Page1of1

Complete
:
Paper1,Subject1
Needed
:
Hitlerdates19401945
PaperIIIinfo(what'sneededthereislistedatthebottom)
WWI&WWIIsimilarities/differences(moreneeded...Paper2)
moreVietnamdetails
ColdWar(Paper2)
Doyouguyshavemussolini,riseofhitler,imperialrussia?TaylorR
Hey...weneedrussianrevolutionsstuffsforpaper2.allwehaveiscivilwarDevin
(Got1905Revolution,need1917and1918counterrevolutionnowBob)havethatTaylor
Paper1,Subject2isalmostfinisheditjustneedsmoreonMao'sIdeologySarah
Iputsomeextremelybasicinformationonthe1919RussianRevolution,Ithinkitstillneedsmoreadding
thoughSarah
IaddedinformationonMussoliniintheRiseandRuleofSinglePartyStatesbutitcouldusesomemore
informationandreorganizing.Sarah
ialsohavetsaristrussiaandsomeleninistTaylor

PAPER1
Subject1:
TheUSSRunderStalin,19241941

Struggleforleadership

OverviewLeft,RightandUnitedOpposition
LeftleadbyTrotsky
RightleadbyBukharinandRykov,
UnitedleadbyStalin,KamenevandZinoviev
StalinConsolidationofPower
1922GeneralSecretary,LeaderofPolitburo,ComradeCardIndex,everyoneinthepartygotposition
becauseofStalin
1923ScissorCrisisagriculturalproductionincreasesmuchfasterthanindustrialsograinprices
dropandfarmerscannotbuymanufacturedgoodssotheyrevertedtosubsistencefarming
1924January21Lenindies
1924January31ConstitutionoftheUSSRratifiedandrecognizedbyGreatBritain,France,andS
1924Kamenev&ZinovievjoinedStalinagainstTrotsky(lesserof2evils)
1927Trotsky,Zinoviev,&Kamenevwereexpelledfromtheparty
1929YearoftheGreatTurnStalinturnsonBukharin&rightists>Stalinnowbecomesthe
undisputedleaderoftheUSSRbecauseof:
ForcedCollectivization:

68%oflandcollectivizedby1930
90%oflandcollectivizedby1936
Productivityisstillmuchlowerthanexpected
UkrainianFamine
Peasantsresisttocollectivizationandlackincentive
AlienatedTrotskybyemphasizinghisdisagreementsw/Lenin,
ExiledBukharinandRykov
DeportedKamenev
Zinovievlostseatoncentralcommittee
rivalsdividedandtoofocusedoneachother

Collectivization,agriculturalpolicies

OverviewIntroducedin1929toincreaseefficiencyandproductivitythrumodernization,putpeasantry
underdirectpoliticalcontrolandmaketaxcollectionefficient,badforcountrybutsuccessforcommunist
partyastheyhadcontroloveragriculture
largestateownedfarmsof1000ppl
Supposedlyhelpedtheeconomyin1927therewas2milliontonnesofgrainforexportcomparedto
the10millioninTsartimes
1927increaseinKulak'staxesandrestrictedrighttoleaseland
1928wheatyieldishalfthatofGermany
1929193060%ofpeasantscollectivized
19291935foodrationingenforced
35%leftcollectivefarms
19311934famine1015millionpeopledie
1930Stalinwrites,"DizzywithSuccess"inPravda(tellingpeoplehowgreatthecollectivization
was)
193590%ofarablelandwascollectivized
193334Famine.ItwassobadinUkrainethepolicestoppedpplfromleaving(10milliontonnesof
grainbeingexported)
1936allkulakssenttogulagsorcollectivized

FiveYearPlans,industrialization,rearmament

Overviewguideeconomytowardsrapidindustrializationeliminateunemployment(runbytheGosplanthat
settargets,quotas,ect)
st
1
5yearplan19281932heavyindustry,coalandiron
coaloutputrosefrom45milliontons,iron13.3
15000newindustrialplantsbuiltandoperating
100townsbuilt
successfulachievedin4yearsbutathighhumancost
(ifitwasachievedinfouryears,whydidit
gofor5?Jeff19321928=4,itwasprojectedforfiveyears,butfinishedaheadof
scheduleRocky)(1928,1929,1930,1931,1932=5years:DJeffNotnecessarily,itprollydidn't
startinjanuaryof1928andendindecemberof'32,notthatIcanfindadate,anybody?
Wikipediasaysitstartedin1929andwassupposedtogotil'33butthisisjustsemantics
Rocky)
February1931StalinsaysUSSR"100yrsbehind"WesternEurope
nd
2
5yearplan193337
80%riseinsteelproduction,justbehindGermanyassteelproducingnation

focusedonrailways
emphasisoncommunication
failedplannedproductionlevelsincoalandoil
1936,90%offarmswerecollectivized
virtually0unemployment,8.3millionemployed
universalaccesstohealthcare,equalopportunityforwomen
rd
3
5yearplan19381941
cutshortduetoinvasionfromGermany
AimedatproducingnewarmstorearmtheUSSR

Overviewcollectivizationfailed,5yearplansmostlysucceeded
(I'dsaytheyweren'tallthatsuccessful,onlythe
firstoneachievedit'sgoals,butitalsocausedafaminethatkilledmillionsRocky)(Theirgoalsweren'tto
keeppeoplealive,theydidn'tcareaboutlossoflifesolongasindustryincreasedandtheybecameamore
modernnation.Also,collectivizationplacedindustryandagricultureessentiallyunderthecompletecontrol
ofthegovernment.Intheserespectsthefiveyearplansandcollectivizationweresuccessful,howeveritcame
atahighcostinhumanlives.Devin)

NatureoftheSovietState,Constitution,ExtentofStalin'spower,Cultofpersonality

Overview
NatureoftheSovietState
1930'sStalincentralizedandplannedtheeconomyaroundheavyindustry.
Intelligenciacontributestopoliticalgoals,lowerclassesgivenmeanstosucceedthroughhard
work.
Constitution
1936"StalinConstitution":Gaverightstotheworkersandguaranteedthemsomeaspectsof
universalsuffrage.Theconstitutionalsoprovidedforthedirectelectionofallgovernment
bodiesandtheirreorganizationintoasingle,uniformsystem.
(Rememberthatnobody
wouldhavethegutstovotenowthough)
ExtentofStalin'sPower
USSR=totalitariansocietyw/Stalinasautocrat
CultofPersonality
Stalinbecamehardestworkingman
townsnamedafterhim,statuesinparks,titleslikefatherofallnations,greathelmsman

Purges,impactonsociety

Overview1930'spunishmentforthoseblamedforlackofsuccessof5yearplans,unfaithfulmembers,
opposition
Kirovkilled"byNikolaev"in1934onDecember1
Kamenev&Zinovievexecutedin1936inMoscowShowTrials
Trotskykilledw/anicepickinMexicoin1940
1930400,000membersexpelledfromcommunistparty
193619381,000membersofcommunistpartydenouncedandexpelled
1937Tukhachevskyand35,000officersarepurged
1937SeniorpartymembersaccusedofindustrialsabbotageandspyingforJapanandGermany
1938Bukharin,Rykov,andYagodaarepurged,YezhovisreplacedbyBeria
1940Yezhovispurged,polishofficersarekilledatKatynmassacre
Result

1/5ofthepartymembershadbeenshotorexpelled
ofthe1,961pplatKirov'sspeech,1,108wereshot
ofthe139centralcommitteemembers,over90shot
Poliburoof19345/11membersdead
WhyLaunchpurges?
Collectivization=failure
peoplehopedeitherBukharinorKirovwouldstandupandtakecharge
Stalin'sparanoia(ie,fearofTrotsky)
Stalinmadesurethatthepeopleunderhimwereonlypeoplethatwereloyaltohim,hegotridofthe
oldBolshevikstheidealisticonesandleftthenewonesthatweremorejusthisminions.

ForeignRelations,USSRandNaziGermany,Nazi/SovietPact

OverviewworldsawUSSRasathreatandtriedtoisolateitdespiteattemptstoestablishrelationsw/
westerncountries
ForeignRelations
MunichConferenceUSSRexcluded,FranceandBritainsurrenderedCzechSudetenland
Stalinsignsfriendshiptreatyw/
NaziSovietPact
August231939nazisovietpactsecretdelimitedsovietandgermanspheres,polanddisintegrated

Subject2:TheEmergenceandDevelopmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(19461964)

1943Maobecomesthe"chairman"oftheCommunistCentralCommitteeandthePolitburo
1945ChineseCivilWarJapaneseevacuateChinaandconflictbetweenGMDandCCPemerges
andawareruptsbetweentheparties
1946Summer"PaperTigers"CCPandGMDpeacetalksfallapart,AmericansupportofGMD,
"PaperTigers"isaquotefromMaoandreferstothecountrieswithmoremilitarystrengththanChina
(particularlytheatomicbomb)buttheyarenottobefearedbecausetheyonlyrepresent"reaction"
whilecommunists"representprogress"
1947GMDcapturesYan'anbasebutCCPalreadyhasManchuriawhichtheRussiansallowedthem
tooccupyaftertheSinoJapaneseWar.
1949November1PRCformed
1949DecemberChiangfleestoTaiwan
1950CampaignagainstCounterrevolutionariesnearly1millionformerGMDmemberskilled
19501953KoreanWarChinabecomesinvolvedafterUStroopspushpastYaluRiver.Thewar
endswiththeTreatyofPanmunjomsplittingthepeninsulaatthe38thparallel
SummaryoftheCCPStrengths/GMDWeaknessesduringChineseCivilWar(19451949)(
Thiscanalso
applytothePaper1,Subject1ChineseCivilWarsectionsoifanyonewantstoputittheretheycan
Sarah)
GMDWeaknesses
GMD corruption (not really Chiang himself, but the people below him. Chiang led a very modest
life) (Officers were corrupt within the army, stealing etc.)

HyperInflation - price index in 1937 was 100, by 1946 it had risen to 378,217.

Ruthless Political Terror (The White Terror- against Communists)

 Destitution and Starvation (flawed tax system, no subsidization, no help to peasants -treated
them harshly (bad PR)

The GMD army (Forced Conscription, Morale, desertions)

+As recognized leader of China, Chiang has to fight the Japanese, but fails to do so.
CCPStrengths
PeasantsviewtheCCPasfavorable(elliminatestaxesforpoorerpeasants,setpricecontrols,onlyupper
20%paytaxes)

DisciplineinRedArmywaseffective(soldierseducatedandtaughttobekindtocivilians,compensatefor
peasantsservices,stillencouragepeoplelivestocontinueandcitylifewhentheytookovertowns)

RedArmy=PeoplesLiberationArmy(goodPR)

Taxationwaskeptlow(nottill19461948whereMaohasharshpolicyagainstrichlandownerpeasants,
tookalltheirlandandmadethemownuptotheirtorturousnature,thenafter1948CCPgoesbackinto
moderatepolicy)(MaoslandpoliciesarealwaysmorefavorabletotheMASSES)

RedArmysProductionDriveof1941:Maosolidlygetshissupplylinesgoing(Maotakesland,
cultivatesit,makesfoodinpreparationfortheupcomingwar,devotessomeofhistroopstobeingfarmers,
muchbetteratsupplyinghisarmythentheGMD)

Localcouncilscoulddealwithlocalaffairs(morecontrolofruralareas,lesscentralization)

ReformsofShaanxiweremodeledinareasreoccupied(educationcenters,distributingtheland,and
improvingtheirlives,maritalreforms)

PropagandaexploitsChiang'sfailuretocombattheJapanese

MAO'SDOMESTICPOLICIES
1950JuneLandReformLawencouragespeasantsorganize"SpeakBitterness"sessions,about2million
landlordsarekilledand40%ofarablelandlandisredistributedto60%ofthepopulation,landlordswho
"confessed"theirwrongdoingswerespared
1950MarriageReformLawendsarrangedmarriagesandconcubinage,womengetequaldivorceand
propertyrights.
alsoincluded:
CampaignstoEliminateProstitution,Gambling,andDrugAddiction
allthreewereseriousissuesinurbanareas
seriousoffenderswereexecuted
GMDhadleftalotofprocapitalistblackmarketsduetoit'scorruptness
19511952ThreeAnits(governmentfocus)attemptstoremove:corruption,waste,andbureacratism,10%
ofgovernmentofficialsarefired,intimidationtacticsareused,buttherearefewdeaths
19511952FiveAntis(industryfocus)Bribery,taxevasion,theftofstateproperty,stealingstateeconomic
information,andcheatingongovernmentcontracts,violationresultedinfines,75%ofbusinesseswerefined
19531957FirstFiveYearPlan
centralizedindustrialproduction
buildsAnshanSteelCentre
90%ofgovernmentspendingonindustry
buildsbridgesacrossYangxitoincreaseflowofgoodsfromNorthtoSouth
$300millionloanfromUSSRinSinoSoviettreaty,inturnUSSRgetstouseChineseresourcesand

navalbases
Caused70%increaseonlightindustry
15%increaseinheavyindustryeachyear
agricultureispoorwithonly2%increaseayear
toomuchgrainisexported
1954Constitution
CCPisnowsolelegalpartysinglepartydictatorshipnowoffical
secretpoliceestablished
prisoncamps(Laogai)
19551956EconomicReconstructionnoimmediateclassstrugglesincities,by1952grossindustrialand
agriculturalproductionincreasedby77%,inflationfallsto15%ayearbyintroducingnewcurrencycalled
theYuan(previousinflationwas1,000%ayear)
19551956EducationalReconstruction1956primaryschoolattendanceratesat56%unlike1949at25%,
howeverthereisstilllittleimpactonliteracy
1956HundredFlowersCampaignencouragestoexpressopinionsaboutthegovernmentbutin1957those
whospokeagainstMaoweresenttoLaogai,Maousedcampaigntoexpose"enemies"withintheParty
1958Collectivizationbecomesmandatory
19571962GreatLeapForward
Why?
Maowantedtoequalizeindustryandagricultureimproving"socialistconscious.
Goals
OvertakeUKinindustrialproductionandin15yearscatchuptotheUS
EgalitarianCommunism
Technologyincreaseinagriculture
formaNewCultureandcelebratecommunismandindependencefromUSSR
Results
Damagedindustry,producedworthlesssteelbutproductionwasnotstoppedinfearof
damagingmoraleandadmittingMaowaswrong
GrossNationalIncomedeclinesby22%asof1960
Poorlystructuredcommunes
Lysenkoismsocialfarmingtechniquesthatdon'twork(closeplanting)
Faminetoomuchgrainissenttothestate,badweatherin1959
LushanConferenceUSSRcriticizestheGreatLeapForwardstartingtheSinoSovietsplit
NewMeasures
1959Maostepsdownaschairman
1962LiuShikaiandDengXiaopingaresupposedtofixtheproblemleftbytheGreatLeap
ForwardbuttheiruseofincentivestodifferentiatedpaymentupsetsMao
1963CulturalRevolution(19661976)Mao'slittleRedBookispublished
1976Maodies

PaperTwo

Subject1:CausesPracticesandeffectsofWar

ChineseCivilWar(formoreinformationseetheabove:Paper1,Subject2)
st
1927October1
,1949(Breakinfighting19371945duetoSecondSinoJapaneseWar)
TypeofWar:Revolutionary

Origins:CCPvs.GMD
BeginsaftertheendoftheUnitedFrontandthefirstNorthernExpedition,duringwhichtheCCPandGMD
workedinunisontodefeattheWarlords.
Overview:
1927WhiteTerrorbeginsandcontinuesthroughoutthecivilwar,initialassaultnearlyannihilatestheCCP.
1931JapanbeginsinvasionofManchuria
1934MaoandtheJiangxisovietforcesaredefeated,thelongmarchbegins
19341935LongMarchtoYanan
1936JiangKaishekiskidnappedbyZhangXuelianganddeliveredtoMao(knownastheXi'anIncident)
19371945SinoJapanesewarescalatestofullafullscalewar,aSecondUnitedFrontisformedandthecivil
warisplacedonhold
1948thePeople'sLiberationArmy(CCP)takestheoffensive,liberates140cities
1949theGMDisforcedtowithdrawtoTaiwan
st
October1
,1949thePeople'sRepublicofChinaisdeclared

Results:
ChinacomesunderthecommunistruleoftheCCPunderthePRC
In1949industrialproductionwasabout50%ofthe1937levelandmorethanhalfof
China's18,000kmofrailwaywasdamaged.
CausesthebeginningoftheRedScareandbeginsthedevelopmentoftheDominoTheoryandContainment.

KoreanWar
19501953
TypeofWar:limited,althoughMcArthuradvocatedincessantlyfortotalwar
Origins:
1945USSoviettalksdecidedonthe38thparallelbeingdivisionbetweenAmericanheldandSovietheld
territoriesinKorea
December1945US/Sovietbothagreedtoallow
SyngmanRhee(SouthKorea)wantedtobringdemocracyaboutallofSouthKorea,KimIlSung(North
Korea)wantedCommunism
SovietsbackedNorth,USbackedSouth
June25,1950NorthKoreainvadedSouthKoreainhopesofunifyingKoreabyforce

Stage1:
NorthKoreastartsablitzkreiglikeoffensiveonSouthKorea
Tankcolumnssupportedbyairstrikes
extremelyeffective,almostpushedUNforcesoutofKorea

Stage2:
UScounterattack
McArthurlandsatInchonandstartsflankingNorthKoreanforces
September1519,1950AmphibiouslandingatInchoncombinedwithground/airassaultfromsouthern
Korea
PushesalmosttotheYaluRiver

Stage3:
ChinesecounterattackafterUStroopsapproachtooclosetotheYaluRiver
UStroopsoutnumberedandforcedtoretreatbehindthe38thparallel
Nov27Dec13,1950BattleofChosenReservoir,lossfortheUS

 FactorsthatcontributedtoChinesesuccesscold,ambush,outnumberedUS

Stage4:
UnitedStatescounterattackandpushChinesebacktothe38thparallel
July1951July1953warisstuckinastalemate
July27,1953ceasefireestablishedandallmajorhostilitiesended

Results:
Absolutelynoterritorialchanges,divisionsetat38thparallel
April11,1951GeneralMcArthurwasremovedbyTrumanforrefusaltoobeyorders
ChinaacceptedasanewcountryduetoitsabilitytoholdoffthesuperpowerUnitedStates
ChineseRussianrelationsbecomesmoredistrustfulasSovietpromisedsupportdidnotarrivetohelpthe
Chinese

RussianRevolutions&CivilWar
1905revolution
BackgroundInfo:
Oldassumptioninevitabilityofcollapseofczarism,rapidgrowthofindustryledtopeasantpoverty,
agriculturalcrisis,revolutionarymindedproletariat
th
Russianagriculturaloutputincreasingatendof19
century,peasantproductive
Peasantsbuy,rentland,experimentwithnewcrops,growwheatforexport,gotomarketgardening
tosupplyexpandingtowns
Russianagriculture18611905wasimproving2foldincreaseinproduction
Russianeconomyasawholewasgrowing,rapidindustrialization
Slowlyemergingworkingclassrailwayexpansionallowedyoungmentoworkonmirandcities,
seasonalworkers
190592%ofworkersstillhadregularcontactwithmir
189020%ofSt.Petersburgslaborforcewaswomen
deTocquevillerevolutiontendstohappenattimeofimprovementandrapidsocialchange
Onlywhenimpoverishedbegintogainwealthandthereisasensethatthingsmightgetbetterthat
societybecomesrevolutionary
EscalationofRevolution/Causes:
WorkingconditionsformostRussianswasabysmal
Factoryfloorwasdangerous,1214hourdaywasexhausting,wageslow
Wagessolowandfoodpricessohighthatimpossibletosupportfamilyjustonmirorjustinthe
factory
Strikesbecamemoreandmorecommon
December1904strikeinoilfields,ledtofirstlaborcontractinRussianhistory,shouldbeseenas
beginningofRevolutionof1905
Revolutionarygroupsliteratemiddleclass,mostlystudentsandintellectuals
Revolutionariesdespisedanddistrustedbypeasantsandworkersbecausefrommiddleclass
Urbanworkerssupportgovernmentsponsoredtradeunions
Zubatovmovementbetterforpoliceandspiestoinfiltrateandworkalongsideworkersforreform
thantoriskfullscalerevolution
January22,1905BloodSunday,firingofImperialguardsonpeacefuldemonstrators
October13,1905generalstrikethatstartedwithprinter'sstrikeinMoscowon20September1905
Russianeconomyinastateofcompleteandtotalshutdown

therewasnodesiretooverthrowCzar,onlyeconomicdemands
peoplemoremotivatedbydaytodayeconomicsthanpolitics
*****Consequences*****
establishmentofalimitedconstitutionalmonarchy
StateDumaoftheRussianEmpire
RussianConstitutionof1906
definedautocracyofTsaristgovernmentTsarwasabsoluteruler
restatedtheOctoberManifestoanditsinterpretationofhumanrights,basicallypeople
(civillibertiesincludingfreedomofspeech,religion,assembly,association,suffrage)
"NonewlawcanbeenactedwithouttheapprovaloftheStateCouncilandtheState
Duma,anditshallnotbelegallybindingwithouttheapprovalofthesovereign
emperor"

1917Revolution

1917
February Revolution

Tsar abdicates
Kerensky leads liberal democratic, but weak Provisional Government

3 April

Lenin returns from exile in Switzerland on a "sealed train" provided by the German government
October Revolution

Bolsheviks come to power

Council of People's Commissars formed
-Lenin is elected chairman
9 November
Bolsheviks suppress liberal and right-wing newspapers
December

Cheka formed (later known as NKVD and KGB)

TypeofWar:Revolutionary
Origins:theseizureofpowerbytheBolshevikparty
19181922
Threefactionsformed:
Reds:ThecommunistarmyleadbyTrotsky
Whites:Anticommunistfaction,agatheringofMonarchists,toLiberalstotheangrymoderate
Socialists
Greens:Armedpeasantswhosimplywantedland
1918Redvs.Green
19181920Redvs.White
19201922Redvs.Green

Results:
TheRedArmyisvictoriousandRussiaisunifiedundertheBolshevikcommunistrule.

20milliondeaths,Economyandindustrydevastatedbywar,theTsarandhisfamilyareallkilled.

VietnamWar(furtherdetailsprobablyneeded)
TypeofWar:limited/guerrilla
Origins:
NorthernVietnamwantedtoreunifyVietnamunderacommunistgovernment
1954GenevaaccordssplitVietnamalongthe17thparallel
NgoDinhDiempulledoutofholdingelectionsinsouthVietnam,leadingtoNorthernVietnam'smillitary
actionagainstSouthVeitnam

UnderEisenhower(19561960)
1956InsurgencyoftheSouthbeginsinresponsetothecorruptgovernmentofDiem
USsuppliedmillitaryandfinancialaidtoSouthVietnam,675uSarmyadvisorsby1960

UnderKennedy(19601963)
Kennedyincreasesmilitaryadvisorsto16,000
1963Kennedyapprovesacoupd'tatfromthesouthvietnamesemilitary,Nov2Diemandhisbrotherare
murdered

UnderLindonJohnson(Nov19631968)
GulfofTonkinIncident,1964,resultsinTonkinGulfResolution,essentialblankcheckforescalationofUS
involvementinVietnam.
March19653,500marinesaresenttoSouthVietnam
ByDecember1965numberofUSmarinesinSouthVietnamhasbeenincreasedto200,000
nd
OperationRollingThunder(March2
,1965)
SustainedbombingofHanoiandtargetsontheHoChiMinhtrail(19661968)
1968TetOffensive,NorthVietnameseclaimallmajorSouthVietnamesecities,butarebeatenbackand
debilitatedoverthenextthirtydays.HOWEVER,theTetOffensiveisseenasadefeatbytheUSmediaand
publicapprovaloftheVietnamesewarplumetsto30%
UnderNixon(19681975)
Vietnamization(19691971)
1969secretbombingofLaosandCambodiabegins
1973CeasefireinVietnam,byMarch29thallUStroopshavebeenremoved
1975NorthVietnamdefeatsSouthVietnamandunifiesthecountryundercommunistrule

Results:
3millionVietnamesekilled
18,000Americanskilled,300,000wounded
LBJ'sGreatSocietyreformsfailedduetolackoffunding
$150billioninUSspending
USlosesfaithinthegovernment,Nixonabolishedthedraft,26thamendmentispassed,WarPowersAct
(whichrequiresthepresidenttonotifycongresswithing48hoursofdeployingmilitaryforcesandwithdraw
allforceswithin90days)passedin1973.

WorldWars

WorldwarI

OverviewBetweenEntente(AlliesRussia,France,UK,
,US)andCentralPowers(Germany,AustriaHungary,OttomanEmpire)endeffectwasottomanempireand
austria/hungaryceasedtoexist,harshtreatmentofGermanyinthetreatyofversaillesspawnedww2


WorldWarII

OverviewBetweentheAllies(us,france,britainandrussia)andtheAxis(Germany,ItalyandJapan)
causedbythegermaninvasionofpolandandsubsequentdeclarationsofwarbyGermany.Emergenceofthe
USandSovietUnionassuperpowerswhichsetthestageforthecoldwar

WorldWarI
Type:TotalWar
Origins:
AJPTaylorsaysGermanywastryingtoexploittheirstrongmilitaryposition
VonMoltke(GermanyArmyChiefofStaff)sawthatRussiawasquicklyadvancingbotheconomicallyand
militarily.ThewindowwasclosingforGermanytoeliminateRussia,vonMoltkepredictedthatby1916
Russiawouldbetoostrongtodefeat,Germanywaslookingforanexcuseforpreemptivestrike,and
Russia'smobilizationonJuly31gaveGermanytheexcusetheywerelookingfor.
Nationalism
SerbianpopulationinAustriastillhadgoalsforpanslavismandconflictedwiththeAustrian
government
Francefeltupsetb/ctheyhadtogiveAlsaceLorrainetoGermany
Growingconflictsbewteentheworldpowers(colonization,navalarmsraces,&thecrises...seepaper3)
Otherhistoriansmightargueitwasentanglingalliancesthatcausedthewar
Alliances:
1882TripleAlliance(G,I,AH):Ifonecountrywasattckedbytwoormorepowers,theothertwoin
alliancewouldsupportthethird
1894FrancoRussianAlliance:mutualmilitaryassistanceifeitherwasattacked
1904EntenteCordiale(F,B):endingpriorconflicts
1907TripleEntente(B,R,F):tocountertriplealliance
1912FranceoffersRussiaablankcheque
Warfare:
1906TheGermanshadfinishedtheSchlieffenplan(thathadbeenworkedonthelat1880sandthroughout
the1890s)
1914
JulyArchdukeFranzFerdinandismurdered
GermanyinitiatestheSchlieffenplan
AustriaHungaryinvadesRussia
Francecreatesplan17:theywoulddefeattheiropponentswithhighspiritsthatwouldmakethem
rushintothebulletfilledbattlefield("bruteforce"):eventuallygetbackAlsaceLorraine
September1stofBattleoftheMarne
leadstotrenchwarfare
racetothesea
RussiamobilizesquicklyagainstAustria,butGermanyhelpsAustriadefeatRussiaattheBattleof
Tannenberg
1915(eachsidetriestoexploitweaknesses)
Britainstartsblockade(Germanydependsoninternalsupplies)
GallipoliCampaign:BritaintriestogetridofGermany'sally(Turkey):MajorlossforBritain
1916
GermanyattacksatVerdun(attackineffective)
BattleofSomme(Britishattacklose800,000)
JunAugBrusilovOffensive:RussiamovedwesttowardsGermanytotakepressureofftheBritian
&France(GermanyhadtoterminateattackonVerdunandsendtroopsback)basicsucess

1917

AprUSAenterswar(unrestrictedSubmarineWarfarefromGermanyhadsunkmanyUSships)
ZimmermanTelegram(GtoMexico):tellingMexicostartawarwithUSA
NivelleOfensive(French):StartattackingwhentheGermansretreatsucessful

1918

JanWoodrowWilsonanouncesFourteenPoints
MarTreatyofBrestLitovsk&Russiapullsout
Germanyattemptsanewoffensive(operationFriedenssturm)butitwasstoppedbythe2ndBattleof
theMarne(JulAug)
GermanywaswornoutandpeopleinGermanywerelackingbasicneeds(leadtomutinyand
communistrevolts)
Alliesbegin"HundredDaysOffensive"attheendKaiserabdicates
Nov11PeaceTreaty
1919(7May)TreatyofVersaillessigned

Consquencesofthewar(effectsonEurope):
Alargenumberofyoungmen1838died
19141918:fallinbirthrate
nationalismincreaseddramatically
emergenceof1stcommuniststate
LeagueofNations
AlsaceLorrainegivenbacktoFrance
Rhinelandwasademilitarizedzone
Germanarmedforcesnomorethan100,000
Germanycouldnotmakeorimportweapons
limitednavy
nomilitaryarcraft
WorldWarII
Type:TotalWar
Origins:
GermanpeoplewereangryatthetermsoftheTreatyofVersailles,thisaidedHitler'srisetopower.
Hitler'saggressiveforeignpolicybeingmetwiththepolicyofappeasementallowedHitlertobuildupthe
GermanmilitaryforWWII
ThewarbeginsofficiallywiththeGermaninvasionofPoland
Eventsleadinguptothebeginningofthewar
1933Germanyleavestheleagueofnations
1935Germanyreinstitutesconscription,andSaarBasinwasrepossesed
1936ReoccupationoftheRhineLand,AntiCominternPactsignedbetweenGermanyandJapan
1937JapanbeginsitsfullscaleinvasionintoChina,beginningtheSecondSinoJapanesewar,theUS

placesembargoesonJapanrestrictingtheresourcesneededbothtorunthecountryandsupportawar
1938annexesAustria
September1938HitlerreceivestheSudetenlandatthenegotiationsoftheMunichConference
August1939NaziSovietNonaggressionpactsigned,USSRandGermanyagreetodismantlePoland
st
rd
September1
,1939GermantroopsinvadePoland,twodayslateronthe3
theUKandFrancedeclarewar
onGermany
1941
th
theUSentersWWIIaftertheJapanesebombingofPearlHarboronDec7

 GermanOperationBararossaInvadeRussia
Chronology
Followingthe1939jointinvasionofPolandtheUSSRinvadesFinland,asaresulttheUSSRisexpelled
fromtheLeagueofNations
1940
FebruaryGermanSovietCommercialAgreement
AprilGermanyinvadesDenmarkandNorway
MayChamberlainisreplacedwithChurchill
GermanBlitzkriegtacticscausetheNetherlandsandBelgiumtofallwithinafewweeks(overwhelms
FranceandHollandtoo)
th
nd
June10
1940ItalydeclareswaronFranceandtheUK,byJune22
Franceisforcedtosurrender
andisdividedintoGermanandItalianoccupationzones.
GermanycircumventedtheMaginotLinebypassingthroughBelgiumagain.
Germanybeginsit'sairsuperioritycampaignovertheUK
th
September27
Germany,Italy,andJapansigntheTripartitePact,formalizingtheAxisofPower
November1940Hungary,Slovakia,andRomaniajointheAxis
OctoberItalylaunchesinvasionofGreece,butispushedbacktoAlbaniawithindays
ShortlyafterthisBritishCommonwealthforceslaunchoffensivesagainstEgyptandItalian
EastAfrica
1941
By1941ItalianforceshavebeenpushedbacktoLibya
FebruaryHitlersendsGermanforcestoassistItalyinAfrica,withinonemonththeCommonwealth
forceshavebeenpushedbacktoEgyptwiththeexceptionoftheportofTobruk,whichhasbeen
placedundersiege
CommonwealthattemptstodislodgeAxisforcesinAfricainMayandJunebothfailed
AprilGermansassistintheinvasionsofGreeceandYugoslaviaandforcealliedtroopstoevacuate
aftertheAxisforcestakeCrete
th
April13
SovietJapaneseNeutralityPact
th
May11HitlercancelstheBritishbombingcampaign
th
May27
theUKsinkstheGermanflagshipthe
Bismark
JuneOperationBarbarossabegins(invasionofRussia)
Augusttheoffensiveissuspended
JulytheUKandtheUSSRallyagainstGermany,shortlyafterthepowersjointlyinvadeIranto
securethePersianCorridorandIran'soilfields
AugusttheUSandtheUKjointlyissuetheAtlanticCharter,outliningpoliciesforaftertheendof
thewar
NovemberBritishCommonwealthforceslaunchanoffensiveandsuccessfullyreverseallGerman
andItaliangainsinAfrica
December5ththeUSSRlaunchesmassivecounteroffensiveonGermanforcesandmanagetopush
themback100250kmWest
December7thBombingofPearlHarborcausestheUStoenterintoWWII
attackonPearlHarborwasintendedbytheJapanesetoeliminatetheUSAtlanticfleetasa
responsetotheoilembargoplacedonJapaninresponsetoJapan'sconquestofsoutheastern
Indochina
1942
JanuaryGermanylaunchesanoffensiveinAfrica,BritishpushedbacktotheGazalaLineby
February
ByAprilJapanhadcapturedBurma,Philippines,Malaya,DutchEastIndies,Singapore,andthebase
ofRabaul

1943

GermanysurrendersatStalingrad(1stmajordefeat)
alliedvictoryinAfricaallowsforinvasionofItaly
Italysurrenders

1944

MayJapancapturesPortMoresbyinearlymay,bylateMaytheUShadbrokentheJapanesenaval
codes
NovemberUSSRbeginstheWinterCounterOffensive,makingtheirstandagainsttheGermansat
Stalingrad

OperationOverlord(planningbeganin1943)(June6,1944Dday)
troopsweredeployedinNormandy(analliedinvasionofFrance)
earlierinApril,therehadbeenheavybombingonGermany'sdefensesalongtheChannel
coasttomakethisoperationpossible
IwoJimabombed

1945

AuschwitzliberatedbySoviets
RussiansreachBerlin(GermanysurrendersMay)
AfterbombsaredoppedonHiroshima&Nagasaki(Japansurrenders14Aug)

Results:
Reducedthesixprewarworldpowers(UK,France,Germany,USSR,US,andJapan)totwoworldsuper
powers(USandUSSR)
Japanlayinruins
2milliondead
citiesinruins
occupiedbytheUS
Germanylayinruins
7milliondead
citiesleveled
populationdisplaced
transportationdisrupted
Countrypartitioned(4zones)
Britainondecline
400,000dead
CitiesseverelydamagedbyGermanbombing
forcedtowithdrawfrommiddleeastduetoaftermathofwar
Francedevastated
600,000dead
countrydamagedbyNazioccupation
UnitedStatesinauniquelypowerfulposition
attheendofthewartheUScontrolled1/2oftheworld'smanufacturingpower
leadintechnologies
only400,000dead
hadgainedinternationalprestige
world'sleadingmilitary
USSRwartornbutstable
2027milliondead
extensiveinfrasturcturedamage
impressivemillitary,butlaggedbehindtheUS

Similarities
Thetwosideswereessentiallythesameinbothwars(R/F/B/USAvsG)
ItalywasontheGermansideinbothandthenswitchedtotheAlliedsideinboth
Germany'sfearofencirclementinWWImirroredHitler'sopinionsabouttheTreatyofVersailles(Germany
wastryingtobecontained)
Nationalismamajorcomponent(SerbianinWWI,aryansuperiorityinWWII)
bothTotalWars(usedtheirmaximumresourcesinmanpower,technology,&financialstrength)
Germany'splantoinvadeFrancefromthenortheast
Inbothcases,GermanywasfearfulofRussia
Differences
JapanwaswiththeAlliesinWWIbutwithGermanyinWWII
WWItookplaceinthetrencheswhileWWIIinvolvedmoremovement(b/cofbettertechnology)
GermanypenetrateddeeperintotheAlliedTerritoriesthaninWWIwiththe"Blitzkrieg"strategy
WWIhappenedmoresuddenlythanWWIIbecauseofthepolicyofappeasementinWWII

Subject2:RiseandRuleofSinglePartyStates

Stalin
Rise:
1922StalinisappointedGeneralSecretarybyLenin.
1924StalinformstheTriumviratewithZinovievandKamenevtoeliminateTrotsky.
1924DeathofLenin,StalinmisinformsTrotskyofthedateofLeninsfuneralinordertobegintogain
supportfromthepeoplebybeingseenasLeninsclosestfollowerandmakeTrotskylookbadduetohis
absence.
1925TrotskywasremovedasCommissionerofWar,allieswithBukharinagainstZinovievandKamenev.
1927StalinturnsagainstandeliminatesBukharin.
1928Trotskyexiled.

Rule:

DomesticPolicy/EconomicPolicy
1928Shaktytrials
19231924theScissorcrisis(solvedbyreducingindustrialproductioncostsbycuttingstaff,rationalizing
production,andremovingmanymiddletraders)
19291936collectivization(1929dekulakization)
19281932FirstFiveYearPlan(completedin4years)Heavyindustryemphasized,coalandiron
productionmorethandouble.
19331937SecondFiveYearPlan(alsocompletedinfouryears).Emphasisoncommunication,railways,
chemicalsandmetallurgy
19381941ThirdFiveYearPlan,cutshortduetoonsetofWWII.Resourcesdirectedtowardsproduction
ofnewarmaments.
1934Kirovisassassinated,theGreatPurgesbeginwiththepurgingofoldBolshevikpartymembers.
1936ZinovievandKamenevarepurged.

1937Tukhachevsky(redarmyofficer,eliminatedbecauseofhisgrowinginfluence)killedand35,000
officerskilledorremoved
1938Bukharin,Rykov,andYagodaarepurged,endingthegreatpurges.BeriareplacesYezhovasheadof
NKVD.
1940Yezhovpurged,Katynmassacre

ForeignPolicy
1934USSRjoinsUNandadoptsCollectiveSecurity
1939NaziSovietPact(MolotovRibbentropPact)signedinsecret,definedSovietandGermanspheresof
interest.
19481949BerlinCrisis(blockade)
resultsinalliedresponseofBerlinAirlift,showsoffAmericaneconomicpowertosupportallofEast
Berlin
1950SinoSovietTreaty
USSRlendsChina$300million,Russiantechniciansandeconomicadvisorsinexchangefor
economicconcessionsinXinjiangandManchuriaandbeingallowedtokeepusingLushunand
Dairenasnavalbases.
Mao

Rise:

19241927UnitedFront(CCPandGMDallytodefeatthewarlords)
1925SunYatsen,leaderoftheGMDandunitedfrontdiesandisreplacedbyChiangKaiShek
19341935LongmarchtoYanan
1937secondSinoJapanesewar,Maoandthe
st
1949,October1
CivilWarendsandPeoplesRepublicofChina(PRC)isdeclared.

Rule:

1948theRenminbi(newcurrency)isintroduced
1949becomesnationalcurrency,solveshyperinflation
19491000%inflation
195115%inflation

1950SpeakBitternessCampaign
1950MarriageLaw
1950TradeUnionLaw
19501953KoreanWar
1951AgrarianReformLaw
1951ThreeAntiMovement,whichattackswastecorruptionandinefficiency
1952FiveAntimovement,againstIndustrialespionage,taxevasion,bribery,fraud,andtheftof
governmentproperty.Targetsbureaucraticcapitalistclass.
19531957FirstFiveyearplan
Aims
StateDirectedGrowthofHeavyIndustry
Nature
NationalResourceCommitteeestablished
Tookadvantageofdoublinginurbanizationrate
Achievedby
slashingpublicexpenditure

raisingtaxes
ShowProjects
RoadandrailbridgeacrossYangziriveratNanking
DevelopmentofIndustry
Coal
Steel
PetroChemicals
AutomobileandTransport
Effects
cooperativefarmsbecamecommon
Massivegrowthinoutputacrosstheboard.
MuchfinancedbyRussia(95%loans)
DeteriorationinSinoSovietrelationship
1957Hundredflowerscampaign
Causes
Maofeltthatheneededtogivethepeopleawaytoexpresstheirgrievancesandpossiblegain
constructivecriticismfortheparty
Nature
CCPpoliciesandindividualsattackedongroundsoflackofrealism,corruption,inefficiency
Afterinitialhesitationvastamountsofcriticismfloodedin
campaignwascanceled
Effects
spawnedtheAntiRightistmovement
criticswereforcedintoreeducation
bestmindslost
19581960TheGreatLeapForward
Collectivization
peasantsforcedtocollectivize
Causes
Desireforrapidindustrialization
goalwastosurpasstheUSSR
grainproductionwasrequiredtofundindustrialization
Nature
Peopleencouragedtoworkalldayandallnight
collectivesestablished,privatepropertyabolished
70,000communes
750,000brigadesineachcommune
eachbrigademadeupof200households
thecollectiveswereforcedtopracticeLysenkoism
Madeofficialpolicyin1958
Universallyenforced,evenwhereunsuitable
cropsplantedtooclosetogethertosupportgrowth,sparrowskilledoff,causespeststo
proliferateduetolackofpredatorsandresultsingreaterlossofgrain
Backyardfurnacesencouraged,butdidnotproduceanyqualitysteel
Centralization
Methods,sales,andpricesdictatedbytheCCP
agricultureandindustrynowundergovernmentcontrol
Effects

20milliondieduetoresultingfamine
in1959Maostepsdownaschairman,leavingLiuShaoqiandDengXiaopingrepairthe
economy
Collectivesestablished
Industryandagricultureplacedundergovernmentalcontrol
20%ofTibetanpopulationdied
Exportsincreased
asaresultofthebackyardfurnacesthecollectiveswereoftenleftwithoutanymetaltoolsor
objects
AftertheJuly1959CentralCommitteemeetingatLushanatwhichPengDehuicriticizedthe
GLF,whichMaotookpersonally,PengwasdismissedasDefenceMinisterandtheGLFwas
continueduntillate1960
LinBiaoreplacedPengDehuiasDefenceMinister
19601962LiuShaoqiandDengXiaopinginstitutereformstobegintorevitalizeagriculture.
mostofthepeasantswhohadbeenrecruitedforindustriallaborwerereturnedtothefields
theCommunesweresplitinto3smallerunits(70,000communesintotal).
productionteamincomewasnowmorecloselyrelatedtoperformanceinorderto
encouragepeopletoworkharder.
thepeasants'privateplotswererestoredandruralmarketsatwhichpeasants
couldsellpartoftheirproduceataprivateprofitwerereestablished.by1962theharvesthad
recoveredtoits195254level(160milliontons)
19621966ThirdFiveYearPlaninstitutedbyDengXiaopingandLiuShaoqi
privateprofitintroducedintocommunes
communesreducedinsize
paydifferentialsforskilledandunskilledworkersreintroduced
by1965grainproductionhadrecoveredtothe1957level
by1965heavyindustryandconsumerproductionwastwicethe1957level
OilproductionincreasedtenfoldduetothediscoveryoftheDaqingoilfield
natralgasproductionincreasedfortyfold
19631964SocialistEducationMovement
MaolaunchedtheSEMinMay1963withthe
EarlyTenPoints
,intendingtocreateamasscampaign
thatwouldchangetheChinesepublic'swayofthinkingandcauseaculturalrevolution
inSeptember1963XiaopingandShaoqipublishedthe
LaterTenPointswhich
effectivelylimitedthe
SEMandpreventeditfrombecommingamasscampaign
inSeptember1964Shaoqiandthecentralcommitteeissuedthe
RevisedLaterTenPoints
the
RevisedLaterTenPoints
concludedthatmostgovernmentofficialswerecorruptandso
werethepeasants
asaresultworkteamsweresentfromcitiestoinvestigateruralofficials,thousandsofthe
officialswerepurged
1963LinBiaopublishes
TheThoughtsofChairmanMao
("TheLittleRedBook").Alsopublishedthatyear
was
TheDiaryofLeiFeng
,afictionalstorypresentedasfactaboutachildwhofoundsignificantsuccess
beforedyingbyfollowingtheteachingsofChairmanMao.
"TheLittleRedBook"becameabookofdailystudyforthePLAwhoweretoldtotreatitastheir
bible
"TheLittleRedBook"and
TheDiaryofLeiFeng
becameschoolsettexts.
ThePLAbecamearadicalpowerbaseforMao
July1966Maostageshis"GreatSwim"toshowthathewasbackfromretirementlaterthesameyearMao
andLinBiaoattendamillionstrongrallyatTiennamanSquare,markingthebeginningoftheCultural
Revolution(19661976)

Hitler

Rise

Early1920'sHitlerbuiltupsupportersbyspeakinginbeerhalls
July1921ErnstRohmfoundedtheSA
1921HitlerattainedpresidencyoftheNazipartyfromDrexler
Nov1923BeerHallPutsch:HitlertriedacouptocontrolthestateofBavaria.Hemadethemistakeof
leavingthe3Bavarianleadershehadtakenprisoneralone,andtheyescapedtoaidtheresistanceagainst
Hitler.Thepolicewerenotsympathetic,andwereabletostoptheputsch.
Nov1923Hitlerstoodtrial,thejudgewassympatheticandallowedhimtomakespeecheswhichwere
publicized(goodpropaganda)
Dec1924Hitlerwasreleasedfromprison(5yearscentence)afteronly9months
Feb1925HitlerrefoundedtheNazipartyintheBurgerbrauBeerCellar,andstartedrecruitingsoitcould
takeadvantageofthenextcrisissituation.
October1929Stockmarketcrash
1931HooverMoratorium
1932over60%ofGermansvoteradical,thatis,KPDorNazi
19336millionGermansunemployed,1outofevery2
January30,1933HitlerreceiveappointmentofChancellorfromHindenburg
February24,1933SAraidedtheKarlLiebknechtHausinBerlin,KPDheadquarters
February27,1933ReichstagbuildingsetonfirebyVanderLubbe(DutchCommunist)
February28,1933HindenburgsignedtheReichstagfiredecreesuspendcivillibertiesandauthorized
restrictionsonpersonalliberty
March5,1933Nazi44%ofvotes,SPD18%,KPD12%
March15,1933HitlermeetwithtopstafftodiscusshowtoconvincepublicthathenotantiSemite,as
loyalNationalistdedicatedtoreturnofHohenzollern
rd
March21,1933openingoffirstReichstagof3
Reich,Germanywasreassured,OldGermanysaveReich
fromcommunists
March22,1933HimmlerannouncethatReichsfirstKZopeninDachau
March23,1933EnablingActpasses,allowinggovernmentlegislativepowersandauthorizeittodeviate
fromprovisionsofconstitutionfor4years,onlySPDwithleaderOttoWelsand93otherSPDmembers,
totaling94againstpassing
April1,1933StormtrooperspreventpeoplefromenteringJewishstores
April20,1933Hitlersbirthday,dramatizationofrevoltbynationalistsagainstFrenchoccupationofRuhr
January30May119331.6millionpeoplejoinedNaziParty,SAtoover2million
July14,1933Germanyofficiallydeclareonepartystatewithpassingoflawagainstformationofparties
October14,1933GermanyleftDisarmamentConferenceforever,afraidthatGermanysdesirefor
armamentwouldneverbereached
1934ChurchillurgeGBtorespondbyRoyalAirForce,strongopposition,noreasontopanicyet
1934August2vonHindenburgdies,HitlercombinesthepowersofthePresidentandChancellorintothe
Reichschancellor

Rule:

June30,1934NightofLongKnives,Hitlerdestroypoliticalenemies
1935FrancoSovietagreementshowedFrenchdesperateness,dependencyonRussia
January1935ForeignMinisterPierreLaval,alliancebetweenFranceandItaly
1935ItalyinvadeAbyssinia

July1936militarycoupledbyGeneralFranciscoFrancotriggeredtheSpanishCivilWar
November5,1937Hitlershowedgroupofgeneralofficersstrategicplans
November2930,1937FrenchandBritishleadersmetinLondontochartcommoncourseofaction
TreatyengagedFranceintheeventofCzechbeingavictimofaggression
Didnotdiscussgeopoliticalimportanceorimpactofabandonmentofallywouldhaveoncountrys
credibility
March12,1938GermantroopsmarchedintoAustria,noresistanceinAustrianpopulation,Anschluss
September15,1938ChamberlainvisitHitleratBerchtesgaden
PersuadedCzechgovernmenttoacceptproposalofallCzechdistrictswithpopulationthatweremore
than50%GermanbereturnedtoGermany
September22HitlermadeitclearhesoughthumiliationofCzech
DemandimmediateevacuationofentireSudetenterritory,processstartonSeptember26and48
hourstocomplete
September29inMunichfourleadersmeettheretodiscussdivisionofCzechterritory,Germany,France,
GreatBritain,Italy
SolepurposeoftheconferencewastoacceptHitlersBadGodesbergprogrampeacefullybeforehe
wenttowartoimposeit
GBandFranceguaranteefragmentofdisarmedCzechRepublic
Hitlermorosebecausewantedwar
March1939HitleroccupiedremnantsofCzechoslovakia
1939HitlerlayclaimtoDanzig,soughtmodificationsofPolishCorridor
April1940JosephGoebbelsmadesecretbriefingleaveenemyindarkregardinggoals,letGermany
throughDangerZone,startwarafterward
1940Jewswerenowforcedtoweartheyellowstar,massdeportationsbegan,manyJewswereseizedfor
slavelabor
1942WannseeConferenceinJanuary1942theFinalSolutiontotheJewishQuestionwasconsidered.
1942WWIIbecomesawarofattritionforGermany,howeverdespiteit'sbesteffortsGermanycouldnot
matchtheproductionoftheallies
1943July13thPaulGisler,theGaulitierofBavariacalledonthestudentsofMunichandmadea
declaration
allmalestudentswhocouldnotserveinthearmymustworkinfactories
FemalestudentsmustbearachildforHitlereveryyear
Allfemalestudentswalkedoutinprotest,Gilserorderedtheirarrest
inresponsethemalestudentsejectedGilseranddemonstratedtheirprotest
PamphletswerehandedoutbystudentsoftheWhiteRoseandotherstudentscallinguponthe
GermanyouthtooverthrowtheNaziRegime.
ThedemonstrationswererepressedandthemembersoftheWhiteRosewerearrestedandsentenced
todeath
1944WhentheRedArmy'sadvancethreatenedthedeathcampstheNazisbeganimplementingdeath
marchestokilltheinmatesbeforetheycouldbeliberated
1945April30HitlerandEvaBrauncommitsuicide
in the Fhrerbunker as Soviet troops reach
Berlin

Mussolini:
27October1922Rasandsquadistritakeover4majorcitiesinNorthandplanamarchtoRome.

KingVictorEmmanuelIIIwantstoreplacethePrimeMinisterLuijiFactawithMussolinibecausethe
KingwantstoappeasetheradicalsyetthinkshecancontrolMussoliniandsodoesn'tstophimfromcoming.
FactaresignsinprotestandMussoliniisappointed.OnlythendotheblackshirtsmarchonRome.
MussolinicreatestheGrandFascistCouncil

-Strictly advisory, but meant to lessen the influence of Communism

OutlawsCommunism
AcerboLaw:Anygroupthatgetsamajorityoftheseatswillthenget66%ofthemiftheyreceiveatleast
25%ofthevotes
MVSN:LikeStalin'sNKVDitwasusedtoeliminateantifascists,butnotonsuchalargescale

1924
Use voter intimidation to get votes (Fascist party increases from 39 to 374 seats out
of 535)
-Corfu Incident: Italiant general gets murderd on Corfu and Mussolini blames the
government of Greece, even though they were totally blameless. They will not pay a fine or
anything, so Mussolini attacks (furthering his popularity) and because the Greeks don't want
to fight, they pay money.
-Challenging the PPI (Christian-based Italian People's Party)
-Mussolini becomes a Catholic and convinces the people of his devoutness,
which brings him the support of the Pope and many of the former PPI supporters (many
people thought the PPI was too liberal anyway)
-10 June: Mussolini's longtime rival, Giacomo Matteolitti (Socialist Leader) is
murdered and Mussolini is blamed.
-He gives a speech saying that he didn't know that his party members were
going to do that.
-Party tells him to shift right, be stronger or be replaced. The squadistri were
loyal to the Ras(regional leaders) not to him, so he needs to do what they say. Mussolini,
unlike Stalin, did not have time to 'pick off' members, plus there were no internal conflicts
to give him the excuse to do so, so he does not have the unwavering loyalty of the party.
-6 September: First assassination attempt in which a lady Socialist missed (except
for a small bit of his nose).

Mussolini creates henchmen: Podesta (instead of Ras), who are locally 'elected' leaders
appointed by Mussolini and as such are personally loyal to him. OVRA- Security force
devoted to the state aka Mussolini (unlike the MVSN who were loyal to the party).

1925
Begins heavy press censorship: Journals must be fascist and articles must be

approved by the state

Judicial reforms: changes in judge appointments and removes trial in some cases.
Mussolini can issue imprisonment orders.
Mussolini starts using the title "Il Duce"
1928
parties

1929

Electoral reforms: Must be male, at least 21, and a fascist.

~despite voter intimidation before, over 2.,5 million still voted for other

Lateran Treaty
-Takes papal lands, but gives church 30million lira the Vatican can be an
independent country with Italy's support.
MussolinidevelopshisCultofPersonalitywithfilms,flashyspeeches,staterunschools(teachersmustbe
fascistshowever,therewerestillCatholicschools),andmandatoryyouthorganizations(despitethisabout40%of
youthneverjoined).

Mussolini'sBattles
1925BattleoftheSouthernProblem

establishesa
corporate
state:makingmonopoliesthatareprivatelyowned,butregulatedbythestate.
Outlawsunions:replacedbyFascistsyndicates,butthesyndicatesendedupabandoningtheworkers
redistributeagrarianproduction:Thegovernmentpaysfarmerstoconcentrateongrainproduction.Although
thisdoesfixtheimmediatefood
crisis,Italynowhastoimportwine,oliveoil,andmeat.

1926BattleforLira

Inordertorestorethevalueofthelira,Mussolinimakesexportsmoreexpensive,ineffectjust"sayingthe
liraisworthmore."ThisbattlewasahugefailureastheItalianmarketwastoosmallandbusinessescouldnotsell
theirgoods.ThingscostmorefortheItaliansafterwards.

1927BattleforBirth

Toincreasethepopulation,divorceandbirthcontrolareoutlawed(homosexualityisoutlawedin1931).
Contestsareheldtoseewhocanhavethemostchildrenin10yearsareheldandwomenarediscouragedfrom
working.Thisishighlyineffectiveaswomenneededtoholdajobtosupporttheirfamiliesalready.

1928BattleforLand

Drainsmarshlandtotryandincreasefarmingland,buttooexpensive.Thisprojectresultsinonlya3%
increaseinland,butitdidgivejobstomanypeople.

1931

Mussolinitriestosavethebanksbyimprovingindustry.However,the9%industryincreaseduring
Mussolini'sruledidnotevenkeeppacewiththeinflationrate.However,thereweresignificantdecreasesinthe
importsofrawgoodsandtransportationwasmuchimproved.Mussolini'slackofsuccessinthisareawasnot
entirelyhisfaultasItalydoesnothaveavastsupplyofnaturalresources.

1935CharterofRace

OnlyafterhisalignmentwithHitlerdidMussolinihaveantiSemeticpolicies.ThisChartertookawaymost
ofrightsfromJews,butitwasnotstronglyenforced,evenbytheDucehimself(hehadaJewishmistress
MarguerittaSaffarsi),exceptinthemoremetropolitannorth.
LosessupportofthePope

Subject3:TheColdWar

Origins:

ReasonsfortheonsetandcontinuationoftheColdWararewidelydebated
OrthodoxHistorians
arguethattheColdWargrewfromSovietaggressionandplaceblameonthe
USSR
RevisionistHistorians
arguethattheColdWarwastheresultofwesternforeignpoliciesandplace
blameontheUS
PostRevisionistHistorians
arguethattheColdWarresultedfrommisunderstandingsandfearon
bothsidesandplaceblameonboththeUSSRandtheUS
TheendofWWIIsetthestageforthebeginningoftheColdWar
Yalta
February4thFebruary11th1945:MaingoalwastodiscusstheconditionofpostwarEurope
althoughatthistimeGermanyhadnotyetsurrendered
.Thethreeleaders(Stalin,Roosevelt,and
Churchill)desiredtheunconditionalsurrenderofGermany,andthatGermanywouldbesplitinto4zones

(Russian,American,English,andFrench),howeverthesizeandlocationofeachzonewasnotsettled.
Germanywouldundergodemilitarizationandreparations.
ThreemonthsafterYalta,theSovietUnionpurged16PolishofficersthatwentagainstSovietbeliefs.
TheconditionofPolandwasnotdiscussed,andthereforethisactioncausedmuchprotestfromthe
west.
FranklinDelanoRooseveltdiesonApril12,1945.HarryTrumanassumesthepresidency.
Potsdam
July16thAugust2nd1945:Bynow,Germanyhadsurrendered.Thethreeleaders(nowStalin,
Truman,andClementAttlee).SimilarconditionsweremadeaboutGermany,althoughthefourzones,again,
didnothaveaspecificsizeorlocation.Berlinwasalsotobedividedintofourzones.Therewasan
agreementtoprosecutetheNazicriminalsintheNurembergTrials(21November1945,to1October1946).
TheallieshadalsotestedtheatomicbombonJuly16th,andTrumandidnottellStalinuntilJuly25th.The
Potsdamdeclarationwasalsomade,settinguptheconditionsofsurrenderforJapan(sentonJuly26th1945).
IronCurtainSpeech
March5th,1946.ChurchillmakesaspeechatWestminsterCollegegraduationto
makeknownthethreatofSovietinfluenceinEurope.Atfirst,thisspeechistakencriticallyandpeopledo
notbelieveChurchill,butitstillbringstheissueoutintheopenandisnowregardedasapivotalturning
pointinviewstowardstheSoviets.
TheLongTelegram*oftheKennanTelegram*
Thistelegramarguedtheexpansionistpoliciesofthe
SovietUnionandtheneedforitscontainment,inturncausingittobeaprimedocumentfortheformulation
oftheTrumanDoctrine.GeorgeKennan,theauthorofthetelegram,wasthedeputyheadoftheUSmission
toMoscowfromJulyof1944toAprilof1946,andwasthereforeatrustednameinthistelegram.
TrumanDoctrine
March1947.Calledfortheglobalcontainmentofcommunism,morespecificallyby
aidingGreeceandTurkeywitheconomicandmilitaryadvisersand$400millionagainstthecommunist
threat.WasaprecursortotheMarshallPlan.
MarshallPlan
June1947.SecretaryofStateGeorgeC.MarshallcalledforaEuropeanRecoveryprogram.
Theaimwastoprovidebillionsofdollarsineconomicassistancetocountrieswhoneededtoberebuiltafter
thewarandwhowouldopenlyrejectcommunistideals.
MolotovPlan
Alsoin1947.ThereactiontotheMarshallPlan,andessentiallythesamethingexcept
forcountriestoembracecommunistideals.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)
April1949.US,Britain,and10othernationsjoinedina
militaryalliance.ThegoalwasnoremoveWesternEuropeananxietiesovertherevivialofGermanypower
andthedangerofpreemptivemovesbytheSovietUnion.
WarsawPact
1955.TheresponsetoNATO,amilitartallianceamongcommunistSlavicnations
andtheSovietUnion.
BerlinBlockade
24June194811May1949.TheSovietsclosedoffallofEasternGermany(which
includedthealliedsectorofBerlin)becauseofAlliedcurrencychangesinWestBerlin(Sovietsfearedthis
becausetheydesiredaweak,ratherthanathrivingGermany).WestBerlincitizensbegantostarvebecause
Americanscouldnotgettheirtrucksthroughwithsupplies.TheUnitedStatesagreedontheAirliftand
launchedOperationVittlesonJuly11948.TheyflewoverspecificflightpathsofSovietGermanyforthe
remainderoftheblockade,sendingreliefpackagestothecitizensofWestBerlin.Estimatesshowedthata
newplanetookoffevery3minutes.
SOVIETSBECOMEANUCLEARPOWERIN1949.
NSC68:
1950.PaulNitzeandtheNSCgroupoutlinessecuritystrategiesagainsttheSDovietUnionaswell
aswarningagainstthecapabilitiesoftheSovietUnion.Thedocumentrecievedadegreeofcriticismfrom
antiColdWarsupporters,andsomeconfusionfromTrumanhimself.Therewas350%increaseindefense
spendingintheUS.Hydrogenbombbecomesthefocus.
Big
airforcebudget,newwarfare.
KoreanWar
June25,1950July27,1953:Intheperiodofamonth,theNorthKoreanshadpushedthe
SouthKoreansallthewaydowntoPushan(attheSoutherntip).TheNorthKoreansdesiredtouniteKorea
undercommunism.AllofthemembersoftheUnitedNationsagreedtofightexcepttheSovietUnion.Most
oftheUNtroopsconsistedofAmericans.
InchonInvastion
September1950
.SuccessfulamphibiousinvasionthatallowsSouthKoreansto
pushNorthKoreansalmosttotheChineseborder.GeneralMacArthurwishedtoinvadeChinaand
usenuclearweapons.Trumandisagreedwiththis,eventuallydismissingMacArthurin
April1951
.

ThiscausedTruman'spopularitytodecreasedramatically.
TheChinesegotinvolvedinthewaroncetheAmericanforcesweretooclosetotheChineseborder,
andthebattleattheChoisinresevoirturnedthetideforthewar.Althoughthisoccuredinlate
November1950
,thewarwouldcontinueuntil
July25,1953
(ceasefiresigned)becauseofthePOW
listtalks.ChinesePOWsdidnotwishtoreturntoChina,butChinawouldnotsigntheceasefireuntil
thesePOWswerereturned.

FirstCIAcovertoperationinIran
MayJune,1953:Iran'sPM,MohammedMossadeq,askedtheUnited
StatesforhelpincounteractingtheboycottofIranianoilbyinternationaloilcompanies.Mossadeq
threatenedtoturntotheSovietUnionforhelpifhedidnotgetwhathewantedfromtheUS.After
Eisenhowerfailedtoacknowledgethisrequest,MOssadeqturnedtotheMarxistTudehpartyforaid.
EisenhowerwasconvincedthatMossadeqneededtobyoverthrown,andvariousriotswerestagedbytheUS
toreplaceMossadeqwithFazlollahZahediandtoreinstatetheShah.
GuatemalaArbenzIncident
GuatemalanPresident,JacoboArbenzGuzman,establishedlandreformin
Guatemalain
Summerof1953
.FearingSovietinvolvement,theUnitedStatessenttroopstoGuatemala
underCarlosEnriqueCastilloArmas,andArbenzsentforSoviethelp.AlthoughtheSovietssentArbenz
plentyofCzechoslovakianweapons,thefightdidnotprovefruitfulandArbenzhadtofleeGuatemalainlate
June.
OffshoreIslandsCrisis(FirstTaiwanCrisis)
In1954,ChinainitiatedanattackofNationalistTaiwan,
seizingtwoofthetwentyfiveislands.EisenhowersentJohnDullestoTaiwan,whoestablishedamutual
defensetreaty,ensuringAmericaninvolvementinthedefenseofTaiwan.TheCCPfearedAmerican
involvement(andEisenhower'swillingnesstouseatomicweapons)andaceasefiretookplaceinApril
1955.
SputnikLaunchOctober4th,1957
SecondTaiwanCrisis
TheChineseresumedattacksonTaiwanin1958.Russiathreatenedinvolvement
againsttheUSiftheydirectlyattackedChinainordertodefendTaiwan.EisenhowersentDullesonceagain
tonegotiatewiththeCommunists.Hesuggestedthatifanotherceasefirewasreached,forcesontheislands
ofJinmenandMazuwouldbereduced.TheChineseagreedandwithinamatterofweekstheconflictwas
over.
CubanRevolution
OnNewYear'sDay,1959,FidelCastrocameintopowerbecauseoftheCuban
revolution,whichwasattributedtotheintenseunemployment,illiteracy,anddiseasethatplaguedCuba.He
alsowantedtobeginlandreformandendforeigninfluenceontheeconomy.Hewasnotacommunistatthe
time,buttheUnitedStateswasstillthreatened.TheUSplannedvariousattemptstooverthrowCastro,and
whenCastrofoundoutabouttheselanshefledtotheSovietUnionimmediatelyforhim.ThelossofCuba
wasahugeblowtotheAmericans,especiallysinceitwasintheirsphereofinfluence.
BayofPigsApril1961.KennedyplannedtoinvadeCubathroughtheBayofPigswithabout2000
exiledCubansoldiers.Castrofoundouttheseplans,andthemissionfailedmiserably.200wereleft
dead,1200becamePOWs.Therewaslittleplanningandnoairsupportforthismission,andhurt
Kennedy'sreputation.
CubanMissileCrisis
OnOctober22nd,1962,itwasdiscoveredthattheRussianshadplacedatomic
weaponryinCubaandPresidentKennedywentonthetelevisiontowarnthepublic.Heproclaimedthat
Cubawouldbequarantineduntilallmissilebasesandbombersweredismantledandremoved.Thenext13
dayswerethoseofextremefearandhorror.However,talksoccuredbetweenKennedyandKrushchev,and
KrushchevagreedtoremovetheCubanmissiles...iftheUnitedStatesremovedtheirmissilesinTurkey.
Kennedyagreed,andwasviewedasaheroafterthecrisisdismantled.Krushchev,ontheotherhand,lost
extremeprestige.

Paper3

WarsandUnificationofGermany
1848RevolutioninSchleswig/Holsteinb/cKingofDenmarktriestointegratethemintoDenmark
1852LondonProtocol:Schleswig/HolsteinundertheDanishKingandcannotbeintegrated

1853KingofDenmark(ChristianIX)triestointegrateSchleswigagain
1864SecondWarofSchlewigHolstein:WaragainsttheDanesoverSchleswig/Holstein(Austrian
&PrussiavsDenmark)
1865JointAustroPrussianagreement(endswar)
AustriagetsHolstein
PrussiagetsSchlewsig
MakingofaPrussianNavalbase,KielintheBalticSea
In1866BismarkwantstounifyGemanyw/oAustriaandthinksthatPrussiahasarighttointegrate
Holstein
May1866MilitaryAlliancebetweenPiedmontSardiniaandPrussiaagainstAustria
June1866Moltke's3armiestackleAustriansforces(300,000onbothside)andareloosinguntil
William'sson(PrinceFrederick)andhisarmycomes(thentheywin)
1866BelgiumDocument
Aug1866TreatyofPrague

Austriawillnotsurrenderterritories
willnotsufferindignityofPrussiansmarchingthroughVienna
AustriasurrendersallpoliticalinfluenceinN.Germany
Saxony&HanoverwillbeannexedbyGermany
Wrttembrug,Baden,andHesseDarmstadtwillpaymoneytoPrussiaforwar
EmsDispatchorEmsTelegram
July13th1870
BismarckeditedaconversationbetweenthefrenchambassadorandKingWilhelmIof
Prussia,theconversationwasregardingtheemptythroneofSpain.
ReleasedittotheFrenchpublic,andtheywereoutraged
FrancedeclareswaronJuly19th1870
Bismarck,yetagain,makesGermanylooklikethedefenderratherthantheaggressor.

Subject3:Prussia/Germany,18621918,andAustriaHungary,18671921
Bismarck&Prussia/Germany,18621890
1866AustroPrussianWar
1866NapoleonbelievesthatFrancedeservesBelgiumandLuxembourg,BelgiumDocument
1867Luxembourgcrisis
186768PrussianchancellorangeredbystrengthofCatholicresistanceinsouthfromunitingwiththeNorth
1869BavarianCampaignof1869
1870FrancoPrussianwar
1870DoctrineofPapalInfallibilityadoptedbyVaticancouncil,authorityofpopecannotbechallenged
whenspeakexcathedraonmattersoffaithormorals
1870Emsdispatch,madeatSpaatEms,letterfromFrenchtoKingWillianI
1871ParisCommune,uprisingagainstFrenchgovernment
18711875NationalLiberalsdominatepolitics
January1871GermanEmpiredeclaredintheHallofMirrorsandFrenchCapitalcaptured
March1871GermanvictoryparadeinFrance
1872RudolfVirchow(liberalProtestantpathologist)coinedterm"struggleofcultures",Bismarck'sfailure
1873SPDbecomesproBismarck
1873ThreeEmperor'sLeague(TsarAlexanderII,EmperorFranzJosefI,KaiserWilhelmI)basicallyused
byBismarcktomeetchallengesinfacingbalancesofpowerinEurope

1874compulsorycivilmarriage
1875abolitionofreligiousorders,chokesubsidiestochurch,deletereligiousguaranteesfromPrussian
constitution
1878assassinationattemptonBismarck
18781882Bismarckturnsagainsttheliberals
1879AustroGermanalliance,bufferagainstRussia
18821889reformsforworkers
1882TripleAlliance(AustriaHungary,Germany,Italy)asbufferagainstFrance
1883SecondThreeEmperor'sLeague
1887ReinsuranceTreatybetweenGermanyandRussia
1890Bismarckremovedfromoffice,Reinsurancetreatyoutdatedandcanceled
1894FrancoRussianDualAlliance

Subject:WilhelmineGermany,18901918domesticandforeignpolicies+WWIcrises
(18901913)

1886GolddiscoveredinAfrica
1890
Bismarkresigns
ReinsuranceTreatyisnotrenewed(3yrperiodisover)
1894FrancoRussianAlliance
1895DecJamesonRaid
1896JanBoerswondespitetheJamesonRaid&theKrugarTelegram
1896BismarkrevealstheReinsurrancetreatyalmostarrestedfortreason
1897BoersprepareforwarwithEnglandwithGermanweapons
Oct:BoersattackEngland
Dec:BlackWeek(BoerswinagainstEngland)
1898FirstNavyLaw
July10MarchandarrivedatFashoda
SeptKitchnerenteredKhartoumtoconfronttheFrenchinFashoda
1899French&EnglishagreetoborderAfricaterritoriesbytheCongo/Nile
1900JanSwissCheeseIncident
1900Jun2ndNavalLaw
1902AngloJapaneseMilitaryAlliance
1904Feb6JapaneseattackonportArthur
1905MarWilhelmIIvisitsTangier
1905MayBattleattheStraightofTsushima(Russiadefeated)
1906JanAlgecirasConference
1907Aug31AngloRussianEntentesigned
1911JanFrenchofficerinFezmurdered
Frenchsaytheymustprotecttheirsoldiers,buttheyreallyjustwantanexcusetopursuretheir
interestsinMorocco

Summaryoftheprewar(WWI)Crises
BoerWar(18991902)
PresidentKrugerdemandindemnitiesforJamesonRaid677,938poundsformaterialdamages,1
millionpoundsformoralandintellectualdamages

Because1882LondonConventionhadlapsedandBritainnolongerheldanyrightsoverBoer
ForeignandDefensepolicies,PresidentKrugerrejectedanyBritishauthority
December15,1899BritisharmyunderSirRedversBullermarchingtoreliefofLadysmithsuffers
badlossatColenso,1100killed,wounded,ormissing
GermanTakeonWar:
WillyurgesBritishtoacceptdefeatinSouthAfricawithacoldreplyfromGeorge
MiddleofJanuary19003Germansteamers,Bundesrat,Herzog,Generalsuspectedof
carryingcannonsandmunitionsstoppedbyBritishvessels
Bundesratwastakeninharborforburtherinspection
WhennewsreachedBerlin,demandsofapologyweremade
Spring1900BritishPositionimproveddrastically,25000to250000troops
JohannesburgfallsonMay31,PretoriaonJune5
SeptemberBritainannexesTransvaal
June6,1900newsoffallofPretoriatelegraphedtoQueen,Britishvictory
*****CONSEQUENCE*****
Excuseforthedoublingof1898buildingprogram,advocatedbyTirpitz
AngloGermanrelationssourduetoGermansupportoftheBoers
Fashoda(1898)
BackgroundtotheConflict
1880sprimarygoalofFrenchforeignpolicyhadbeentoforceEnglandswithdrawalfrom
Egypt
1894FrenchForeignMinisterGabrielHanotauxauthorizedboldstrokeofexplorationand
conquest,plantoseizeUpperNile
March1895SirEdwardGrey,ParliamentaryUnderSecretaryatForeignOfficeinLord
Roseberysgovernment,toldHouseofCommons:TheadvanceofaFrench
expeditioninconsistentandunexpectedactunfriendlyact
Summerof1896CaptainJeanBaptisteMarchandlead11French,150Senegaleseofficers,
walkfor24months,cover3500miles
July10,1898FrenchexpeditionarriveatoldfortofFashoda,builtbyEgyptiansin1870
EscalationoftheConflict
BritishargueFashodapropertyofKhediveofEgypt
SirHerbertKitcheneraccompanyby5gunboatspulling12barges
September19KitchenersflagshipencounterrowboatwithcarriedFrenchtricoloratstern
AdmiredMarchandsachievementincrossingthecontinent,Marchandwaitforgovernments
instructions
Egyptianflagraisedoveroutlyingsectionoffort,Frenchflagremainwhereitwas,Kitchener
detailstrongforcetogarrisonFashoda
LordSalisburyinstructSirEdmundMonson,BritishambassadorinParis,totellTheophile
Delcassethatnotitleofoccupationcouldbecreatedbyasecretexpeditionacrossunknown
andunexploredwastes
PeopleplacethemselvesfirmlybehindLordSalisbury
StrongreservesquadroninEnglishChannel
FrancebelievehavesuperiorrighttoFashodaandUpperNile
WehaveonlyargumentsdownthereandtheyhavesoldiersDelcasse
RussiarefusetosupportFranceincaseofwarwithEngland
StatethatFrancoRussianallianceonlypertainstoEuropeandrefusedanyassistance
Resolution:
Notastoneshouldbeleftunturnedtopreventwar.QueenVictoria
LordSalisburyrefertoCaptainMarchandasaFrenchexplorerwhofindshimselfina

difficultpositionontheUpperNile
October28MarchandarriveinCairo
October27LordKitchenerarriveinDover
November3sitnexttoQueenatdinnerinWindsorCastle
November4SirdarwasguestofhonoratGuildhallbanquet
December11MarchanddepartFashodaforasecondtime
March21,1899Primeministertelegraphqueenthathehadreachedanagreementwith
Cambon
WatershedsofthetwogreatAfricanrivers,NileandCongoasdividinglinebetweenBritish
andFrenchspheresofinfluence
*****CONSEQUENCE*****
KaiserlookedforwardtoanAngloFrenchwar
October28,1898contactCzarNicholasII,replywasthatnoknowledgeofimpendingcrisis
orwarinotherwords,doubletalk
PoorFrance:Sheacknowledgesherselfbeatenwithoutashothavingbeenfired.Thatisabdication
onthesea.TheyhavenotreadMahan.Willy
LessontoGermany:strongnavyisessential,FrancelostbecauseitcouldnotgettroopsintoAfrica

FirstMoroccanCrisis(19051906)
France'sEntentewithEngland(from1904)gaveherinfluencebutGermanyalsohadinterestsin
Morocco
1905WilhelmvisitedTangierandgreetedtheSultanasifhiscountrywereanindependentsovereign,
promisingtostopFrancefromcolonizing
@Algeciras(1906:France,USA,Russia,&BritainvsAustria&Germany)
Moroccowouldbeindependent
Spain&FrancewouldcontrolpoliceofMorocco
FrancewouldcontrolthearmssupplyofMorocco
temporaryfix
*****CONSEQUENCE*****
FrancedidnottrustGermany&hadsecretmilitarytalksw/Englandtoprepareforthe
inevitableFrancoGermanwar
GermanyupsetthatsatusquofavoredFrance
BosnianCrisis(19081909)
SerbiawantedAustriatogiveupBosnianb/cithadmanySerbs
PanSalvismwasthepolicyofRussia(thereforetheysupportedSerbia)whileAustriawantedtorule
Serbiaaswell,Germanywasinterestedeconomically(BaghdadRailwaybeingbuiltsince1888)
SolvedbyanagreementbetweenAustria&RussiaSept1908
AustriacanannexBosniaHezergovinaaslongas
RussiacanopentoDardanellestoRussianwarships
causedinternalconflictinRussia&Austria(Russiadidnotsaveitsbrothers,Bosniadidn't
wanttobeapartofAustria)
AustriaannexedBosniabeforeaskingtheotherpowersaboutopeningtheDardanelles,so
Russiawasnotcompensated
TheBosniansaskedforRussia'shelpinfightingAustriaaftertheannexationbutRussiawasnot
strongenough&France/Englandwouldnothelpb/cGermanywouldhelpAustria
*****CONSEQUENCES*****
Russiawashumiliated(intensifiedarmamentprogramtogetreadyforwar)
3/5ofSslavsunderAustrianrule(moreslavsunderAustriathantherewereinSerbia)

SecondMoroccanCrisisakaAgadirCrisis(1911)
Francewasnotsatisfiedwiththeagreementfromthe1stcrisissteadilyincreasedinfluence
May1911FrenchoccupiedFeztostopuprisingagainstproFrenchSultan
GermanssentPanthertoAgadir,Britishfearedthattheywouldcreateanavalbaserightnexttotheir
navalrouteandwasreadytogotowarw/FranceagainstGermany
Germanygavein,lostallinfluenceinMoroccobutwasgivenastripofFrenchCongo
****CONSEQUENCES****
Germanywouldnotbewillingtosufferanotherdiplomaticdefeat
British,French,&RussiansalarmedbyhowaggressiveGermanywasbeing
French&BritishmadenavalplansincaseofwarwithGermany

BalkanWars(19121913)
29September1911ItalydeclareswaronTurkey
15October1912Ceasefiretakeseffect
Peacefollowed,leavingItalyinpossessionofLibya,Rhodes,andtheDodecaneseIslandsin
theMediterraneanoffthecoastofTurkey
8October1912MontenegrodeclareswaronTurkey(FirstBalkanWar)
17October1912Bulgaria,Serbia,andGreece,alliesofMontenegro,followsuit
ThiscausedTurkeytoendthewarwithItaly
TheOttomanarmieswererapidlydefeated,theEasternQuestionwasa
faitaccompli
onthe
partoftheBalkanstates
ThisputofftheGreatPowersabit,theyhadalwaysthoughtthattheywouldanswerthe
EasternQuestionnevermindwhen.
December1912LondonConferenceconvenesforsixtythreesittings,resultinginthepartitionof
Macedonia.
Bulgariawasunhappywiththedivision,feelingithadbeencheatedbyGreeceandSerbia
30May1913Peacetreatysigned
Nightof2930June1913,BulgariamadeasurpriseattackagainstSerbiaandGreece(SecondBalkan
War)
BulgariawasdefeatedbySerbia,Greece,Turkey,andRomania.NotethatTurkeynow
foughtwithtwoofthestateswhichattackeditintheFirstBalkanWar.
10October1913TreatyofBucharestwasnegotiatedbytheBalkanstates,inabsenceofanyGreat
Powers,endingtheFirstandSecondBalkanWars.
Serbiawasnotcrushed,tothesignificantdisappointmentofAustriaHungary.Thisfedits
fearsthatitwouldnotbeabletoendureagainstSerbiaandRussia.

Whatdoesthismeanincontext?
TherewasnoEasternQuestionatthestartofWorldWarI.TheBalkan
stateshadrisentofillthepowervacuum,puttingouttheGreatPowersfromaroletheyhadlongthoughttheywould
play.Serbiawasresurgent,havingbeenonthewinningsideinbothBalkanwars.ThisfedAustriaHungary'sfears
forhersurvivalwhichwasavitalGermaninterest,concernedasKaiserWilhelmwaswiththeproblemof
encirclement.
Source:Fromkinpp.8386,myanalysis(William)

JulyCrisis1914(TimelineofDatesfrom1913LeadinguptoWWI)

Fall1913

GermanGeneralStaffassessesthateconomy
ofRussiaisthefastestgrowingandby1916it
willbereadytofightamajorEuropeanwar
MoltkeThebalanceofpowerinEuropeis
shiftinginfavoroftheTripleEntente

May1914

June1914

June11,1914

June28,1914

June29,1914

July5,1914
July24,1914

July25,1914

July26,1914

July27,1914

July28,1914
July29,1914
July30,1914
July30,1914
July31,1914(Russia)

July31,1914(France)

July31,1914(Germany)
August1,1914(Russia)
August1,1914(France)

AustriadeclareswaronRussia

August1,1914(Germany)
August2,1914
August4,1914

August5,1914

Austrianarmyrequires30daystomobilize
KaiserWillamIIstandbehindFranzJoseph
Unitedkingdomwillnotentermilitary
engagementwithRussia
PreventativewaragainstSerbiaistheonly
solutionvonHotzendorf
GreatBritainwillnotdecidetogotoorstay
outofwarunlessitistime
AssassinationofArchdukeFranzFerdinandin
Sarajevo,Bosnia,byBosnianblackhand
terroristGavriloPrincip
Thistragedywillnotleadtoageneral
Europeanwar.ItisalocalizedAustrianaffair.
GermanygivesAustriatheblankcheck
AustrianultimatumtoSerbia,acceptin48
hoursorgotowar
SerbiashouldacceptallofAustriasdemands,
withslightreservations.
Serbianforceswillmobilizedher16
divisions
RussiamobilizesinPoland,Ukraine,Belarus,
Moscow,Kiev,Odessa,andKazan
AustriadeclareswaronSerbia
Russiademobilizes
FullmobilizationofAustrianarmy
GeneralmobilizationofRussianforces
FirstGermanultimatumtoRussia,Russia
standdownorGermanymobilize
Afternoonsecondultimatum
FirstGermanUltimatumtoFrancesurrender
VerdunandToulifneutral
KaiserWilliamordersfullmobilization
GermanydeclareswaronRussia
SecondGermanUltimatumtoFrance
Francebeginsmobilization
10kilometerpullbackline
KaisertoMoltke,turntrainsaround
Moltkereply,cannotbedone
GermanultimatumtoBelgium
BelgiumresolvedtorepelGermaninvasion
BritishultimatumtoGermany:leaveBelgium
immediately
BritaindeclareswaronGermany

(so...I'mguessingnoonehasnotesonanyofthesesubjects?Jeff)(IthinkIhavesomeMehlbachnoteson
theWilhelmineGermany18901918domestic&foreignpoliciesBob)(NevermindJeff,ifyoufindanyof
thesequestionsonthetestjustDONTansweremlolBob)
(Arethereanyothertopicsweneedtocover(asidefromthewhenlistedabove)?ThatwayIcansearchmy
notesKirsen)

(noithinkthatcoversit...Jeff)(Wellonsecondthought,technicallythereareagoodfewothersbutithink
thesearetheonlyoneswewouldhavenoteson...Jeff)(okthen...I'llseeifIcanfindsomemorenoteson
thosesubjectsKirsten)

(Here'sSomeWeimarRepublicNotesIFound,Enjoy!Bob)

Subject4:TheWeimarRepublic

WeimarRepublic(19181933)
ImportantDates:
March3,1918TreatyofBrestLitovsk
November9,1918Germanproclamationofnewrepublic
November10EbertgovernGermanyintransitionstage
November11Armisticewhichlatersupplementstheideaof"NovemberCriminals"
June28,1919GermanyforcedtosignTreatyofVersailles
July31,1919WeimarConstitutionwritten,signedonAugust31
Fall1922FrenchtroopsoccupytheRuhr,Germansfailedtopaypaymentstowardsreparations
EarlySpring1923GermanworkersstarttostrikeagainstFrench
September26,1923GustavStresemannannounceendofGermanresistance,startofGermanreparation
payments
November8,1923HitlerstartBeerHallPutsch
November9,1923endofBeerHallPutschwhenmarchonMunichfailed
November23,1923Germanbuyingpowercloseto0
February26,1924Hitlerstrialforhightreason
August1924DawesPlan,AmericansrestructureandrefinanceGermanreparationpayments
1927prostitutioninWeimarRepublicdecriminalized
October1929StockmarketcrashintheUnitedStates
1931HooverMoratorium,cancelsGermanysremainingwardebts
1932Germanproductionlevels40%ofthatof1928
1932Article48onlymeanstogovern,vonHindenburgusetogovernGermanyasReichstagwouldnot
cooperate
1932over60%ofGermansvoteradical,thatis,KPDorNazi
19336millionGermansunemployed,1outofevery2
January30,1933HitlerreceiveappointmentofChancellorfromHindenburg
February27,1933Reichstagbuildingsetonfire
March1933EnablingActallowforgovernmentlegislativepowersandauthorizedittodeviatefrom
provisionsofconstitutionfor4years
July14,1933Germanyofficiallydeclareonepartystatewithpassingoflawagainstformationofparties

June30,1934NightoftheLongKnives,Hitlerdestroypoliticalenemies

SocialStatisticsofWeimarRepublic
19181933voterturnoutover80%
Mostliterateandbesteducatedcountryinworldover90%literacyrate
Politicalpartieswellorganized,generouslyfinanced,wellled
Electoratewellread,activelyparticipateinpolitics
Ratioofwomentomen:1650:1000
1927prostitutiondecriminalized
NowidespreadantiSemitism
19181933over60%ofGermanJewsmarriedGermanChristians
19141dollar=4RM,19291RM=12dollars