HOMOGENEITY
Quantities can be added or subtracted only if their units
are the same.

Rule every valid equation must be dimensionally

homogeneous; that is, all additive terms on both sides of
equation must have the same dimensions.

*Note: Refer to Felder (pp. 20-22).

5.0 DIMENSIONAL
HOMOGENEITY
Consider the equation

D(ft)=3t(s)+4

1. If the equation is valid, what are the dimensions of the

constants 3 and 4

2. If the equation is consistent in its units, what are the units

of 3 and 4
3. Derive an equation for distance in meters in terms of time
in minutes

PROCESSES AND
PROCESS VARIABLES

Chemical Process Flow Diagram

FEED PREPARATION

REACTION PROCESS

SEPARATION PROCESS

FINAL PRODUCT

You need to:

Minimize production of unwanted byproducts
Separate the good (product) from the bad
(byproducts)
Recover the unused reactants

energy

Maximize profit, minimize

consumption, minimize impact on the

environment

Process: any operation or series of operations.

The material enters a process = Input or Feed.
The material which leaves the process = Output or
Product.
It is common for process to consist of multiple steps.
These each steps is carried out in a process unit. Each of
process unit has associated with it a set of input and output
process stream.
To design or analyze a process, we need to know the
amounts, compositions & condition of materials which enter
& leave the process.

6.0 MASS AND VOLUME

Density mass per unit volume.
Specific volume volume occupied by a unit mass of the
substance
Specific gravity ratio of the density of the substance to
the density of a reference substance ref at specific
condition:

ref

Reference most commonly used for solid and

liquid is water

SG

at 4OC

1000 kg/m3

EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the density of mercury in lbm/ft3 and the volume in ft3 occupied by
215 kg of mercury. Given SG of mercury is 13.546 and density of water is 62.3
lbm/ft3.

Density of mercury.

843.92

lbm
ft 3

Volume of 215 kg mercury.

0.5617 ft 3

MASS AND VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE

Flowrate- the rate at which a material is transported

through a process line is the flowrate of that material

Can be expressed as- mass flowrate(mass/time) or

volumetric flowrate (volume/time)

Volumetric flowrate can be converted to mass flowrate if

density of a fluid is known

.

m / V m/ V

EXAMPLE 3
The mass flowaret of n-hexane (=0.659 g/cm3) in a pipe is

6.59 g/s. What is the volumetric flowrate of the hexane?

cm3
10.0
s
The volumetric flowrate of CCl4(=1.595 g/cm3) in a pipe

is 100.0 cm3/min. what is the mass flowrate of the CCl4?

g
159.5
min

7.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

1) Conversion Between Mass and Moles
Atomic weight mass of an atom.

Molecular weight sum of atomic weights of atoms that constitute a

molecule of the compound, e.g O2 = 32 g/g-mol.
If a molecular weight of a substance is M, then there are M kg/kmol,
M g/mol, and M lbm/lb-mole of this substance.
Molecular weight can be used as a conversion factor that relates the
mass and the number of moles of a quantity of the substance.

EXAMPLE 4
How many of each of the following are contained in 100.0 g of
(M=44.01)?
(1) mol CO2

(4) mol O

(2) lb-moles CO2

(5) mol O2

(3) mol C

(6) g O

(7) g O2

(1) 2.273 mol CO 2

(6) 72.7 gO

(2) 5.01110 3 lb - mole CO 2

(5) 72.7 g O 2

(3) 2.273 mol C

(4) 4.546 mol O

(5) 2.273 mol O 2

CO2

7.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

2) Mass & Mole Fraction and Molecular Weight
Mass Fraction: x A

massof A
total mass

Mole Fraction: y moles of A

A

total moles

Percent by mass of A is 100xA

Percent by moles of A is 100yA

EXAMPLE 5
A solution contains 15% A by mass (xA = 0.15) and 20
mole% B (yB = 0.20)
1) Calculate the mass of A in 175 kg of solution

26 kg A

2) Calculate the mass flowrate of A in a stream of solution

flowing at a rate of 53 Ibm/h

Ib m A
h

EXAMPLE 5 CONTD
A solution contains 15% A by mass (xA = 0.15) and 20
mole% B (yB = 0.20)
3) Calculate the molar flow rate of B in stream flowing at a rate of
1000 mol/min

200

mol B
min

EXAMPLE 5 CONTD
A solution contains 15% A by mass (xA = 0.15) and 20
mole% B (yB = 0.20)
4) Calculate the total solution flow rate that corresponds to a
molar flow rate of 28 kmol B/s.

140

kmol solution
s

EXAMPLE 5 CONTD
A solution contains 15% A by mass (xA = 0.15) and 20
mole% B (yB = 0.20)
5) Calculate the mass of the solution that contains 300 Ibm of A.

2000 Ib m solution

7.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

3) Conversion from a Composition by Mass to Molar Composition
A set of mass fractions may be converted to an equivalent set of mole
fractions by:
(a) Assuming as a basis of calculation a mass of the mixture.
(b) Using the known mass fractions to calculate the mass of each
component in the basis quantity; and converting this masses
to moles;
(c) Taking the ratio of the moles of each component to the total
number of moles.

EXAMPLE 6
A mixture of gases has the following composition by mass:

Component

Mass %

O2

16

CO

4.0

CO2

17

N2

63

What is the molar composition?

Comp.

Mole
fraction
(y=n/ntotal)

O2

0.150

CO

0.044

CO2

0.120

N2

0.690

Total

1.000

A researcher conducted an experiment on electrolysis of mixed brine. A

mixture of gases was produced at the cathode. The composition (by weight)
of the gases was as follows: 64% Chlorine (Cl2), 29% Bromine (Br2) and 7%
Oxygen (O2). Using the ideal gas law, calculate the composition (by volume)
of the gas mixture.
Given Molecular weight Br2 = 159.83, Cl2 = 70.91, O2 = 32.00

7.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

4) Average molecular weight

Average molecular weight (mean molecular weight of a mixture),

Mav

Using mole fraction:

Using mass fraction:

M av y1M1 y2 M 2 ...

yM

i
allcomponent

xi
1
x
x
1 2 ...
M av M 1 M 2
allcomponent M i

EXAMPLE 7
Calculate the average molecular weight of air:
(1) From its approximate molar composition of 79 mol% N2, 21 mol%O2
(2) From its approximate composition by mass of 76.7 wt% N2, 23.3 wt% O2

M av 28.84

7.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

5) Concentration
Solution: a mixture of substance called solutes in another
substance called solvent.
Solvent: a dominant substance that is present in larger amount
and so it dissolves or dilutes the solutes.
Solute: a substance that are present in smaller amount and
dissolves or distributes in a solvent. It could be more than one
solute in a solution.
Particles of solutes are normally distributed uniformly
throughout the solvent mass.

 This distribution of solutes in a solvent is known as

concentration (conc) of solutes in the solution.

The conc of solutes could be expressed as mass conc or molar

concentration (molarity).
Mass concentration of a solute A in solution (g/cm3, kg/m3,

Ibm/ft3).
Molarity of a solute A in solution (in mol/L or M).

7.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

6) Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
ppm & ppb are used to express the con of trace species that is

present in a very dilute amount (very small amount) relative to

other components in a mixture.
For a solution in liq or solid phase
Concentration of a substance A in ppm
= mass of a substance a solute A in gmol
106 unit of solution
Concentration of a substance A in ppb
= mass of a substance a solute A in gmol
109 unit of solution

ppm also can be defined as

1
1
1

1 = 6
= 6
= 3
=1
10 10 10

8.0 PRESSURE

Pressure- ratio of a force to the area on which the force

acts

PF/A

Unit : Ibf/in2 (psi) or dynes/cm2 or N/m2 [pascal (Pa)]

Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric

Typical value of Patmospheric at sea level are;
1atm = 14.696psi = 760mmHg = 101.325kPa

9.0 TEMPERATURE
Temperature a measure of average kinetic energy possessed by the
substance molecules.
The relationship to convert a temperature expressed in one unit to
another: TK To C 273.15
TO R To F 459.67

T O R 1.8TK

T O F 1.8T o C 32

The conversion factor:

1.8O F 1.8O R 1O F 1O C
,
,
,
1K 1O R 1K
1O C

The conversion
temperatures.

factors

refer

to

temperature

intervals,

not

EXAMPLE
Consider the interval from 20F to 80F
1. calculate the equivalent temperatures in C and the interval
between them
2. calculate directly the interval in C between the temperatures.