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Passing on and copying of this document, use and communication of its contents not
permitted without written authorization from Alcatel-Lucent
Copyright 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
Course outline
Welcome
to UTRAN
1. W-CDMA
R99 Radio Principles
1. 9300
UTRAN
System Description
UA08
W-CDMA
R99 Radio Principles
2. WCDMA for UMTS
1. W-CDMA
R99 Radio
Principles
3. UTRAN
Scenario
1. UTRAN
System
Description
4. MBMS
Radio
Principles
2. WCDMA for UMTS
5. Glossary
3. UTRAN Scenario
3
@@PRODUCT
@@COURSENAME
Course objectives
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
UTRAN
UA08
9300WCDMA
W-CDMA
R99for
Radio
describe
principles
UMTSPrinciples
4
@@PRODUCT
@@COURSENAME
Section 1
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Module 1
UTRAN System Description
UTRAN
UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
TMO18246_V2.0-SG Edition 1
Blank page
112
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol stack (radio and Iu) of each
network element and to define the channels generated by these protocols.
113
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
114
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Table of contents
Switch to notes view!
1 Logical Architecture
1.1 UTRAN Situation & Core Network in 3GPP R4
1.2 UTRAN Logical Architecture
1.3 Interfaces
1.4 Network Element Function
2 Network Protocols
2.1 Protocols in UTRAN
2.2 UTRAN Logical Architecture
2.3 Hybrid Iub logical architecture
2.4 Native IP Iub logical architecture
2.5 NodeB synchronisation for all IP
2.6 IP Iur logical architecture
2.7 IP IU-PS logical architecture
2.8 IP Iu-CS logical architecture
2.9 O&M flow architecture
3 Protocol Stacks
3.1 Protocols in UTRAN
3.2 General model
3.3 Iub Protocol Stacks
3.4 I-BTS O&M Plane
3.5 Iur Protocol Stacks
3.6
Iu-PS Protocol Stacks
115
3.7
Protocol
Stacks
W-CDMAIu-CS
R99 Radio Principles
UTRAN System
Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
3.8 IU- CS RTP/RTCP Protocol
4 Radio Channels
4.1 Global Situation
4.2 RAB Presentation
4.3 Radio Channels, Protocols & Network Elements
4.4 Radio Bearers
4.5 Channel Types
4.6 Channels Vs. Interfaces
4.7 Uu Protocol Layers
4.8 Physical Layer Architecture
4.9 Radio Interface Distributed Architecture
4.10 Logical Channels
4.11 Why Transport Channels?
4.12 Structure of a Transport Channel
4.13 Transport Channels: Example
4.14 Transport Channels
4.15 Common Transport Channels
4.16 Dedicated Transport Channels
4.17 Mapping Logical / Transport Channels
4.18 Physical Channels
4.19 Physical Channel List
4.20 Downlink
4.21 Uplink
4.22 Physical Channels: Structure
5 UTRAN Radio Protocols
5.1 Radio protocol stack
5.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC)
5.3 PDCP and BMC Protocols
5.4 Radio Link Control (RLC)
5.5 Medium Access Control (MAC)
5.6 The Physical Layer
6 Radio Resource control Layer
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 Logical Architecture
117
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 Logical Architecture
MSC Server
Iu-CS
UTRAN
Core Network
CS-CN
MGW
CS Links
External Networks
PS Links
PSTN
GMSC
RNC
IN network
HLR
Node B
Backbone
Iu-PS
BSC Gb
GSM
BSS
BTS
SGSN
iGGS
N
PDN
PCU
PS-CN
118
SMS service
Call Waiting
1 Logical Architecture
PS-CN
CS-CN
Core Network
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
UTRAN
Iub
RNS
Node B
Node B
Uu Interface
UE
UEs
119
CN
2
separated domains: Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) which reuse the infrastructure of GSM
and GPRS respectively.
UTRAN
new
new
CN independent of AN
The
specificity of the access network due to mobile system should be transparent to the core network, which
may potentially use any access technique.
Radio
UE
NSS
Uu
Um
UTRAN
BSS
Iub
A-bis
RNC
BSC
Iur
no equivalent
Node-B
BTS
Iu-CS
UE
MS
Iu-PS
Gb
1 Logical Architecture
1.3 Interfaces
Open Interfaces:
The function of the Network Elements have been clearly specified by the
3GPP.
Their internal implementation issues are open for the manufacturer
All the interfaces have been defined in such a detailed level that the
equipment at the endpoints can be from different manufacturers.
Open Interfaces aim at motivating competition between manufacturers.
Physical implementation of Iu interfaces
Each Iu Interface may be implemented on any physical connection using
any transport technology, mainly on E1 (cable), STM1 (Optic fiber) and
micro-waves.
ATM will be provided in the 3GPP R4 release and IP is for the 3GPP R6
1 1 10
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
A manufacturer can produce only the Node-B (and not the RNC). This is not possible in GSM (A-bis is a
proprietary interface)
The Iur physical connection can go through the CN using common physical links with Iu-CS and Iu-PS. However
there is a direct logical connection between the 2 RNCs: the Iur information is not handled by the CN.
1 Logical Architecture
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Iub
RNS
Node B
Node B
1 1 11
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network Controller) and at least one
Node-B.
The RNC takes a more important place in UTRAN than the BSC in the GSM BSS. Indeed RNC can perform soft
HO, while in GSM there is no connection between BSCs and only hard HO can be applied.
1 Logical Architecture
RNC
ATM Transport
Technology
Iub
Node B
Node-B
A Node-B can be considered, as first approximation, like a transcoder
between the data received by antennas and the data in the ATM cell on the
Iub.
- Radio transmission and reception handling
- Involved in the mobility management
- Involved in the power control
1 1 12
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network Controller) and at least one
Node-B.
A Node-B is also more complex than the GSM BTS, because it handles softer HO.
Controlling RNC (CRNC): a role an RNC can take with respect to a specific set of Node-Bs (ie those Node-Bs
belonging to the same RNS). There is only one CRNC for any Node-B. The CRNC has the overall control of the
logical resources of its Node-Bs
2 Network Protocols
1 1 13
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
2 Network Protocols
Core Network
Iu
The Iu protocols
Iu Protocols
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Radio Protocols
NAS Signaling
Signaling between a UE and
the Core Network.
Typically, the Authentification
and the Location
Node B
Uu Interface
NAS Signaling
1 1 14
Iu Protocols :
RANAP:
RNSAP:
NBAP:
ALCAP
is a generic name for the signalling protocols of the Transport Network Control
Plane
Radio Protocols :
RRC:
RLC:
MAC:
NAS Signaling :
NAS refers to higher layers (3 to 7). Entities of this part will exchange tele-services and bearer services
2 Network Protocols
MSC
Itf-R
Itf-R
ATM Backbone
Itf-B
Iub
Itf-B
ATM Backbone
MGW
MGW
Iu-CS
Iur
RNC
Hybrid NB
SGSN
RNC
(SAS)
Iu-PS
Iub
IP Backbone
GGSN
IP Backbone
IP NB
SGSN
Iu-BC
Last Mile
CBC
MSC
MGW
MGW
Core Network
UTRAN
1 1 15
The scope of IP Transport in UTRAN is intended to replace the ATM transport network (AAL2/ATM or AAL5/ATM) by an IP
transport network to reduce the transmission cost.
The radio network layer remains unchanged in the control plane (RANAP, RNSAP, NBAP), except that the transport layer
information provided in NBAP/RNSAP/RANAP is changed, and in the user plane (Iu / Iur / Iub UP Frame Protocols). ALCAP
disappears in the transport network control plane.
After the introduction in UA06 of an hybrid ATM / IP transport on Iub (iBTS only) and a pure IP transport on Iu-PS, it is added
in UA07:
Full IP transport on Iub: the existing ATM interface is removed and all the traffic (User Plane and Control Plane) is
transported over an IP/Ethernet interface
IP transport on Iu-CS: between the RNC and the MSC, and between the RNC and the MGW in NGN architecture
IP transport on Iur: between two RNC
Pure IP transport on Itf-R and Itf-B : the OMC can be connected only to the IP backbone
IP transport on Iu-BC: between the RNC and the CBC
Moreover, a full mixity between ATM and IP transport is supported in UA07:
A mix of ATM Nodes B, Hybrid Nodes B and Full IP Nodes B are supported on the same RNC
A mix of ATM and IP is supported on Iu/Iur : Iu-PS over IP / Iu-CS over ATM or some Iurs over ATM and other Iurs over IP
A mix of ATM and IP is supported on Iu-CS/Iu-PS in case of Iu-Flex
The OMC can be connected either to the ATM backbone (via an IP over ATM access node) or to the IP backbone,
The O&M flow from RNC to OMC can be In band or Out of Band (using an Ethernet port of a dedicated card).
Note that the Iu-PC interface is not supported over IP in UA07 as the Standalone AssistedGPS SMLC (SAS) is integrated in the
RNC in UA07 (see FRS 34123). That means that Iu-PC over ATM is still supported on a mix ATM/IP RNC but integrated SMLC
server is needed in case of a Full IP RNC.
2 Network Protocols
IP Network:
Several
DSCP
RNC
GE Link
Hybrid
BTS
IP on VLAN/GE
Ethernet
Link
VR
STM1
Link
E1/T1
Links
ATM Network:
Several ATM VCs
ATM on STM1
OMC
Hybrid
BTS
2 Network Protocols
OMC
FE/G
E
Link
GE Link
RNC
IP Node
IP Network:
DSCP mandatory
VLAN/pbits optional
User Plane
Control Plane
OAM flow
Synchro flow
1 1 17
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
0 or 1 VLAN
0 or 1 VLAN
0 or 1 VLAN
0 or 3 VLANs
1 or 3 IP adresses
Native IP Iub means support of IP transport only on Iub interface both for Control Plane, User Plane and Node B
O&M flows, ATM is no more used.
The Control Plane consists in NBAP signaling messages only, as ALCAP is not needed any more.
The User Plane consists in different traffic types having different QoS requirements.
The Node B O&M flows may go directly from OMC to Node B.
These different data flows (control, user, O&M) may be separated by using different IP addresses and also by
different VLANs at RNC side and at Node B side.
QoS differentiation is ensured by DiffServ at IP level and, optionally, by Priority Bits at Ethernet level.
At Ethernet level, VLANs can be used to separate different flows (User Plane, Control Plane, O&M flows) on the
same physical Ethernet Port.
For synchronization, the Node B needs an interface with an external PTP server.
.
2 Network Protocols
Iub
Synch
frames
IEEE1588v2 server
clock
RNC
Node B
IP Transport
Cell site
gateway
GPS
receiver
E1 link
for synchro
Node B
Node B
1 1 18
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
all IP
GPS synchronisation
E1/T1 synchronisation
Up until UA7.1, a BTS provides only E1/T1 or E3/T3 or STM1/OC-3 connectivity and therefore uses the
corresponding line timing to extract an 8 kHz signal being used for OMA supervision.
In UA07.1 the native IP IuB feature is introduced, which allows the operator to carry all IuB traffic over Ethernet
transport. With the introduction of this feature BTS systems supporting Ethernet backhaul wont have E1/T1 or
E3/T3 or STM1/OC-3 connectivity and hence no 8 kHz signal can be derived anymore from the network clock.
To recover an 8 kHz signal with sufficient accuracy for OMA supervision the IEEE 1588v2 Precision Timing
Protocol (PTP) is implemented in the BTS to synchronize to a PTP time server thereby allowing an 8 kHz signal
to be generated internal to the BTS.
The 8 kHz clock being generated via an onboard oscillator of +/- 25 ppm frequency accuracy needs frequency
adjustment to get a long-term frequency accuracy with a Maximum Time Interval Error (MTIE) of ~ 400 ppb @
4h. As only frequency adjustment is needed the OneBTS supports only a reduced PTP functionality (e.g. delay
measurement of Sync messages is not needed).
Standards
IEEE P1588 D2.2
Draft Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked
Measurement and Control Systems
2 Network Protocols
RNC
Peer RNC
GE Link
GE Link
IP Network
VR
UP
CP
Node B
1 1 19
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
RNCs may be connected to the ATM backbone or to the IP backbone or to both. However:
On Iu-R, Control and User plane stacks must be both either IP or ATM; i.e. no mix and match of ATM Control and
IP User plane or vice versa.
At IP level, DiffServ is used for QoS differentiation.
At Ethernet level, VLANs can be used to separate different flows (User Plane, Control Plane) on a single VR
associated with a physical Gigabit Ethernet Port.
2 Network Protocols
RNC
IP Network:
Several
DSCP
SGSN
GE Link
IP/VLAN/
G
VR
GGSN
STM1
Link
IP/AT
M
1 1 20
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
GGSN
SGSN
ATM Network:
Several ATM VCs
GGSN
In UA06, the RNC can be connected to the SGSN through the CN IP backbone and, optionally, it can be
connected to the GGSN using a direct GTP tunnel for the User Plane without any impact on RNC side nor on
configuration since the SGSN is responsible for providing the User Plane address of the GGSN by Control Plane
signaling.
On Iu-PS, a mix of ATM transport and IP transport is supported, even in the same pool in case of Iu Flexibility
configuration, but both Control Plane and User plane stacks must be either IP or ATM, e.g. no mix and match of
ATM Control Plane and IP User plane or vice versa.
Taken into account also the option to have a direct tunnel between RNC and GGSN, the above RNC connectivity
shall be supported.
2 Network Protocols
RNC
IP Network:
Several
DSCP
MSC
server
GE Link
MSC
VR
IP/VLAN/
GE
MGW
STM1
Link
MSC
MGW
ATM Network:
Several ATM VCs
1 1 21
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
In a mixed ATM / IP UTRAN, each network element may be connected either to the ATM backbone or to the IP
backbone.
RNCs may be connected to the ATM backbone or to the IP backbone or to both.
MSC/MGW may be either connected on the ATM backbone or on the IP backbone, even in the same pool in case
of Iu Flexibility configuration.
On Iu-CS, Control and User plane stacks must be both either IP or ATM, e.g. no mix and match of ATM Control
and IP User plane or vice versa.
Taken into account both NGN and non-NGN configurations in CS Core Network the above RNC connectivity with
CN nodes shall be supported.
2 Network Protocols
RNC
RNC
OMC
Eth. Port
OMC
Eth. Port
Native IP
BTS
Eth. Port
STM1 ports of
STM1 card
STM1 ports of
STM1 card
Ethernet port
of CP card
Ethernet port
of CP card
Ethernet ports
of GE card
Ethernet ports
of GE card
IP
Network
Native IP
BTS
Eth. Port
IP
Network
The O&M topologies supported with Native IP Node B, i.e. the possible paths for the O&M Node B flow (itfb) and
for the RNC O&M flow (itfr) are different.
The supported topologies are the result of the combinations of the following rules:
1. The telecom flow of a Native IP Node B is always getting in the RNC on an Ethernet port of the GigaBit
Ethernet card.
3.
Get in the RNC via a STM1/OC3 port of the STM1/OC3 card (in case of ATM connection).
From OMC-R side a mix of the previous case per RNS is possible.
an IP backbone for Itf-r and itf-b, i.e. the O&M does not go through ATM but by Ethernet,
The RNC is the bridge from IP/atm/STM1/OC3 to IP/GE ONLY for the O&M itfb flow.
Another transport node can also provide this ATM to IP bridge role.
3 Protocol Stacks
1 1 23
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
3 Protocol Stacks
Core Network
Iu
The Iu protocols
Iu Protocols
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Radio Protocols
NAS Signaling
Signaling between a UE and
the Core Network.
Typically, the Authentification
and the Location
Node B
Uu Interface
NAS Signaling
1 1 24
Iu Protocols :
ALCAP is a generic name for the signalling protocols of the Transport Network Control
Radio Protocols :
NAS Signaling :
NAS refers to higher layers (3 to 7). Entities of this part will exchange tele-services and bearer services
3 Protocol Stacks
Radio
Network
Layer
User Plane
Transport
Network
Control Plane
Data
Stream(s)
Application
Protocol
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
1. What is the
purpose of the
separation
between the
Radio Network
Layer and the
Transport
Network Layer?
ALCAP
Transport
Layer
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
1 1 25
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
2. Why is
ALCAP
necessary?
3 Protocol Stacks
Radio Network
Control Plane
Radio
Network
Layer
Node B
Application Part
(NBAP)
User Plane
Iub FP
ALCAP
Q.2630.2
Q.2150.2
Transport
Layer
SSCF-UNI
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
SSCOP
SCT
AAL5
IP
AAL5
AAL2
IP
ATM
ATM
ATM
UD
Physical Layer
1 1 26
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
For IP transport of the Iub user plane over Ethernet, the 3GPP requirements, in TS 25426, are:
UDP over IP shall be supported as the transport for DCH data streams on Iub
The transport bearer is identified by UDP port number and IP address (source UDP port number, destination
UDP port number, source IP address, destination IP address).
The source IP address and destination IP address exchanged via Radio Network Layer on the Iur/Iub interface
shall use the NSAP structure.
IP Differentiated Services code point marking shall be supported. The mapping between traffic categories and
Diffserv code points shall be configurable by O&M. Traffic categories are implementation-specific and may be
determined from the application parameters.
The bearer identifiers (UDP port number and IP address) are exchanged between RNC and Node B at each Radio
Link Setup via NBAP signaling messages.
The DSCP is determined by the RNC and given to the Node B at each Radio Link Setup via NBAP signaling
messages.
For IP transport of the Iub Control plane over Ethernet, the 3GPP requirements, in TS 25432, are:
SCTP over IP shall be supported as the transport for NBAP signaling bearer on Iub Interface
The checksum method specified in RFC 3309 shall be used instead of the method specified in RFC 2960
Each signaling bearer between the RNC and Node B shall correspond to one single SCTP stream in UL and one
single SCTP stream in DL direction, both streams belonging to the same SCTP association.
IP Differentiated Services code point marking shall be supported. The DiffServ Code Point may be determined
from the application parameters.
A RNC equipped with the SCTP stack option shall initiate the INIT procedure for establishing association (new in
Rel 7)
Multi-homing is not required
Copyright 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18246_V2.0-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 Module 1 Page 26
3 Protocol Stacks
SEPE
FTP
Etc.
TCP
DHCP Radius
Etc.
Any for
site
LAN
RIP V2
UDP
ICMP
ARP
IP
Ethernet
DHCP port numbers: Well Known UDP Port Numbers 67 (client) 68 (server)
1 1 27
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The figure above does not intend to describe all the O&M protocols, which are supported for Native IP iBTS,
because the list is open (due to Site Lan support, for example). It intends to list the main O&M protocols, and
also to illustrate that it is not possible to identify an O&M flow, based on the fact that it is over TCP.
3 Protocol Stacks
Iu-R Data
Stream(s)
RNSA
P
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
MTP3-3
Transport
Network
Layer
User Plane
Control Plane
SSCF-NNI
M3UA
Transport
Network Control
Plane
Q.2630.2
Transport Network
User Plane
Q.2150.1
MTP3-B
SCTP
SSCOP
AAL5
IP
ATM
Ethernet
Physical Layer
SSCF-NNI
UDP
IP
AAL5
ATM
ATM
Ethernet
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Unchanged or refused
1 1 28
AAL2
SSCOP
New or modified
For Iur User Plane the transport bearer is identified by the UDP port number and the IP address (source UDP port
number, destination UDP port number, source IP address, destination IP address).
The source and destination IP addresses and the associated UDP port numbers are exchanged via RNSAP and
shall use the NSAP structure.
There may be one or several IP addresses in the RNC. The packet processing function in the RNC sends packets
of a given RAB to the IP address / UDP port which was associated to that particular RAB when establishing the
connection via RNSAP (either by RNC itself or by peer RNC).
3 Protocol Stacks
User Plane
Control Plane
Iu UP Protocol
Layer
RANA
P
Transport
Network Control
Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport
Network
User Plane
SCCP
Transport
Network
Layer
MTP3-B
M3UA
SSCF-NNI
SCTP
SSCOP
M3UA
UDP
SCTP
IP
GTP-U
UDP
IP
AAL5
ATM
GTP-U
IP
Ethernet
Physical Layer
AAL5
IP
ATM
Ethernet
Physical Layer
Unchanged or refused
1 1 29
New or modified
Not support
3 Protocol Stacks
Iu UP Protocol
Layer
RANA
P
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
MTP3-3
Transport
Network
Layer
User Plane
Control Plane
SSCF-NNI
M3UA
Transport
Network Control
Plane
Q.2630.2
Transport Network
User Plane
Q.2150.1
RTP/
RTCP
MTP3-B
SCTP
SSCOP
AAL5
IP
ATM
Ethernet
Physical Layer
SSCOP
UDP
IP
AAL5
ATM
ATM
Physical Layer
Unchanged or refused
1 1 30
AAL2
SSCF-NNI
Ethernet
Physical Layer
New or modified
The transport bearer is identified by the UDP port number and the IP address (source UDP port number,
destination UDP port number, source IP address, destination IP address).
The source IP address and destination IP address are exchanged via RANAP and shall use the NSAP
structure.
There may be one or several IP addresses in the RNC and in the CN.
3 Protocol Stacks
Iu/UP
RTP/RTCP
UDP
IP
Ethernet
1 1 31
RTP (Real time protocol) provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications
transmitting real-time data, such as audio, video or simulation data, over multicast or unicast network
services. The data transport is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoring
of the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks, and to provide minimal
control and identification functionality. RTP and RTCP are designed to be independent of the
underlying transport and network layers.
The header structure of RTP includes payload type,sequence number, timestamp and the synchronization
source.
The RTP control protocol (RTCP) is based on the periodic transmission of control packets to all participants in
the session, using the same distribution mechanism as the data packets. RTCP performs four functions:
The primary function is to provide feedback on the quality of the data distribution.This is an integral part of the
RTP's role as a transport protocol and is related to the flow and congestion control functions of other transport
protocols.
RTCP carries a persistent transport-level identifier for an RTP source called the canonical name or CNAME.
Since the SSRC identifier may change if a conflict is discovered or a program is restarted, receivers require
the CNAME to keep track of each participant. Receivers also require the CNAME to associate multiple data
streams from a given participant in a set of related RTP sessions, for example to synchronize audio and video.
The first two functions require that all participants send RTCP packets, therefore the rate must be controlled in
identification to be displayed in the user interface.the primary function is to provide feedback on the quality of
the data distribution.
4 Radio Channels
1 1 32
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
4 Radio Channels
SGSN
UTRAN
UE
GGSN
PDN
Internet
Teleservice
External Bearer
Service
Iu Bearer
Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer Service
Logical
Channel
Transport
Channel
Physical
Channel
Uu
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Iu
A Radio Bearer is the service provided by a protocol entity (i.e. RLC protocol) for transfer of data between UE
and UTRAN.
Radio bearers are the highest level of bearer services exchanged between UTRAN and UE.
Radio bearers are mapped successively on logical channels, transport channels and physical channels (Radio
Physical Bearer Service on the figure)
4 Radio Channels
RAB
RAB
UTRAN
UMTS Bearer
RAB
RAB
UMTS Bearer
UE
UMTS bearer
services
CN-PS
Radio Bearers
Iu Bearers
Streaming (CS)
14.4/14.4
Interactive (PS)
R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64, 128/128, 144/144
Background (PS) R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64, 128/128, 144/144
4 Radio Channels
User
Plane
SMS Cell
Voice Web
Browsing Broadcast
RRC
BMC
PDCP
RRC
Sig.
Radio
Bearers
MAC
RLC
Control
Logical Ch.
Physical Channels
Traffic
Logical Ch.
Transport
Channels
MAC
Uu Interface
Transport
Channels
Physical Layer
Node B
RNC
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
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Physical Layer
UE
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between the UE and the UTRAN
over the Uu interface:
User plane protocols
These
are the protocols implementing the actual Radio Access Bearer (RAB) service, i.e. carrying user data
through the access stratum.
are the protocols for controlling the radio access bearers and the connection between the UE and the
network from different aspects including requesting the service, controlling different transmission resources,
handover & streamlining etc...
Also
a mechanism for transparent transfer of Non Access Stratum (NAS) messages is included.
Some principles:
The
Radio Protocols are independent of the applied transport layer technology (ATM in R99): that may be
changed in the future while the Radio Protocols remain intact.
The
main part of radio protocols are located in the RNC (and in the UE).
The
4 Radio Channels
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Please note that RAB (Radio Access Bearer) are only provided in the user plane.
What is a RRC connection?
When
the UE needs to exchange any information with the network, it must first establish a signalling link
with the UTRAN: it is made through a procedure with the RRC protocol and it is called RRC connection
establishment.
During
this procedure the UE will send an initial access request on CCCH to establish a signalling link which
will be carried on a DCCH.
4 Radio Channels
Signaling
Logical Channel
Transport Channel
Speech
Logical Channel
Transport Channel
Physical Channel
Packet Data
Logical Channel
Information
Type
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
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Transport Channel
QoS
Requirements
Transmission
Physical
Resource
4 Radio Channels
Transport Channel
Logical
Physical Channel
Channels
Transport Channel
Iub
Uu
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Over
the Iub interface (and Iur interface when in function), all the radio traffic is transmitted using
specific Frame Protocols.
There
On
either side of iub interface Frame Protocols entities add header information to form Frame
Protocols PDUs that are transported on the Iub interface over a transport bearer.
4 Radio Channels
User Plane
AMR
Non Access
Stratum
Layer 3
Network
RRC
(Radio Resource Control)
PDCP
Layer 2
Data link
BMC
Access
Stratum
Layer 1
Physical
PHY (PHYsical)
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 supports all the functions required for transmission of bit streams on the physical medium.
It is also in charge of measurement function which consists in indicating to higher layers, for
example, FER (Frame Error Rate), SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio), interference power, transmit
power, It is composed of a layer 1 management entity, a transport channel entity, and a
physical channel entity.
Protocol layers are located in the UE and peer entities are in the nodeB or the RNC.
4 Radio Channels
Layer 2
RLC/MAC
Transport channels
RLC/MAC
Transport
sublayer
Layer 1
RNC
Transport channels
Transport
sublayer
Layer 1
Management
Layer 1
Management
Physical
sublayer
Radio interface
(Uu)
Physical
sublayer
UE
NodeB
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The
layer 1 is used to transmit information under the form of electrical signals corresponding to
bits, between the network and the mobile user. This information can be voice, circuit or packet
data, and network signaling.
The
UMTS layer 1 offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is
through the use of transport channels via the MAC sublayer.
These
services are provided by radio links which are established by signaling procedures. These
links are managed by the layer 1 management entity. One radio link is made of one or several
transport channels, and one physical channel.
The
UMTS layer 1 is divided into two sublayers: the transport and the physical sublayers. All the
processing (channel coding, interleaving, etc.) is done by the transport sublayer in order to provide
different services and their associated QoS. The physical sublayer is responsible for the
modulation, which corresponds to the association of bits (coming from the transport sublayer) to
electrical signals that can be carried over the air interface. The spreading operation is also done by
the physical sublayer. These sublayers are well described in chapters 6 and 7.
These
two parts of layer 1 are controlled by the layer 1 management (L1M) entity. It is made of
several units located in each equipment, which exchange information through the use of control
channels.
4 Radio Channels
Uu
Iub
RRC
RRC
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
Frame
Protocol
Frame
Protocol
AAL2
AAL2
ATM
ATM
L1
L1
PHY
UE
NodeB
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
RNC
In
UMTS the radio protocol stack is split over several physical UTRAN nodes, namely the NodeB
and the Serving RNC.
The
NodeB hosts all the PHYsical layer components and is responsible for the entire Layer 1
processing.
The
RNC hosts all the remaining protocol layers MAC, RLC and RRC and is in charge of the Layer 2
and Layer 3 functions.
Between
Serving RNC and NodeB all the Radio traffic is carried on Iub with the help of specific Iub
Frame Protocols.
4 Radio Channels
Logical Channels
UTRAN
1 1 42
Traffic
UE
4 Radio Channels
CCCH
Control information
e.g initial access (RRC connection request), cell update
DCCH
Control information
(but the UE must have an RRC connection)
MCCH
MSCH
DTCH
CTCH
MTCH
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
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4 Radio Channels
Traffic
Time
Time Interval
Transport
Channel
The transport channels provides a flexible pattern to exchange data between UTRAN and the UE at a variable bit
rate for the multimedia services.
The logical channels are mapped on the transport channels by the MAC protocols.
By this way the data are processed according to the QoS required before sending them to the Node B by the Iub.
4 Radio Channels
168
168 bits
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
20 ms
20 ms
Time Transmission
Interval (TTI): periodicity
at which a Transport Block
Set is transferred by the
physical layer on the radio
interface
1 1 45
20 ms
20 ms
A transport channel is defined by a Transport Format (TF) which may change every Time Transmission
Interval (TTI).
The TF is made of a Transport Block Set. The Transport Block size and the number of Transport Block inside
the set are dynamical parameters.
The TTI is a static parameter and is set typically at 10, 20 or 40 ms.
For example,
For a video-call (CS service at 64 kbps)
TTI
= 20 ms
TFS
= (640* 0,2)
Turbo
16
CRC bits
= (336* 0,1,2,3,4)
Turbo
16
ms
CRC bits
4 Radio Channels
1 1 46
is equal to the periodicity at which a Transport Block Set is transferred by the physical layer on the radio
interface
it
is always a multiple of the minimum interleaving period (e.g. 10ms, the length of one Radio Frame)
MAC
delivers one Transport Block Set to the physical layer every TTI.
selection at each TTI of a number of transport block among the allowed list provides the required
flexibility for the variable traffic and allows to manages the priority.
4 Radio Channels
576 bits
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
40 ms
Sta tic Pa rt
TTI
Coding scheme
CRC
?
Turbo coding, coding rate= 1/ 3
16 bits
Dyna mic Pa rt
Transport Block Size
Transport Block Size Set
?
576*B (B= 0,1,2,3,4)
3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for this transport channel?
4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
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4 Radio Channels
UTRAN
Transport Channels
UE
Common Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
1 1 48
4 Radio Channels
BCH:
Broadcast Channel
PCH:
Paging Channel
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
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BCH
high
power to reach all the user and low fixed bit rate so that all terminals can decode the data rate
whatever its ability: only one Transport Format because there is no need for flexibility (fixed bit rate)
PCH
only
two transport channels can NOT carry user information: BCH and PCH.
4 Radio Channels
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Note: Beam-forming is also called Inherent addressing of users: it is the possibility of transmission to a certain
part of the cell.
RACH and FACH are mainly used to carry signalling (e.g at the initial access), but they can also carry small
amounts of data.
When a UE sends information on the RACH, it will receive information on FACH.
4 Radio Channels
1 1 51
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
is on the DL, so that different user data are synchronised with each other (the information on whether
the UE should receive the DSCH or not is conveyed on the associated DCH)
CPCH
is on the UL, so that different user data can NOT be synchronised (the mobile phones are not
synchronised). It may cause big problem of collisions!
4 Radio Channels
DCH:
Dedicated Channel
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
DCH
It
is different from GSM where TCH carries user data (e.g speech frames) and ACCH carries higher layer
signalling (e.g HO commands)
User data and signalling are therefore treated in the same way from the physical layer (although set of
parameters may be different between data and signalling)
wide
Fast
range of Transport Format Set permits to be very flexible concerning the bit rate, the interleaving...
Power Control and soft HO are only applied on this transport channel.
4 Radio Channels
PCCH
BCH
PCH
RACH
FACH
DSCH
CTCH MTCH
CPCH
1 1 53
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
DCH
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
4 Radio Channels
BCH
PCCH
PCH
CCCH
RACH
DCCH
FACH
DTCH
DSCH
CPCH
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
CTCH
DCH
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
According to the slide above and the previous one, we can say state that :
Except BCH and PCH, each type of transport channel can be used for the transfer of either control or traffic
logical channels.
4 Radio Channels
Transport
Channels
Iub
Node B
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
On a cell, all the physical channels are sent on the same frequency and on the same time.
It is due to the radio technology, the WCDMA, really different than the one used with the GSM.
Here the physical channels are separated by codes. We will see this point on the next chapter.
4 Radio Channels
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UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
4 Radio Channels
4.20 Downlink
DTCH, DCCH
MTCH
MSCH, MCCH
CCCH, CTCH
BCCH
PCCH
Logical Ch
Transport Ch
DCH1
DSCH
DCH2
FACH
PCH
BCH
Not implemented
yet in Alactel-Lucent
Solution
CCTrCH
Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH
multiplexed by time
DPDCH
+
DPCCH
PDSCH
Dedicated
Physical Ch
P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
Common Physical Ch
AICH
PICH
MICH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
Some common transport channels are multiplexed on the same physical channels. Like the FACH and the PCH on
the S-CCPCH.
The FACH is a downlink common channel to carry the traffic and the control data.
The PCH is the Paging channel.
By
the same principles, several DCH (Dedicated channel) belonging to the same user are mapped on one
physical channel, the DPDCH. The DPCCH is its control channel at the physical level.
4 Radio Channels
4.21 Uplink
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH
Logical Ch
Transport Ch
DCH1
DCH2
RACH
CPCH
CCTrCH
Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH
multiplexed by
modulation
DPDCH
+
DPCCH
Common Physical Ch
Dedicated Physical Ch
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
PCPCH
PRACH
There are less channels in uplink. For the physical channels, there are the dedicated channels (DPDCH) and the
common channels (PRACH).
The PCPCH is not implemented in the Alactel-Lucent Solution.
4 Radio Channels
Radio Frame = 10 ms
1 Time slot =
0.666 ms
15 Time
Slots
.
N bits
(according to the bit rate)
A physical channel is defined by:
A carrier
Some codes (see 4.3 and 4.4 part)
A start and stop instant
Physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start and stop instants.
1 1 59
After channel coding each transport block is split into radio frames of 10 ms.
The bit rate may be changed for each frame.
Each radio frame is also split into 15 time slots.
But all time slots belong to the same user (this slot structure has nothing to do with the TDMA structure in GSM).
All time slots of a same TDMA frame have the same bit rate.
Fast power control may be performed for each time slot (1500 Hz).
The number of chips for one bit M is equivalent to the spreading factor. It can easily be computed with
knowledge of N:
In fact the spreading factor must be equal to 4, 8, 16256.
Consequently it may be necessary to add some padding bits to match the adequate value of spreading factor
(rate matching).
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
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User plane
Bearers (called
RAB in user plane)
Access Stratum
control
RRC
control
control
Layer 2/PDCP
Layer 2/BMC
control
control
Layer 3
PDCP
PDC
P
SAP
BMC
Radio Bearers
Layer 2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLCRLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical Channels
Layer 2/MAC
MAC
Transport Channels
Layer 1
PHY
Physical Channels
1 1 61
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between the UE and the UTRAN
over the Uu interface
The radio protocols are layered into:
the
the
the
the
Two additional service-dependent protocols exists in the user plane in the layer 2: PDCP and BMC.
Each layer provides services to upper layers at Service Access Points (SAP) on a peer-to-peer communication
basis. The SAP are marked with circles. A service is defined by a set of service primitives.
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture is described in 3GPP 25.301.
(*except a part of protocol used for BCH which is terminated in Node-B)
Bearers
Radio Bearers
(control plane)
control
control
control
Layer 3
RLC
MAC
PHY
1 1 62
Call management
Radio Bearer establishment/release/reconfiguration (in the control plane and in the user plane)
Paging procedure
Segmentation
Radio Bearers
(user plane)
Radio Bearers
(control plane)
Layer 2/
upper part
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Control
Logical
Channels
RLC
RLC
RLCRLC
Traffic
Logical
Channels
Buffering
Data transfer with 3
configuration modes:
- Transparent (TM)
- Unacknowledged (UM)
- Acknowledged (AM)
Ciphering
There is no difference between RLC instances in Control and User planes. There is a single RLC connection per
Radio Bearer.
RLC main functions:
RLC Connection Establishment/Release in 3 configuration modes:
-
unacknowledged data transfer (UM): without guaranteeing delivery to the peer entity (but can detect
transmission errors)
acknowledged
data transfer (AM): with guaranteeing delivery to the peer entity. The AM mode provides
reliable link (error detection and recovery, in-sequence delivery, duplicate detection, flow Control, ARQ
mechanisms)
Traffic
Logical
Channels
Control
Logical
Channels
Layer 2/
lower part
MAC
Transport
Channels
(common and
dedicated)
Reporting of measurements
Ciphering
MAC can switch a common channel into a dedicated channel if higher bit rate
is required (on request of L3-level).
MAC can change dynamically Transport Format (bit rate) of each transport
channel on a frame basis (each 10 ms) without interchanging with L3-level.
MAC provides flexible data transfer.
1 1 65
Common
Transport
Channels
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
Physical layer
Layer 1
RF processing
Dedicated
Physical
Channels
Common
Physical
Channels
Power control
Measurements
Air Interface
Mapping
Spreading/de-spreading
RF
Frequency
Measurements
Open
and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.)
Macro-diversity
3GPP 25.2xx
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
RRC
Connection
UE
RNC
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN System Description
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Many
The
functions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list of the most important:
Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between
the UE and UTRAN: it includes an optional cell re-selection, an admission control, and a layer
2 signaling link establishment. When a RNC is in charge of a specific connection towards a
UE, it acts as the Serving RNC.
Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers: a number of Radio Bearers can
be established for a UE at the same time. These bearers are configured depending on the
requested QoS. The RNC is also in charge of ensuring that the requested QoS can be met.
Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection: it
handles the assignment of radio resources (e.g. codes, shared channels). RRC
communicates with the UE to indicate new resources allocation when handovers are
managed.
Paging/Notification: it broadcasts paging information from network to UEs.
Broadcasting of information provided by the Non-Access Stratum (Core Network) or Access
Stratum. This corresponds to system information regularly repeated.
UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting: RRC indicates what to measure,
when and how to report.
Outer loop power control: controls setting of the target values.
Control of ciphering: provides procedures for setting of ciphering.
Cell_PCH
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
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The
above figure shows the RRC states in UTRA RRC Connected Mode, including transitions
between UTRA RRC connected mode and GSM connected mode for CS domain services, and
between UTRA RRC connected mode and GSM/GPRS packet modes for PS domain services. It also
shows the transitions between Idle Mode and UTRA RRC Connected Mode and furthermore the
transitions within UTRA RRC connected mode.
The
After
power on, UE stays in Idle mode until it transmits a request to establish an RRC connection.
The Connected mode is entered when the RRC connection is established between UE and Serving
RNC. UE leaves the Connected mode and returns to Idle mode when the RRC connection is
released or at RRC connection failure.
Two
modes of operation are defined for the UE: Idle mode and UTRA RRC Connected mode.
The
four RRC states in UTRA RRC Connected Mode are: URA_PCH, CELL_PCH, CELL_DCH,
CELL_FACH.
7 Exercises
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UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
7 Exercises
MAC
Control
MAC-d
MAC-b
BCH
MAC-c/sh/m
DCH DCH
Iur or local
Look at this figure and answer the questions on the following pages.
pages.
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7 Exercises
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7 Exercises
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End of module
UTRAN System Description
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Section 1
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Module 2
WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN
UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
TMO18246_V2.0-SG Edition 1
Blank page
122
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Define a Radio Resource in 3G
123
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Table of contents
Switch to notes view!
1 Context
1.1 Historical
1.2 Advantages & Disadvantages
1.3 3GPP
2 Analogy
2.1 WCDMA and Restaurant
3 Spread Spectrum Modulation
3.1 A Code as a Shell against Noise
3.2 Spectrum spreading
3.3 Transmission Chain
3.4 Code & Spreading factor
3.5 Spreading factor & Data Rate
3.6 Spreading factor & Error at reception
3.7 Exercise: Orthogonal Code
3.7 WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain
4 Code Division Multiple Access
4.1 One-cell reuse
4.2 Multiple access
4.3 Spreading: Channelization and Scrambling
4.4 Channelization Codes (Spreading Codes)
4.5 Scrambling codes
5 Soft Handover
125
5.1Principles
Introduction
W-CDMA R99 Radio
WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
5.2 Scenarios: Softer Handover
5.3 Scenarios: Soft Handover intra RNC
5.4 Scenarios: Soft Handover inter RNC
5.5 Scenarios: SRNC Relocation
5.6 Soft Handover & Code Management
5.7 Cost & Benefit
6 Rake Receiver
6.1 Rake Receiver principle
6.2 Rake Receiver and Multi-Service
6.3 Rake Receiver and soft handover
6.4 Rake Receiver and Path Diversity
7 Power Control
7.1 Why ?
7.2 Different kinds of Power Control
7.3 Open Loop Power Control
7.4 Closed Loop Power Control: Principle
7.4 Closed Loop Power Control: Power Density
7.5 UL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover
7.5 DL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover
8 Capacity, Coverage & Quality
8.1 Links between Coverage, Capacity and Quality
8.2 Improvement Ways
8.3 Typical Values
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1 Context
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 Context
1.1 Historical
Early 70s
CDMA developed for military field for its great qualities of privacy (low
probability interception, interference rejection)
1996
CDMA commercial launch in the US
This system called IS-95 or cdmaOne was developed by Qualcomm and
has reached 50 million subscribers worldwide
2000
IMT-2000 has selected three CDMA radio interfaces:
- WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
- TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
- CDMA 2000
In the following material we will only refer to WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
128
channel=downlink
reverse
channel=uplink
handoff=handover
1 Context
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Spectrum efficiency : transmission capacity per spectrum unit (bandwidth), i.e kbit/MHz.
This must not be confused with the traffic capacity.
The spectrum efficiency in UMTS is higher than in GSM (25x200kHz carriers in GSM offering 335 kbps** while a
5 MHz UMTS carrier offers 400 kbps).
If we factor in densification (frequency reuse pattern), the UMTS traffic capacity is dramatically increased.
According to CDMA Development Group:
Capacity
1 Context
1.3 3GPP
The 3GPP is the organization in charge of the standardization of the UMTS.
It is made of standardization organization (ETSI in Europe, T1 in USA, ARIB
in Japan or CTWS in China ), member of manufacturers and operators.
The UMTS frequency allocations are :
2110
2170
FDD
1900
1920
TDD
MSS
1980
FDD
2200
2010
MSS
2025
TDD
Uplink
Downlink
2 Analogy
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
2 Analogy
WCDMA
Cell
Enjoy your
meal !
Restaurant room
Guten
appetite !
UE
People at table
Code 1
Code 2
Code
Language
For a table, the conversations of the neighbours
are noise, for a UE it is the same principle:
neighbour conversations are interference
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Bon
appetit !
Bom
apetite !
-> UE
Language
-> Code
Here the important point is all the UEs send and receive on the same time and on the same frequency. The
WCDMA is really different because with the GSM, the UEs are separated by the time (TS of TDMA) and the
frequency. Here the UEs are separated with codes applied on the signals.
Another important point is for someone the conversation on a neighbour table is considered like noise. It is the
same principle with the WCDMA, for a user the other UEs generates some noises.
2 Analogy
WCDMA
Downlink
Enjoy your
meal !
????
Node B
Steward
Interference level in DL
problem:
COMO
ESTAS ?
???
Impacts:
Power Control in DL
Control Admission
Who have
order this
cake ?
Very important !
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
In downlink,
In
the restaurant, the steward want to ask to every table who have order a cake. If some people speak to
loud, the table at the back of the room cant hear the question. It is the same case, if there are too many
users in the room.
In
the cell, it is the same principle. If there are too many Ues on the cell or if some Ues use too much power,
the interference level for a UE far from the Node B is too high to allow the UE decoding the message.
2 Analogy
Restaurant Room
Es ist
meine
It is for
me !
Cest la
pomme ?
Problem of interference
level too high.
The NB cant decode
any users anymore.
Impacts:
Power Control in UL
Admission Control
Who have
order
this
????
cake ?
QUIERO
LA
TARTA!!
Very important
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
In Uplink,
In
the restaurant, a steward can understand all the conversation if he knows all the languages.
But
if on a table, close to him, some one speak to loud the steward cant understand people on the other
tables. It is the same problem if there are too many people it is too noisy to able to understand a
conversation far from him.
With
the
the WCDMA, there is the same problem. That means if the cell is too load,
interference level at the Node B is too high to be able to decode the weakest signal.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Noise
Spreading
Radio Channel
Transmitter
Despreading
Receiver
The letter A represents the signal to transmit over the radio interface.
At the transmitter the height (ie the power) of A is spread, while a color
(i.e a code) is added to A to identify the message .
At the receiver A can be retrieved with knowledge of the code, even if the
power of the received signal is below the power of noise due to the
radio channel.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Interference Level
Radio channel
Spreading
???
Despreading
background noise,
the
the
Because all the users on a cells use the same bandwidth on the same time, and the users on the other cells too,
the decoding and so the error ratio depend on the interference level.
WB-Signal
WB-Signal
NB-Signal
Data
Data
Modulator
Demodulator
Code sequence
Code Sequence
The narrowband data signal is multiplied bit per bit by a code sequence: it
is known as chipping.
The chip rate (fixed) of this code sequence is much higher than the bit rate
of the data signal: it produces a wideband signal, also called spread
signal.
At the receiver the same code sequence in phase should be used to
retrieve the original data signal.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Code synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is crucial for de-spreading the wideband signal
successfully.
Code
1
-1
Coded data
1
-1
Transmission
Spread data
Code applied
Reception
Received data, 1
without error -1
1
-1
1
-1
1 2 19
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The
chip rate is linked with the CDMA carrier bandwidth and has a constant value of 3,84 Mcps.
It
is quite easy to match the bit rate of the signal with the CDMA chip rate just by choosing the adequate
spreading factor.
The
higher the spreading factor, the more redundancy you add in the signal and the lower the probability
of bit error is by transmitting the signal.
It
Code synchronization?
It
is difficult to acquire and to maintain the synchronization of the locally generated code signal and the
received signal.
Indeed
1
-1
Code
1
-1
Coded data
1
-1
Received data,
without error
Received
data
1
-1
Reception
Code applied
Transmission
Spread data
1
-1
1
-1
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The Spreading Factor available are 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 in uplink, plus 512 in downlink for signaling at very
low bit rate.
1
-1
Signal received
with error
1
-1
SF=8
Signal sent on
the air
Code
Decoded data
Here is 6 area
units over 8
The determination
of the bit value is
based on the area
of the received
signal.
1
0
-1
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
To keep in mind
1
-1
Signal received
with error
1
-1
SF=4
Signal sent on
the air
Code
Decoded data
Here is 2 area
units over 4
Zoom on the
decoded signal
The determination
of the bit value is
based on the area
of the received
signal.
1
0
-1
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
If the SF is small, 4 for example, the useful bit, 0 or 1, is sent just 4 time. The data rate is high.
If the SF is higher, 64 for example, the useful bit is sent 64 time. The data rate is smaller.
Received signal
Decoded signal
1
1
-1
1
-1
Received signal
Decoded signal
2
1
-1
Code 2
Code 2
Code 1
Code 1
1
-1
1
-1
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
RSSI or Io
Eb
SIR
ISCP or No
PG
RSCP or Ec
Ws
Wss
RSSI: This is the total received wideband (UTRA carrier RSSI) power over 5Mhz
including thermal noise. It is estimating the uplink interference at the Node B, and by difference with the thermal
noise, the rise due to traffic and external interference.
SIR
SF .RSCP
No
RSSI or Io
Eb
SIR
ISCP or No
PG
RSCP or Ec
Ws
Wss
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 2 27
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The rainbows cells mean that the whole bandwidth (5 MHz) is reused in each cell.
In GSM there is also intra-cell interference when there are 2 (or more) TRXs in the same cell. But it is a small
problem (as each TRX runs on a different frequency)
In CDMA intra-cell interference is an important problem.
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Spreading1
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
All the users transmit on the same 5 MHz carrier at the same time and
interfere with each other.
At the receiver the users can be separated by means of (quasi-)orthogonal
codes.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Quasi-orthogonal: it is not necessary to have primary colors at the receiver to separate the user. Red and orange
for example can also be distinguished.
Orthogonality between the codes is impossible to maintain after transfer over the radio interface (multi-path on
DL, UEs not synchronized on UL )
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Spreading1
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
If a user transmits with a very high power, it will be impossible for the
receiver to decode the wanted signal (despite use of quasi-orthogonal
codes)
CDMA is unstable by nature and requires accurate power control.
1 2 29
user may jam a whole cell by transmitting with too high power
need
too
need
A CDMA resource has 2 dimensions: the codes and the power. Obviously the power is the limiting factor ; the
better we can control the power usage, the more capacity (users) we can allocate.
cch1
cch 2
cscrambling
Modulator
air
interface
cch 3
The channelization code (or spreading code) is signal-specific: the code
length is chosen according to the bit rate of the signal.
The scrambling code is equipment-specific.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
channelization code (also called spreading code) transforms every data symbol into a number of chips,
thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The narrowband signal is spread into a wideband signal with a
chip rate of 3.84 Mchips/s.
The system must choose the adequate spreading factor to match the bit rate of the narrowband
signal.
The spreading factor is directly linked with the length of the channelization code.
The scrambling code does not affect the signal bandwidth: it is only a chip-by-chip operation.
The scrambling code is cell-specific on the downlink and terminal-specific on the uplink.
ch,1,0
ch,2,0
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
= (1,1)
= (1)
SF = 1
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
(in
downlink also 512 chips is possible to match very low bit rate)
Number of codes:
The
If
channelization codes can be defined in a code tree, which is shared by several users.
one code is used by a physical channel, the codes of underlying branches may not be used.
The
number of codes is consequently variable: the minimum is 4 codes of length 4, the maximum is 256
codes of length 256.
The
channelization code (and consequently the spreading factor) may change on a frame-by-frame basis
need to coordinate code tree resource between different base stations or terminals.
Usually
code.
one code tree per cell. If two code trees are used, it is necessary to use the secondary scrambling
codes constructed from a position wise modulo 2 sum of 38400 chip segments of two binary sequences
(generated by means of 2 generators polynomials of degree 25)
used
with Rake Receiver : the PRACH is constructed from the long scrambling sequences. There are 8192
PRACH preamble scrambling codes in total, divided into 512 groups of 16 each.
Short codes:
Length
: 256 chips
used
likely
to be used later
5 Soft Handover
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
5 Soft Handover
5.1 Introduction
Principle: As the UEs are separated by codes, they send and receive data at the
same time and on the same frequency and one frequency is used in a set of adjacent
cells, the soft handover is possible.
A UE is in case of Soft Handover when it is linked to several cells at the same time.
So , in downlink, the UE receives several time the same data and combine them to
increase the quality. In Uplink, a Node B can receive the same message from several
cells and combines them to increase the quality.
Interest: As the quality of the signal is increased after
the reception, it is possible to use less power. That allows
to save the interference level. If this interference level is
too high, it is not possible to decode the data and the call
is drop.
Soft Handover doesnt exist in GSM, it is not possible because there are different
frequencies in a set of adjacent cells.
1 2 34
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
5 Soft Handover
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
1 2 35
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Softer HO : the cells with which the mobile is in communication belong to the same Node B
5 Soft Handover
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
1 2 36
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Soft HO intra RNC : the cells with which the mobile is in communication belong to different Node Bs and same
RNC
5 Soft Handover
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Drift RNC
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Soft HO inter RNC : the cells with which the mobile is in communication belong to different Node Bs and different
RNC
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its own Node-B and performs
selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis. On DL it duplicates
Iu-information
to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination of the signal is performed by the UE.
There may be only one Serving RNC per UE.
Drift RNC (DRNC2): it performs the routing of information from/to the Serving RNC.
5 Soft Handover
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Serving RNC
Drift RNCRNC
Serving
Iur
Iubs
Iubs
1 2 38
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
SRNC Relocation : the Drift RNC becomes a serving RNC. Se we gain intransmission (no need for Iur for the
communication) and delay
5 Soft Handover
Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC
In Uplink,
Iubs
Scrambling Code
UL CC user
UL SC eq
One UL SC per UE
Channelization Code
DL SC cellA
DL SC cellB
DL CC1 user 1
DL CC2 user 1
Conclusion:
The UE sends one signal which can be
received by several cells.
Cell A
1 2 39
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Cell B
5 Soft Handover
1 2 40
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
5 Soft Handover
The cell to be added to the active set needs to have information forwarded
by the RNC:
Connection parameters (coding scheme, layer 2 information, )
UE ID and uplink scrambling code,
Timing information from UE
1 2 41
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
6 Rake Receiver
1 2 42
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
6 Rake Receiver
In a CDMA system there is a single carrier which contains all user signals.
Decoding of all these signals by one receiver is only a question of signal
processing capacity.
A Rake receiver is capable to decode several signals simultaneously
in the so called fingers and to combine them in order to improve the
quality of the signal or to get several services at the same time.
A Rake receiver is implemented in mobile phones and in base stations.
A Rake receiver can provide:
- multi-service (via handling of multiple physical channels that are
carrying the services)
- soft handover
- path diversity
1 2 43
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
A single carrier: in fact each operator may use several carriers of 5MHz each (2 in Germany, 3 in France)
The rake receiver can only be used with signals on the same carrier.
6 Rake Receiver
Multi-code
signal
1st
Finger
2nd
Finger
Delay 1
Delay 2
Data 1
Code Sequence 1
Code Sequence 2
Data 2
3rd
Finger
Delay 3
Code Sequence 2 or 3
Rake fingers are allocated to the peaks at which significant energy arrives. Update rate: tens of ms
Each finger tracks the fast-changing phase and amplitude values due to fast fading and removes them
Rake Receiver resides in both UE and Node-B.
The numbers of fingers for a Rake Receiver is implementation dependant.
6 Rake Receiver
Despreading 1
Spreading 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Despreading 2
Transmitter
Multimedia receiver
* We will see later that it is also possible to multiplex several services on the same code!
Indeed on a dedicated physical channel (which is identified by its spreading code) a user can multiplex several
services as long as the total bit rate of the services does not exceed the bit rate of the physical channel.
See subchapter 4 UTRAN/ Physical Layer (Transport Channel Multiplexing)
6 Rake Receiver
Spreading 1
Base station 1
Spreading 2
Base Station 2
Radio Channel
Despreading 1&2
Mobile phone
Soft handover is possible, because the two mobile stations use the same
frequency band. The mobile phone need only one transmission chain to
decode both simultaneously.
1 2 46
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
6 Rake Receiver
signal travels from transmitter to receiver over different paths, due to reflections, diffractions or
scattering. Consequently the same signal arrives at the receiver with a little delay.
The
chip rate can be considered as the resolution of the CDMA system. It is linked with the 5 MHz carrier.
6 Rake Receiver
Direct path
Despreading
Spreading
Transmitter
Reflected path
Receiver
Direct path
Spreading
Transmitter
Despreading
Reflected path
Receiver
7 Power Control
1 2 49
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
7 Power Control
7.1 Why ?
Main Problem : If the interference level is to high, it is not possible to decode the signal.
P
Serving RNC
Eb
SIR
Iub
SIR
ISCP or No
PG
RSCP or Ec
1 2 50
Compensate
Avoid
fading occurrences
7 Power Control
Physical channels:
Not associated with transport channels
(Physical signaling)
Associated with transport channels
Dedicated channels
Common channels
1 2 51
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
7 Power Control
The Open Loop Power Control is used to set the initial transmit power when:
The UE requests a RRC Connection,
Measurement reports
CPICH
Initial Access
First dedicated Radio Frame
1 2 52
DL beacon signal and adding the interference level of the Node-B and a constant value.
Its
consists for the mobile station of making a rough estimate of path loss by means of a
far too inaccurate and only used to provide a coarse initial power setting of the mobile
7 Power Control
SIR target
Power down
***
Iub
Power up
RNC
...
Error
measurements
***
Generation of a TCP
command: increase
or decrease
***
Power ...
***
Comparison
between SIRest and
SIRtarget
***
The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a SIR estimation (inner loop)
and by generating TPC command for each time slot of the radio frame.
The RNC controls parameters of the SIR estimation (outer loop) and set the initial SIR target, defined by
the operator and modify it according to the error measurement reports.
1 2 53
and
transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRest > SIRtarget
then the TPC command to transmit is "0" , while if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC
command
Upon
to transmit is "1".
reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE shall derive a single
TPC command, TPC_cmd, for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if more
than one is received in a slot. TPC_cmd values = +1(power up), -1 (power down), 0
The
UE
step size DTPC is under the control of the UTRAN (value = 1 dB or 2 dB)
shall adjust the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH with a step of DDPCCH (in dB)
The
command rate of 1500Hz is faster than any significant change of path loss.
Outer Loop
The
(Cyclic Redundancy Check) and uses this result to adjust SIR target for the inner loop.
The
big issue is to meet constantly the required quality: no worse and also no better,
The
RNC checks the quality of the signal using for example a CRC-based approach
required quality may change with the multi-path profile (related to the environment)
The
outer loop management is handled by the CRNC because a soft HO may be performed.
Frequency
Note:
Copyrightisemployed
2012 Alcatel-Lucent.
Rights Reserved.
in GSM only slow power control
(about 2AllHz)
TMO18246_V2.0-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.2 Edition 1
Section 1 Module 2 Page 53
7 Power Control
Power up
Iub
...
RNC
Power ...
Error
measuremen
ts
P
Eb
ISCP or No
SIRTarget
SIRest
RSCP or Ec
1 2 54
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
7 Power Control
1 2 55
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Power up !!!
TPC=1
7 Power Control
Iub
Power
up
1 2 56
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Power
up
Power up !!!
TPC=1
1 2 57
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
How to do ?
SIR
Iub
SIR
Impacts !
Increase the UL Interference level
So decrease of the cell size
And decrease the capacity of the cell.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 2 59
is
capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC
is
AMR
Target
BLER
0.001
CS64
0.01
0.001
0.01
0.1
PS64
PS128
0.01
0.01
PS384 DCCH
0.01
0.01
Coverage:
Dense Urban Cell: about 300 meters
SubUrban Cell: about 1 km
Rural Cell: 3 km
Capacity:
The main limitation is the interference level due to the WCDMA technology.
But the system is also limited by capacity processing of the Node B and the RNC, by the codes, and by
the transmission capacity.
1 2 60
the
terminal speeds
the
the
Due to all these parameters, it is harder than in GSM to give a typical value of the capacity of a cell.
Evaluation
Objective: To be able to define a Radio
Resource in 3G
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
End of module
WCDMA for UMTS
1 2 62
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles WCDMA for UMTS
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Section 1
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Module 3
UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN
UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
TMO18246_V2.0-SG Edition 1
Blank page
132
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Build the map of the radio channels
(logical, transport and physical channels) from a white paper....
133
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
134
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Table of contents
Switch to notes view!
1 Introduction to UTRAN Scenarios
1.1 Introduction
2 Radio Channels Mapping
2.1 Downlink
2.2 Uplink
2.3 DL Channels Framing and Timing
3 Service Request
3.1 System Information Collection
3.1.1 P-SCH & S-SCH
3.1.2 CPICH
3.1.3 System Information Broadcast
3.1.4 Procedure
3.1.5 Radio Channel Mapping: P-CCPCH
3.1.6 Cell Selection Principle
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.1 UE Status
3.2.2 Procedure: RRC Connection Establishment
3.2.3 Procedure: RRC Connection: RRC Connection Release
3.2.4 How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH
3.3 IMSI Attachment & Location Update
3.3.1 Principles
3.3.2
Procedure: Direct Transfer
135
3.4
W-CDMAPaging
R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
3.4.1 Procedure 1: UE in Cell-DCH or Cell-FACH
3.4.2 Procedure 2: UE in Idle Mode
3.4.3 Paging: PICH & PCH Radio Channels
4 RAB Establishment
4.1 Admission Control
4.2 Radio Bearer Establishment
4.2.1 Signaling: RAB Establishment
4.2.2 Signaling: Radio Link Setup
4.2.3 Radio Bearer Mapping
4.2.4 Physical Layer Processing
4.2.5 Radio Channels
4.2.6 Radio Channels: Data Processing
4.2.7 Radio Channels: Transport Channel Multiplexing
4.2.8 Radio Channels: DPDCH/DPCCH Channels
5 Mobility Management in Connected Mode
5.1 Soft HO: Active & Monitoring Set
5.2 Soft HO: Events
5.3 Compressed Mode
5.4 Hard HO: Events on other FDD Frequencies
5.5 Hard HO: Events on other GSM Frequencies
6 Exercises
6.1 Scenario Description
6.2 Downlink
6.3 Uplink
Page
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1.1 Introduction
CN
3. IMSI
Attachment
Serving RNC
Iub
The UE is switched on !
1. System
Information
2. RRC
Connection
4. Paging
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
On the first part, we are going to see how a UE, after it is just switched on, can be able to request a service and
to answer to a paging message.
So the first step is to retrieve information about the system. Thank to this system information the UE is able to
attach its IMSI and to update its location to the Core Network.
After that the UE can monitor a channel to answer to a paging message or can request itself a service.
CN
RAB
Admission Control
Serving RNC
RAB Establishment
Iub
The UE requests a service.
How and in which conditions are the
resources required setup ?
139
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
When a UE requests a service, the UTRAN must check if it has enough resources to establish new dedicated
channels.
There are after signaling between the UE, the Node B, the RNC and the Core Network to provide to the UE the
transfer of the data at the required QoS.
We will also how the data are mapped on the physical channels.
CN
A new radio link is added
Hard Handover on another FDD carrier
Serving RNC
Iub
BTS
1 3 10
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
BSC
UTRAN must provide the transfer of the data at the requested QoS to a moving user. So different kinds of
handover have been defined.
The Soft Handover, the UE can be linked to several cells using the same fraquency.
The Hard Handover inter FDD carrier and the interRAT HandOver between the 3G and the 2G network if the user
loses the 3G coverage.
1 3 11
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
2.1 Downlink
DTCH, DCCH
MTCH
MSCH, MCCH
CCCH, CTCH
BCCH
PCCH
Logical Ch
Transport Ch
DCH1
DSCH
DCH2
FACH
PCH
BCH
Not implemented
yet in Alactel-Lucent
Solution
CCTrCH
Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH
multiplexed by time
DPDCH
+
DPCCH
PDSCH
Dedicated
Physical Ch
P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
Common Physical Ch
AICH
PICH
MICH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
2.2 Uplink
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH
Logical Ch.
Transport Ch.
DCH1
DCH2
RACH
CPCH
CCTrCH
Physical Ch.
DPDCH and DPCCH
multiplexed by
modulation
DPDCH +
DPCCH
Common
Physical Ch.
Dedicated
Physical Ch.
1 3 13
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
PCPCH
PRACH
1 2
3 4
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1
2 3
9 10 11 12 13 14
P-SCH
S-SCH
P-CPICH
P-CCPCH
PICH
S-CCPCH
DPCH
PDSCH
10
11
12
13
14
AICH
1 3 14
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The
following applies:
SCH (primary and secondary), CPICH (primary and secondary), P-CCPCH have identical
frame timings.
The S-CCPCH timing may be different for different S-CCPCHs, but the offset from the PCCPCH frame timing is a multiple of 256 chips.
The PICH timing is 7680 chips prior to its corresponding S-CCPCH frame timing, i.e. the
timing of the S-CCPCH carrying the PCH transport channel with the corresponding paging
information.
AICH access slots #0 starts the same time as P-CCPCH frames with (SFN modulo 2) = 0.
The DPCH timing may be different for different DPCHs, but the offset from the
frame timing is a multiple of 256 chips.
P-CCPCH
3 Service Request
1 3 15
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
3 Service Request
Principles
CN
Iub
???
1 3 16
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Just after the switch on, the UE can decode only the P-SCH and S-SCH if it is on a covered area
Slot #0
Slot #1
P-SCH
acp
acp
S-SCH
acs0
acs1
Slot #14
acp
acs14
256 chips
The SCH is time-multiplexed with the P-CCPCH (which carries the BCH) and consists of 2 sub-channels.
The Primary SCH (P-SCH) made of always the slot on all the FDD Cells. The UE uses it to acquire the slot
synchronization to a cell.
The Secondary SCH (S-SCH) contains a sequence of 15 codes which identifies the Code Group of the
Downlink Scrambling Code (DL SC) of the cell. The UE uses it to acquire the frame synchronization to a cell
and to identify the Code Group of the DL SC.
1 3 17
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Step
1: slot synchronization
In all the cell of any PLMN, the P-SCH is made of a unique & same primary code sequence of 256 chips
repeated at each Time Slot Occurrence. This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar
device) to the primary synchronisation code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be
obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
Step
Step
Scrambling
Code Group
Group 0
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 61
Group 62
Group 63
#0
1
1
1
1
1
#1
1
1
2
2
2
#2
2
5
1
3
16
#3
8
16
15
1
6
#4
9
7
5
8
6
#5
10
3
5
6
11
slot number
#6 #7 #8
15
8
10
14 16
3
12 16
6
5
2
5
15
5
12
#9
16
10
11
8
1
9
9
9
10
11
12
13
12
10
10
15
15
11
12
13
15
9
14
15
13
9
12
14
11
14
10
11
Slot # ?
Slot #?
Slot #?
P-SCH
acp
acp
acp
S-SCH
16
11
9
13
14
16
11
15
13
16
13
16
15
12
14
14
16
11
16
10
..
Group 2
Slots 7, 8, 9
256 chips
2560 chips
1 3 18
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The
S-SCH also consists of a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) that indicates which
of the 64 scrambling code groups the cells downlink scrambling code belongs to. 16 different SSCs
are defined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long complex-valued sequence with identical real and
imaginary parts constructed as follows:
z=<b,b,b,-b,b,b,-b,-b,b,-b,b,-b,-b,-b,-b,-b>, where b=<1,1,1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1>
corresponds to the first 8 chips of a (defined for PSC) and the opposite of its last 8 chips. This is
why the primary and secondary synchronization codes are orthogonal and can thus be sent in
parallel.
There is one specific SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence of 15 SSCs. There is a
total of 64 different sequences of 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64 primary scrambling code
groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one sequence is different from any other one,
and different from any rotated version of any sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with
the 16 SSCs and identifies the maximum correlation value.
The S-SCH provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and the downlink
scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code (one out of 8) can be
determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then be able to decode the BCH.
However, by giving scrambling codes from different groups to neighboring cells, the cell search
procedure for cell reselections, or for cell acquisition before handovers would not need that third
step. The primary and secondary synchronization codes are modulated by the symbol a, which is
worth +1 when STTD is used, and -1 when its not.
Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) can be applied to the SCH. It is an optional technique
used in UTRAN. A figure above illustrates the structure of the SCH transmitted by the TSTD
scheme.
3.1.2 CPICH
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #14
SF=256 Tslot=2560
chips 20 bits
1 3 19
The
There
The
LA, RA
SIB7: UL Interference
SIB11: Measurement
CN
UL interference level
1 3 20
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Example of SIB:
MIB:
SIB
1:
SIB
2:
SIB
3:
SIB
5:
Common channel Information (P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, RACH) and AICH/PICH
power offset
SIB
7:
SIB
SIB3
BCCH
Frame #1
Frame #0
Transport Ch.
Physical Ch.
SIB11
BCH
P-CCPCH
SIB5
Frame #i-1
Frame #i
SIB11
SIB5
Frame #125
1 3 21
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
SIB7
Frame #126
Frame #2
MIB
Frame #i+1
SIB7
Frame #127
Three parameters are used to set the position of each SIB on the cycle.
SIB_POS: it is the position of the SIB on the cycle (#0 for the MIB for instance)
SIB_REP: it is the repetition of the SIB on the cycle (the MIB is repeated several time on the cycle.
SIB_OFF: If one Radio Frame is not enough to send all the data for a SIB, the rest of the SIB can be send on
another radio frame. For example, 2 radio frame after the first one. It is the SIB_OFF.
3.1.4 Procedure
UE
Node-B
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
RRC
RRC
1 3 22
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
RNC
System Information
Update Request
Master/Segment Info
Block(s), BCCH
modification time
CN
NBAP
System Information
Update Response
NBAP
RRC
RRC
RRC
Payload of 18 bits
Tslot=2560 chips
20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
The Primary CCPCH carries the BCH, which provides system- and cellspecific information (e.g set of uplink scrambling codes)
The P-CCPCH is a fixed rate 30 kbps DL physical channel, which provide a
timing reference for all physical channels (directly for DL, indirectly for UL).
CCPCH is scrambled under the Primary Scrambling code.
1 3 23
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The P-CCPCH is time multiplexed with the SCH which is transmitted during the first 256 chips.
P-CCPCH timing is identical to that of SCH and CPICH (see 3GPP 25.211).
The P-CCPCH contains no layer 1 information.
Even if the PCCPCH is not transmitted during the 256 first chips of each slot (SCH), the scrambling code is
aligned with the PCCPCH frame boundary, i.e the first complex chip of the PCCPCH frame is multiplied with chip
number zero of the scrambling code.
The Secondary CCPCH, which is used to carry FACH and PCH information, is scrambled under the Primary
scrambling code as well.
RNC
???
1 3 24
with
Srxlev>0
Squal=Qqualmeas - Qqualmin
Srxlev= Qrxlevmeas Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
Parameters :
Qqualmeas:
Qqualmin:
Qrxlevmin
Pcompensation:
3 Service Request
CN
Why?
The UE is switched on and has selected a cell.
The UE is in idle mode.
RNC
RRC Connected
1 3 25
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
3.2.1 UE Status
out of coverage
UE
UE
in idle mode
detached
UE
in connected
mode
Just after the switch on, the UE has to attach its IMSI. Thanks to his procedure the Core Network
knows, the UE is on the network and where it is located at the Location or routing area level.
To attach its IMSI and update its location the UE has to be in connected mode, so it has
to request a RRC Connection
1 3 26
PLMN
selection
Attachment
The UE must enter the connected mode to transmit signalling or traffic data to the network
What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GSM?
The
two GSM states, idle mode and connected mode, are similar to idle mode and cell_DCH state in UMTS.
What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GPRS?
There
is no correspondence between GPRS states (idle, standby and ready) and UMTS states.
Cell_DCH state
Signalling and traffic data
dedicated to the UE (mapped on
DCCH and DTCH respectively)
are carried on DCH transport
channel
Cell DCH
UE
UE in connected
mode
in idle
Cell PCH
mode
Cell FACH
URA PCH
Cell_FACH state
Signalling and traffic data
dedicated to the UE (mapped on
DCCH and DTCH respectively)
are carried on RACH (uplink)
and FACH (downlink) transport
channels
1 3 27
Cell_DCH Cell_FACH
No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer
Cell_FACH Cell_DCH
Traffic volume UL/DL too large
The initial state of the UE is determined by the DCCH established during RRC connection establishment:
if
if
The UE can move from one state to another during the time of the RRC connection.
Note:
UE
in idle
mode
Cell PCH
Cell FACH
Cell_FACH Cell_PCH
No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer
2
Cell_PCH Cell_FACH URA_PCH
Too many cell reselections
UE in connected
mode
URA PCH
URA_PCH state
1 3 28
Cell DCH
Cell/URA_PCH Cell_FACH
Incoming DL or UL traffic
RRC
RNC
Node-B
UE
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing
completing this stage?
1 3 29
Establishment
2. RNC decides which transport channel to setup (RACH/FACH or DCH) and allocates
RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) and radio resources (e.g TFS, TFCS, scrambling codes) for this
RRC connection.
is done via a signalling procedure between RNC and Node-B which is managed by NBAP protocol (see
4. Logical, transport and physical channel configuration are sent to the UE.
5. RRC Connection Setup Complete message is sent:
on
on
Node-B
(DRNC)
Node-B
(SRNC)
DRNC
SRNC
RANAP
RANAP
CN
1. Iu Release
Command
Cause
2. Iu Release
Complete
-
RANAP
RANAP
RRC
RRC
1 3 30
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
In this example, the UE is in macro-diversity on two Node-Bs from two different RNCs. Therefore the UE could
only be in cell_DCH state (soft HO is only possible on DCH)
RNC
Iub
2. Yes
!
HELLO!
1. I need
a connection
Hello
!
3. Here is my request
Preamble on the
PRACH : Message part
PRACH
1 3 31
PO
PO Prea
P
Prea
mble
DPp,m
Message part
mble
Reception of
AICH
1 3 32
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
PRACH channel
3 Service Request
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
HLR
SGSN
Iub
1 3 33
initiates
During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach for CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain), the UE
indicates its presence to the PLMN for the purpose of using services:
authentication
storage
procedure
of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR (or in the SGSN for PS domain)
allocation
if
3.3.1 Principles
Location Area
SGSN
MSC/VLR
(LA)
MSC/VLR
HLR
Routing Area
(RA)
SGSN
When camping on a cell, the terminal must register its LA and/or its RA.
When the terminal moves across the network, it must update its LA (RA) which is stored in VLR
(SGSN) in the Core Network.
LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).
1 3 34
LA and RA are managed on an independent way, but a RA must always be included in one LA (and not be
divided into several different LAs).
LA update is performed by the NAS layer MM (Mobility Management) located in UE and in MSC.
RA update is performed by NAS layer GMM (GPRS Mobility Management) located in UE and in SGSN.
The HLR also stores the serving system (MSC/VLR and/or SGSN) where the terminal is located.
VLR
It serves the terminal in its current location for CS services and holds a copy of the visiting
SGSN
It serves the terminal in its current location for PS services and holds a copy of the visiting
Node-B
SRNC
CN
(DCCH:RACH or DCH)
CN node indicator, NAS message
RRC
RANAP
RANAP
(DCCH:FACH or DCH)
NAS message
2. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator,
NAS PDU
1. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator,
NAS PDU
RANAP
RANAP
RRC
Use mainly for the IMSI attachment, location update and the authentification between the UE and
the Core Network
1 3 35
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
3 Service Request
3.4 Paging
Principle
Core Network
MSC/VLR
Called number
RNC
HLR
MSC/VLR
Paging message
with the IMSI of
the called UE
Location Area
RNC
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iub
If the UE is in idle mode. UTRAN doesnt know them and can just forward the paging message coming from the
Core Network to all the cell belonging to the Location ou Routing Area.
The UE monitors periodically a channel to check if it is paged or not.
If the UE is connected the Core Network knows the Serving RNC of the UE and sends the paging message just to
this RNC.
The RNC knows the UE uses the dedicated or common channel to send the paging message.
3.4 Paging
Node-B
SRNC
RANAP
RRC
CN
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
RANAP
RRC
In this case the UE is already connected and is using a service (voice call, web-browsing ).
The Core Network knows the situation of the UE and mainly its Serving RNC. The CN contacts
directly the Serving RNC.
The RNC doesnt use the PCCH and the PCH but the channel used for the UE, dedicated or
common, according to the status of the UE.
1 3 37
3.4 Paging
Node-B1 Node-B2
RNC1
RANAP
RNC2
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
RANAP
RRC
RRC
CN
1. Paging
Idem
RANAP
RANAP
RRC
RRC
When the mobile is in idle mode, UTRAN doesnt know where it is located and the Core Network
knows its location at the LA or RA level. UTRAN uses the PCCH and the PCH radio channels.
1 3 38
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
UE is in idle mode:
1. CN initiates the paging of a UE over a LA (RA in PS domain) spanning, for example, two RNCs.
2. Paging of UE with Paging Type 1
LA: Location Area, RA: Routing Area (see subchapter 5.8 Mobility Management)
A similar procedure applies to UE in cell_PCH or in URA_PCH states.
3.4 Paging
PCCH
Logical Ch
RNC
MAC
In RNC
Iub
PCH
Paging
message
..
.
PI
Transport Ch
Physical
layer
In Node B
PI
PI
S-CCPCH
Physical Ch
PICH
S-CCPCH
1 3 39
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
PICH
The period of the cycle is between 4 and 4096 radio frames. That means the UE can monitor the PICH every X
seconds, with X between 40 ms and 40,96 seconds. If the period is too short the UE uses too much power if the
period is 40 s, the delay is really long.
It is a trade-off between the delay and the consumption.
To determine the radio frame number into the cycle and the Paging Indication, the UE uses its IMSI and others
parameters send on the SIB.
4 RAB Establishment
1 3 40
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
4 RAB Establishment
RNC
Eb
Iub
SIR
ISCP = No
PG
RSCP = Ec
f
At Node B reception level
2 others questions before adding a new user : Is there sufficient DL radio resource and
sufficient processing resources ?
1 3 41
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
For
PS services, the UTRAN may try assigning a RB with a lower bit rate. There are different level of bit rates
than can be used a given requested RAB. The Node B tries to assign first the highest, and then goes to the
lower rates, as long as the RAC rejects the Radio Link Reconfiguration.
4 RAB Establishment
4 RAB Establishment
B
RA
RNC
Iub
Radio Bearer
Iu Bearer
Node B
Configured
by
Core Network
Signaling
UTRAN
RLC
B
RA
Logical Channel
MAC
RRC
Transport Channel
Phy.
Physical Channel
1 3 43
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Node-B
SRNC
RANAP
CN
RANAP
RRC
RRC
TFS, TFCS...
RRC
RANAP
RANAP
Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) just after Radio Access Bearer establishment?
YES : At the end of this signaling procedure, a RAB has been assigned to the UE to carry user information. The
RAB is mapped on the RB which has been set up. The RB is mapped on DTCH: RACH/FACH or DCH.
SRNC
Radio Link Setup Request
Cell id, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling
code, power control info
NBAP
Iub-FP
Iub-FP
Downlink synchronisation
Uplink synchronisation
NBAP
Iub-FP
Iub-FP
Start TX
>> Are NBAP, ALCAP and RRC messages carried on the same transport
transport bearers on Iub?
1 3 45
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
In this procedure:
a
radio link is set up by the RNC on the Node-B side using the NBAP protocol
(a
a
similar task is performed on the UE side using RRC protocol, see e.g. procedure C1)
terrestrial link (AAL2 bearer) is setup on Iub interface using ALCAP protocol
B
RA
RNC
Iub
Radio Bearer
Iu Bearer
B
RA
Core Network
Node B
UTRAN
RLC
Configured
by
Logical Channel
MAC
RRC
Transport Channel
Phy.
Physical Channel
1 3 46
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Convolutional coding,
Turbo coding
Channel Coding
Radio Frame Segmentation
Transport Channel Multiplexing
Physical Channel Mapping
Layer 1
10 ms frame duration
15 time slots
CCtrCH
DPDCH, DPCCH, PRACH...
Spreading
Channelization codes
Scrambling codes
Modulation
QPSK
Physical Channels
spread over 5 MHz bandwidth
1 3 47
Mapping
Spreading/de-spreading
RF
Frequency
Measurements
Open
and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.)
Macro-diversity
CN
RLC parameters
Mode : Transparent because it is a real time service
MAC parameters
RLC
Logical Ch.
DTCH
CRC = 16 bits, FEC = Turbo Code Coding Rate = 1/3, TTI= 20 ms,
TFS=(0*640, 2*640 bits)
MAC
Transport Ch.
DCH
Physical Layer
Physical Ch.
DPDCH/DPCCH
640
640
640
640
640
640
TTI
How many radio frame are necessary to send all this data ?
UE
1 3 48
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Transport
Blocks
#1
#2
640 bits
16
#1
CRC attachment
#2
Tr Bl concatenation
(640+16)*2=1312 bits
1312*3=3936 bits
1312*3=3936 bits
3942 bits
1 st interleaving
Radio Frame
Segmentation
1971
1971
#1
#2
#2
#1
Rate matching
1971
1 3 49
+Nrm
1971
+Nrm
Transport Format
Example:
TFC Selection
DCH1
DCH2
TrCH Multiplexing
TFCS={(0*640); (1*0)}; {(0*640); (1*39)}; {(0*640); (1*42)};
{(0*640); (1*55)}; {(0*640); (1*65)}; {(1*640); (1*39)};
{(1*640); (1*42)}
Transport Format Combination
Physical Channel
1 3 50
CCTrCH
Uplink
DPDCH
TFCI
Pilot
DPCCH
Slot #1
Slot #0
Slot #13
Slot #i
Slot #14
Time-multiplexed
Downlink
Data1
DPDCH
Slot #0
TPC
FBI
Slot #1
1 3 51
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
TPC
Data2
DPCCH
DPDCH
TFCI
DPCCH
Slot #i
Slot #13
Pilot
DPCCH
Slot #14
Why are DPDCH and DPCCH time-multiplexed in DL(and not transmitted simultaneously as in UL)?
Discontinuous transmission can cause audible interference to audio equipment close to the terminal (e.g hearing
aids), which is a disturbance for user.
In UL the transmission is always continuous, because there is at least the DPCCH which is transmitted. The user
will not be disturbed.
In DL the transmission may be discontinuous, but it is no problem (no user at the base station).
Note: The downlink DPDCH/DPCCH physical channels are called the DPCH physical channel.
1 3 52
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Iub
The RNC manages the Active Set and builds
the Monitoring Set.
The Monitoring Set is built from the
information of topology and design in the
RNC.
The Active Set is managed from the event
send by the UE to the RNC.
Cell in the Active Set
Cell in the Monitoring Set
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 3 54
Where:
Mnew
Mbest
is a measurement on the best cell in the active set about the quality of reception.
R1a
CPICH
Ec/N0
Best
Cell
R1a
Candidate
Cell
T0
Time
T1 -> Event 1a
RNC
Iub
1 3 55
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
mode methods:
By puncturing : the rate matching is applied for creating a transmission gap in one or two frames (not
in UL)
Reducing the SF by 2
Compressed frames can be obtained by higher layer scheduling. Higher layers then set restrictions so
that only a subset of the allowed TFCs are used in a compressed frame. The maximum number of bits
that will be delivered to the physical layer during the compressed radio frame is then known and a
transmission gap can be generated
RNC
Iub
1 3 56
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
RNC
1 3 57
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Alcatel-Lucent HHOs algorithm (called iMCTA Intelligent Milti carrier Traffic Allocation) doesnt use the 3A and
3C events.
6 Exercises
1 3 58
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
6 Exercises
The UE requests a RRC connection to declare its location and releases the RRC
connection
1 3 59
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
6 Exercises
6.2 Downlink
Logical Ch.
Transport Ch.
Physical Ch.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
6 Exercises
6.3 Uplink
Logical Ch.
Transport Ch.
Physical Ch.
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
End of module
UTRAN Scenario
1 3 62
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles UTRAN Scenario
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Section 1
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Module 4
MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN
UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
TMO18246_V2.0-SG Edition 1
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142
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
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W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Table of contents
Switch to notes view!
1 MBMS introduction
1.1 MBMS principles
1.2 Architecture overview
2 MBMS UTRAN new functionalities
2.1 MBMS new channels
2.2 MBMS data flow through RLC, MAC and L1
2.3 OVSF Code Tree Configuration with MBMS (1/2)
3 MBMS features in UA7.1
3.1 Service areas
3.2 Iub transport bearer sharing
3.3 Native IP Iub and MBMS
3.4 Selective/soft Combining
3.5 Summary MBMS in UA07
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Page
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
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UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 MBMS introduction
147
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 MBMS introduction
TV program
FEATURE VALUE
Unicast: data is sent as
many
times as users in the
network
TV program
DEPENDENCIES
UE and Core Network MBMS support
modes of operation:
Data is transmitted from one single source to multiple terminals in a broadcast service area.
Optimization of Iub resources
Support of MBMS on Iub over IP
Use of IP multicast in case of native IP Iub (not available yet, expected later than UA07)
Transport Bearer Sharing.
Customer Benefits
Efficient delivery method to many users. Compared to CBS, MBMS-broadcast allows high data rates and
multimedia services. Moreover, it is possible for UEs to receive this data in any state
For the operators, this means additional data revenue streams (e.g. Mobile TV, advertising, etc..) and improved
subscriber loyalty
1 MBMS introduction
UTRAN
Uu
IuPS
RNC
LTE Access
Content
Provider
Gn
Bearer
Plane
2GSGSN
eCN
aGW
eNode B
BSS
Gi
Gr
MBMS is provided
over the PS
Domain
BM-SC
GGSN
Gr
HLR
BSS
Gmb
Gn
3GSGSN
Node B
149
Contro
l Plane
Multicast /
Broadcast
source
The boundary of the MBMS Bearer Service is the Gmb and Gi reference points: the former provides
access to control plane and the later the bearer plane.
Gmb:
Signaling between GGSN and BM-SC is exchanged at Gmb reference point. This represents the network side
boundary of the MBMS Bearer Service from a control plane perspective. This includes user specific Gmb
signaling and MBMS bearer service specific signaling.
MBMS bearer service specific Gmb signaling:
The GGSN establishes the MBMS bearer context and registers at BM-SC
The GGSN or the BM-SC releases the MBMS bearer context and deregisters the GGSN from the BM-SC
The BM-SC indicates session start and stop to the GGSN including session attributes like QoS and MBMS service
area.
detach), it makes this report in order to synchronize the BM-SC MBMS UE context with the MBMS UE contexts in
the SGSN and GGSN.
The BM-SC initiates the deactivation of a user specific MBMS bearer service when the MBMS user
service is terminated.
BM-SC functions for different MBMS bearer services may be provided by different physical network elements.
Further, MBMS bearer service specific and user specific signaling for the same MBMS bearer service may also be
provided by different physical network elements. To allow this distribution of BM-SC functions, the Gmb protocol
must support the use of proxies to correctly route the different signaling interactions in a manner which is
transparent to the GGSN.
Copyright 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18246_V2.0-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.4 Edition 1
Section 1 Module 4 Page 9
1 4 10
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
1 4 11
PTM Point-To-Multipoint
MCCH - MBMS PTM Control Channel
Carries control plane information between network and UEs
Is mapped over a separate FACH, i.e., not sharing with other logical channels
Can share SCCPCH
RNC
One MAC
entity for
each cell
RLC
MTCH
MAC-c/m
MAC-c/m
MAC-c/m
FP
FP
FP
FACH
Node B
1 4 12
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
FP
FP
FP
S-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
Cell1
Cell2
Cell3
PTM Point-To-Multipoint
1
2
1
256
128
64
32
16
0
0
P-CPICH; Cch256,0
P-CCPCH; Cch256,1
Aich; Cch256,2
Pich; Cch256,3
S-CCPCH (for DTCH/DCCH/
CCCH/BCCH); Cch64,1
1 4 13
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
The codes for the MICH (SF=256) and the MCCH (SF=256 or 128) are allocated at the top of the tree at MBMS
cell setup.
Example: DL OVSF code allocation with configuration B with MBMS and without CBS
1 4 14
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Service Area
2
Service Area
1
Service Area
N
IP Network
RNC
The operator can define the MBMS Service Areas in a flexible way. The service
area can be as small as one cell, and one cell can belong to up to 8 service areas.
1 4 15
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
NodeB
n
Node Bn
Node B2
IP Network
RNC
Node B1
RNC
1 4 16
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Node Bn
Node B2
IP Network
Node B1
RNC
Iub transport efficiency is also ensured over several cells of the same Node B:
a
single flow is used on a shared Transport bearer if the same content is sent to multiple
cells of the same Node B.
1 4 17
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
With this improvement, the MBMS RAB involves the establishment of only one MTCH flow for multiple cells in
one Node B, or more precisely of one FACH DATA frame for MTCH per Node B, (instead of one FACH data frame
for MTCH per cell) and thus enables to improve Iub bandwidth efficiency
There is a restriction in iCEM and xCEM, that the number of cells that can share a TB is <= 3, and all those cells
have to be handled by the same BBU (i.e. those cells are in the same LCG or Local Cell Group). So for a (6sector
2carrier) BTS configuration, we would need 4 MBMS Broadcast Groups, each having a separate TB, so 4TBs in
sum.
1 4 18
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
PTM Point-To-Multipoint
Selective combining:
L2 combining
RLC provides buffering of PDUs before the re-assembly unit
PDUs received in sequence are sent to the re-assembly unit, otherwise held in
the DAR buffer
1 4 19
1 4 20
MBMS Broadcast can be supported on any carrier(s), and can be dedicated or mixed with other services
FLC/FLD (Frequency Layer Convergence/Divergence) is supported
Iub optimization
When the same content is sent to multiple cells of the same Node B, trunking allows to conveyed on the same flow:
thus, instead of one FACH data frame per cell, only one FACH data frame is sent to a Node B.
Copyright 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18246_V2.0-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.4 Edition 1
Section 1 Module 4 Page 20
Module Summary
Having completed this module, you should be able to:
1 4 21
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
End of module
MBMS Radio Principles
1 4 22
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles MBMS Radio Principles
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Section 1
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Module 5
Glossary
UTRAN
UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
TMO18246_V2.0-SG Edition 1
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152
Document History
Edition
Date
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Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
CN
CONT
CPCH
CPCS
CPS
CPU
CQI
CRC
CS
CS
CTCH
CTD
Core Network
Controller
Common Packet Channel
Common Part Convergence Sub-layer
Command Part Sub-layer
Central Processing Unit
Channel Quality indicator
Cyclic Redundant Check
Circuit Switched
Convergence/Adaptation to Services
(ATM)
Common Traffic Channel
Cell Transfer Delay
D
DAR
Duplicate Avoidance and Reordering
DB
Debug
DCA
Dynamic Channel Allocation
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
DCH
Dedicated Channel
DCN
Data Communication Network
DHO
Diversity HandOver
DHT
Diversity HandOver Trunk
DL
Downlink
B
DPCH
Dedicated Physical Channel
153
COPYRIGHT ALCATEL-LUCENT 2012. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
W-CDMA
R99 Radio Band
Principles Glossary
BB
Base
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
BER
Bit Error Rate
DRAC
Dynamic Resource Allocation Control
BHCA
Busy Hour Call Attempts
DRNC
Drift RNC
BLER
Block Error Rate
DS
Direct Sequence
BMC
Broadcast Multicast Control
DSCH
Downlink Shared CHannel
BM-SC
Broadcast Multicast Service Centre
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
BM-IWF Broadcast Multicast Inter-Working
Function
E
BPMT
Node B Performance Monitoring Tool
E-DCH
Enhanced Dedicated CHannel
BSC
Base Station Controller
EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM
BSS
Base Station (sub)System
Evolution
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
EFR
Enhanced Full Rate
BWC
Bandwidth Control
E-GSM
Enhanced GSM
E-GPRS Enhanced GPRS
C
EM
Element (or Equipment) Manager
CAC
Connection Admission Control
ERAN
EDGE Radio Access Network (all-IP)
CAMEL Customised Application for Mobile
ETSI European Telecommunication
CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure
Enhanced
Standard Institute
Logic
F
CC
Call Control
FACH
Forward Access Channel
CCCH
Common Control Channel
FAD
Function Access Domain
CCO
Cell Change Order
FBI
Feed-Back Information
CCT
Call Context Template
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel
FDL
File Download (EM application)
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
CDR
Call Data Record
FER
Frame Error Rate
CDV
Cell Delay Variation
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
CLR
Cell Loss Ratio
FW
Firmware
CM
Configuration Management
Switch
to notes view!
Generic Cell Rate Algorithm
GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node
Gateway MSC
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Granularity Period
General Packet Radio Service
Global System for Mobile
Communications
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane
Graphical User Interface
Iu-PS
K
Kbps
L
L1, L2, L3 Layer , Layer 2, Layer3
LA
Local Area
LAC
Local Area Code
LAN
Local Area Network
LCS
LoCation Services
LED
Light Emitting Diode
LLC
Logical Link Control
LoS
Line of Sight
LM
Load Module
LMT
Local Maintenance Terminal
LIF
Low speed Interface
LQC
Link Quality Control
H
HCS
Hierarchical Cell Structure
HHO
Hard HandOver
HIF
High speed Interface
HLR
Home Location Register
M
HO
HandOver
MAC
Medium Access Control
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
MAC-hs Medium Access Control - High Speed
HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical
Control
MAP
Mobile Application Part
CHannel.
MBMS
Multimedia
Broadcast Multicast
154
COPYRIGHT ALCATEL-LUCENT 2012. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
R99 Radio
Principles Glossary
HS-DSCHW-CDMA
High
Speed
Downlink Shared CHannel
Service
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
HSS
Home Subscriber Service
MBS
Multi-standard Base Station (UTRAN)
HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control CHannel
MBS
Maximum Burst Size (ATM)
HSUPA
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
MCCH MBMS PTM Control Channel
HPLMN Home PLMN
MCR
Minimum Cell Rate
MICH
MBMS notification Indication Channel
I
MIMO
Multiple Input / Multiple Output
IMEI
International Mobile Equipment
MM
Mobility Management
Identity
MMUX
MAC Multiplexer
IMS
IP Multimedia Subsystem
MSC
Mobile Switching Centre
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber
MSCH
MBMS PTM Scheduling Channel
Identity
MSP
Multiple Subscriber Profile
IMT
International Mobile
MTCH
MBMS PTM Traffic Channel
Telecommunication
MTP3
Message Transfer Part level 3
IMT-DS
Direct Sequence
MTP-3B Message Transfer Part level 3
IMT-MC Multi Carrier
Broadband
IMT-SC Single Carrier
IMT-TC
Time Code
N
IOT
Inter Operability Tests
NACK
Non-Acknoledgement
IOR
Interoperable Object Reference
NAS
Non Access Stratum
IP
Internet Protocol
NAD
Network Access Domain
IR
Incremental Redundancy
NBAP
Node-B Application Part
ISC
Internetworking Services Card
NE
Network Element
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
N/E
Normal/ Emergency
Itf-b
Interface Node B - OMC-R
NEM
New element manager
Itf-r
Interface RNC - OMC-R
NEM-B
Network Element Manager for Node B
ITU
International Telecommunication
NEM-R
Network Element Manager for RNC
Union
NM
Combined EM and SNM
Iub
Interface Node B - RNC
NML
Network Management Layer
Iur
Interface RNC - RNC
NMS
Network Management System
Iu-CS
Interface RNC - CN Circuit Switch
NPA
Network Performance Analyser
NTP
Network Time Protocol
Copyright 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18246_V2.0-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.5 Edition 1
Section 1 Module 5 Page 4
Switch
to And
notes
view!
O peration
Maintenance
O peration And Maintenance
O ffice Data
O rthogonal Division Multiple Access
O ffice Data Tool
O ffice Data Tool Macro
O rthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
O peration & Maintenance Centre - Radio
O Perational EXpenditures
O bject Request Broker
O perating System
O pen Service Architecture
O bserved Time Difference of Arrival
O mni directional Tx / Sectorised Rx
O rthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
RAN
RANAP
RB
RR
RF
RPMT
RRC
RRM
RV
Q
Q oS
Q PSK
S
SAC
SAP
SAR
SAT
SC
SC
SCF
SCR
SCTP
Paging Control Channel
SDH
Peak Cell Rate
SF
Packet Control Unit
SGSN
Personal Digital Assistant
SHO
Personal Digital Cellular (2G Japan)
SIR
Packet
Data
Protocol
155
COPYRIGHT ALCATEL-LUCENT 2012. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
W-CDMA
R99 Radio Principles
SL
Protocol
Data Glossary
Unit
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
SMS
Proportional Fair Scheduling
SNMP
Public Land Mobile Network
SPU
Performance Measurement (O &M)
SQ L
Physical Random Access Channel
SRNC
Packet Switched
SSCO P
Phase Shift Keying
Public Switched Telephone Network
SSCP
Point-To-Multipoint
STM
Precision Timing Protocol
STTD
SU
Q uality of Service
Q uadrature Phase Shift Keying
R
R5
R99
RA
RAB
RAC
RAC
RACH
RLC
RNC
RNO
RNS
RNSAP
RNTI
RP
Release 5
Release 99
Routing Area
Radio Access Bearer
Routing Area Code
Radio Admission control
Random Access Channel
Radio Link Control
Radio Network Controller
Radio Network O ptimiser
Radio Network Sub-System
RNS Application Part
Radio Network Temporary Identity
Reporting Period
P
PCCH
PCR
PCU
PDA
PDC
PDP
PDU
PFS
PLMN
PM
PRACH
PS
PSK
PSTN
PTM
PTP
RAID
End of module
Glossary
157
W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles Glossary
UTRAN UA08 9300 W-CDMA R99 Radio Principles
Congratulations
You have finished the training
Your feedback is appreciated!
Please feel free to Email your comments to:
training.feedback@alcatel-lucent.com
Please include the training reference in your email (see cover page)
Thank you!
@@PRODUCT
@@COURSENAME