NOTE: ONLY PAGES 1-8 ARE NEEDED FOR THE REVIEW SESSION

THE REST ARE SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR YOUR OWN PRACTICE

FE Thermodynamics Review
Outline of Thermodynamics topics
Suggestions for FE Exam preparation
Thermo context of exam & reference
handbook
Example test questions
morning session
afternoon session

Exam Pointers
Familiarize yourself with the reference handbook
Make educated guesses if you cant solve the
problem (or dont have the time)
cross out answers you know are incorrect
work problems backwards using the available
answers

If a problem seems difficult

guess and mark it
work on it later if you have the time

FE pointers - Thermo
Know how to use ideal gas law & steam tables
to evaluate properties
Be able to apply 1st Law to open/closed systems
Know basic definitions/concepts (e.g., adiabatic,
isentropic, Carnot efficiency)
Know how to calculate u, h, and s for ideal
gases & liquids/solids

FE Exam Thermo Problems

Morning session
11 questions out of 120

Afternoon session (general)

6 questions out of 60

Afternoon session (ME discipline)

6 questions out of 60

Afternoon session (ChE discipline)

6 questions out of 60

SAMPLE MORNING
QUESTIONS

A liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal

to
a)
b)
c)
d)

one atmosphere of pressure

the gage pressure
the absolute pressure
the ambient pressure

Which thermodynamic property is the best

measure of molecular activity of a substance?
a)
b)
c)
d)

enthalpy
internal energy
entropy
external energy

What is the maximum thermal efficiency possible for a

power cycle operating between 600oC and 110oC?
a)
b)
c)
d)

47%
56%
63%
74%

All real gases deviate to some extent from the ideal gas
law. For which of the following conditions are the
deviations smallest?
a)
b)
c)

high temperatures and low volumes

high temperatures and low pressures
high pressures and low volumes

d)

high pressures and low temperatures

For every gas there is a particular temperature above which

the properties of the gas cannot be distinguished from the
properties of a liquid no matter how great the pressure. This
temperature is the
a)
b)
c)
d)

absolute temperature
saturation temperature
standard temperature
critical temperature

Which of the following statements is the closest interpretation

of the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Mass within a closed control volume does not change.

Net energy crossing the system boundary is the change in
energy inside the system.
Change of total energy is equal to the rate of work performed.
All real processes tend toward increased entropy.

The net entropy change of the universe during an

adiabatic, irreversible process is:
a)
b)
c)
d)

positive
negative
zero
Q
T

A Carnot refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of

10. If the refrigerators interior is to be kept at -45oC, the
temperature of the refrigerators high temperature
reservoir is most nearly?
a)
b)
c)
d)

250
270
300
350

K
K
K
K

If both the volume and the pressure of an ideal

gas contained in a cylinder are doubled, the
temperature is:
a)
b)
c)
d)

constant
doubled
quadrupled
halved

A container contains half liquid water by volume

and half vapor by volume. Select the best
estimate of the quality if the pressure is
atmospheric:
a)
b)
c)
d)

x
x
x
x

=0
= 0.0006
= 0.1
= 0.5

Steam initially at 1 MPa and 200oC expands in

a turbine to 40oC and 83% quality. What is the
change in entropy?
a)
b)
c)
d)

-0.35 kJ/kg-K
0.00 kJ/kg-K
0.26 kJ/kg-K
0.73 kJ/kg-K

What is the change in internal energy of air

(assume to be an ideal gas) cooled from 550 oC
to 100 oC?
a)
b)
c)
d)

320
390
450
550

kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg

Air is compressed in a piston-cylinder arrangement to

1/10th of its initial volume. If the initial temperature is
35oC and the process is frictionless and adiabatic what
is the final temperature?
a)
b)
c)
d)

350K
360K
620K
770K

Air (an ideal gas) undergoes an adiabatic process in a

closed rigid container. The reversible work done is:
a)
b)
c)
d)

0
(P2 P1)V
cpT
TS

SAMPLE AFTERNOON
QUESTIONS

The next 3 problems refer to a power plant

operating on an ideal Rankine steam cycle.
The plant operates between the pressure limits
of 1 MPa and 5.628 kPa. The temperature of
the steam entering the turbine is 500oC . The
total gross power generated is 300 MW.
What is the quality of the steam after it has
expanded in the turbine?
a)
b)
c)
d)

78%
92%
97%
100%

What is the enthalpy of the steam as it enters

the condenser?
a)

2380 kJ/kg

b)
c)
d)

2420 kJ/kg
2560 kJ/kg
2600 kJ/kg

What is the total steam flow rate through the

turbine?
a)
b)
c)
d)

10 kg/s
110 kg/s
200 kg/s
270 kg/s

if
EIT EIJH

1.
0.37.3
2.

~pple

EVIE W

Problems on ~ermodyn&mics

li'ift l.bm of saturated

stem .at hooor is contained in a closed ,piston-cylinder
arrangement.
The steam expmds reversibly
and isothermally
to a final.
pressure of 60 psia.
Dete~e:
(i) the initial
volume.. (ii)
the heat
transter1'ed"
and (iii)
the work done by the steam.

(i)

(ii)

(A.)
!t3
(B) 9.3'15 .f't3
(C)

(D)
(E)

5.805 .f't3
9.222fi30.093f't3

(11.1)

(A)
0 Btu
(B) -800 Btu

(A)
(B)

(D) + 32., Btu

(E) +12, Btu

(D)
(E)

(0) +800 Btu

0 Btu
8()Q Btu

(C) + 32., Btu

+67, Btu
+12, Btu

~)teamente~ a turbine at 300 psia and 700or \lith a veloi:1ty of 200 !'t/sec.
The mass. .flow rate of steam is 10,,000 l'bm/hr" and the heat transfer rate
from the tUrbine is .30,,000Btu./hr. The stesm .flows steadily through the
turbine and leaves the tm-bine at 1; psia as a saturated vapor with -a
velocity of 600 rt/sec.
Detem.1ne: (i) the powr output of the turbine,
and (11) the irreversibility
for the process" if the SU!"rOtmd1ngtemperature

is ;37~.

(i)

(A) 890 hp
(B) ~8" 700 hp
(C) 209 hp
(D) 82.3 hp
(E) 6~ hp

3.

.(C)

(A.) u;6,hOO Btoa/hr

(B)
.30,000 ~
h23,400 Btu/hr
(D)
.30,800 Btu/hr
(E)
0 Btoa/hr .

J~reon-12 at 180 psia and lOOor enters an expansion valva in. a va.por-compre.ssion
refrigeration
system. The flow through the valve is adiabatic, steady", and
with negligible
changes in kinetic energy. Dete~e
the temperature of
the Freon (if in the suJ=erheatedvapor regime) or the quality of the Freon
(if in the two-phase region) leaving the expansion valve.
(1)

It.

(11)

(B)

B3or
o.hOB

(C)

0.350

(D)

(E)

-8.3or

0.650

~l Oarnot cycle ref'rigerator

operates in a roOD.in which the temperature
is 80~.
It is required to transfer 10,000 Btwmin. fro~ the cold space
being held at -20or.
Determine:. (1) th~ rate of change of' the entroP7
of the room, and (ii) the power requirement of the refrigerator.

(1)
(A)
..(B)
(0)
(D)
(E)

(11)
125.0
-22. 7
-500
+22.7
100.0

Btu/min.-~
Btu/min.-~
Btu/min.-~
Btu/min.-~
Btu/min. ~

(A) 53.5 hp
(B) 289.4 hp
(0) 235.8 hp
(D) 525.2 hp
(E) h2.4 hp

-2

s..

Air is c"anpressed in a reversible steady'-flow system from 1.5 psi a and

l00~ to anrexit pres~
of 100 psia.
The compression process is
polytropic,
with a polytropic exponent of n -1.2.50 The air may-be
as5'4ed to behave as an ideal ga.s with constant specific heats.
Determine:
(i)
the change in entroPY'" (ii) the work of compression
-oer \mit ma.ss, and (iii)
the heat -ttansferred per unit ma8s.

i)

-(ii)

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

6.

-0.1)0
-101.1
+0.221
-0.039
+0.039

Btu/lbm-~
Btu/lbm~~
E~~~-~
Btu/l~-~
Btu/lbm-~

(iii)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

+62.0
-70.9
-88.6
+70.9
+hU.3

Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm

(A.) -8.9
(B) -26.6
(C) -44.3
(D) -+62.0
(E) +44.3

Btu/l.bm,
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm

A nozzle is designed-to "expand -air- reversibly and adiabatican.,. ~m 'l00 psia

and 80~ to an exit pressure of 20 psia.
The iDlet kinetic ene~~ is
negligible,
and the mass flow rate of air is 3 l~eec.
Dete~e:
(i) the
exit velocity" and (ii) the exit cross eectional area.

(i)
(A) 1)10 it/sec.
(B) 342 it/sec.
:C) 2.5.50
it/sec.
,D) 1.547rt/st.;~.
E) 43,100 it/sec.

(ii)
(A) 2.9l
(B) u9.l
(C) 0.39
(D; 1.49
(E: 1.76

.)

'jI')

.
:)
)

J)

13,100
19,500
Uh7
7570
17,600

kW
kW
kW
kW
kW

0..516
0..345

0.484
0.199

0.250

.r"

(:

(.
(:(
(I

65.2$

10.5%

89.5%

46.8%

53.2$

:11):A)

39 psi

,B)
14.7 psi
,C),D):E)
331 psi

197 psi
173 psi

iii)
10.

-3 -

9.

Methane (qH4) is burned with atmospheric air.

The analysis of the products.
of combustion" as determined by m Orsat apparatus (dry- analysis on a
molal

bas1s~ "is

as folloW's

coa .7.1% ; co .O.~

; 0

.7.7$

; N

-84.8%

The products of' combustion are at 1, psia. Determine: I(i) the air-fuel
ratio on a mass basis, (1.1) the percent theoretical
air, and (ill)
the dew
point temperature or the products or combustion.
(
(1) 1:..":'1
(11)
(A.) 11.3l1bm, air/lbm fuel
(J. lS~
( A) 213~
( B 12S~
(B) 9.,2 lbm, air/lbm, 1'u21 (B loot
( C) h2or
(c) 7.93 lbm air/lbm .fuel
(C
S~
( D,) 63~
(D) 17.2 lbm, air/lbm, .fuel
(D
83%
84~
( E)
(E) 2,.9 lbm, air/lbm ruel
(E
27zt
S:tesmis condensed in & surface condenser at 0.50 psia.
Cooling vater
at a mass .flow rate or 26 x 105 J.bm/hr is supplied at an inlet tetlperature
of 68r.
The steaM enters the condenser at a quality or 0.900 and & mass
low rate of 8O,000 J.bm/hr. No sub-cooling of the condensate occurs.
The overall coefficient
of heat transfer is U -490 Btu/br-fta_~.
Determine the square feet of condenser surface required. .
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

J.8,900 fi2
53,000 .t't2.
16,200 .ft2
J.U,OOO.ft2,
32,400 ft2. .

-4 .ANSWERS
to Sample Problems on 'l'hermod3'namics
.-

1..

The system and the process on the T-s plane are shownbelow. Property
vaJ.ues are taken .tram. the CO!nbustionEngineering Steam Tables.

lLOOOY

'The initial
v

J,

specific
-v

gJ,

volume is:

-1.8630

ft3/lbm

at 400O:r

'l'he.1.nj.tiaJ. vo1'ameor the steamis found from:

3.

-my

ms. (B)

3.

Fc)r a reversible

8
2

isothermal

.(.5.0)(860~)(1.7134

-+

-W

The internal

1.

-h

-U

].2

c (.5.0)(860)(0.1860)

ARS.(c)

Law of Thermodynaaics for a closed system, we find:

a

-U

].

.m(u

-u

].

energy- values are .fO\md as .follows.

1

-pv

1 1

.1201.0

u -1201.0 -85.3
2.

-1..5274)

799.8 Btu

Jpp:lying the First

Q

as heat is given by:

.1.7134 Btu/lbm- ~ at 400F and 60 psia

ThE~nJ

].2

process, the energy transfer.

-(247.259)(144

.1115.7 Btu/lbm

1n~/ft2)(1.8630)/(778

ft-1bf/BtU)

-s -

(No.-l, cont'd)

~ 2
W
~ 2.

2.

-799.8

~rhe sy-stem is

-($.0)(2,.0)

shown below.

Engineering
$teamTables.

.799.8
Propen,.

-12$.0

values

-+674.8

are taken

.
= ---[~.

J.

-1368.9

h2 -1150.9
s

.sat.vap.)
J.

-1.6758

s , -1.
2

Btu/lbm

(300 psia,

Btu/lbm

(15 psia,

.700Cj-)

Btu/lb
.m

ANS.CD)

from the Combustion

-30,000Btu/hr

1m

Btu

:;t; I
I

-~

7552 Btu/J.bm-~

IJ

!@

App1y:ing the First Law of Thermodyn~cs

for steady flow, we obtain:
Q -W

+ m(h

+ ~/2g
1

v.

..~ .q.
W/m

-h

V .(-30,000/10,000)

The powr

-h
C

.(y-

-~/2g
2

) .o

-V';;'2)/2g

+ (1368.9

c.

-1150.9)

.(2002

-6002)/(2)(32.2)(778)

output is:

ms. CD)
For stesq

...0
.R

no " the irreversibility

T (8
0

I .426,,360

-S

) -Q

is given by:

.(10,,000)(537

+ 30,,000 .456,,360

Btu/hr

)(1.7552

-1.6756)

-(-30,,000)

ms. (A)

<!>,---, @

180

psia

'- --20

psia

---J..
@
h

Applying

the

First

Law

of

'!'hemodynamics

.f'or

stead3-."f1ow"

on

unit

mass

basis"

q -w'"

(h -h ) ...(~V2)/2g
...(gig
)Ez -z
) .0
.12
12
C
.c
1
2
T]le system. is adiabatic (q .0)"
there is no mechanism .f'c:r doing work (w .0)"
C11ange
s in Jdnetic and potential
ene rgies are negligible;
therefore..
the
FjLrst Law reduces to:
h

.- -h

ANS. (C)

-7

h.

Th!~ Carnot. ref'rigeration

-

r TH .80~

system is shoiln below.

ROOM

The entroPY' change for

the roan is

.,40~
.rooQ,

found from the f'ollowing, since the

is an isothermal 87stem:

Qg
-6,Sroom
'l'g

The heat transfer

CJPJlO'l'

REF.

~ .10,,000Btu/min.

rat..e to the roan. is:

.
OOLDSPACE
TL .-20or
.hhO~

QL
(-)

~
L
~ -J.2,270 Btu/min.
-T

-(540)(

.+ 22.7 Btu/min.-~

Note that the entropy of the room incre ases. because hea't is ~
'I'he power requirement .for the Carnot re.frigerator
-~

w -(2270
w -53..5

Jon alternate

-12,270
Btu/min.)(60

-10,000

.2270

to the room.

is .round !'ran:

Btu/min.

min./br.)/(2545

Btu!bp-hr.)

ANS. (A)
is as follows.

The COP for

a Carnot refrigerator

- -~
TH -TL

'lben,

ANS. (D)

hp

solution

4400

12,270
Then,
.6,Sroom
5400

~Sroom

w -~

10,000

5hO -b4o

w .10,000/4.40

.2270

Btu/min.

.53.5

hp

is:

-B

-T

J.

(n-1)/n

(-!).
P

100 (

-(5600,&)( -)

15

J..2~-J.)IJ..215 -(560)(6.667).2.00

1
T

-s

-(';-60)(1.161)

-8

J.

-s

-R1A_),~

--

ANS. CD)

~2

V dp -

n(p v
2

n R(T

.a

-n

(1.25)(53.34)(818.4 -560)
(778)(1

-T

(-a.)

(k-l)/k

J. .

ANS. (0)

-1.25)

-(S40~)( ~

100

pJ.
T
2

)
].

1 -n

-T

-(540)(0.631)

.340.9~

or

)(~.~o-l)/~.~O
., (5hOO)(O.20)O.286

-9

(No.6, cont'd)
ANS. (D)
~~e specific

volume at the exit

2.

found frOM the equation

--=.- (20)(lh4)
RT

is

of stete,

(S.3..3u)(.3hO.90)

P2

~['he required

e.xit cross sectional.

area. is

fo1md from:

.-

m .J.

V Iv
2

(3.0)(6.314)

mv

--2-

.0.01224

ft2

(1547)

ANS. (E)

7.

TJle system and the cycle on the temperature-entropy plane are sho n below.
.Ul property. values are taken from the Canbustion Engineering S~am. Tables.
T

@
700~

m .100,,000

lbm/hr

~~

~
--

@
-.~~

]:1
1.

.
-h

]~

2.

'4

~~

"

.~~
69.73 Btu/1~ ; V

+ v (p
~
~ 2-

- P1 ) .69.73

-70.92 Btu/l~

]:1
3

POMP

+ (0.016136)(400 -1)(144)/(778)

.69.73

+ 1.19

12.925
~

-10 (No.7, cont'd)

The expansion through the turbine is isentr~icj
the quality ~t the exit of the turbine (point 4) is found from:

The enthalPY' at the en t of the turbine

h

"

-h

+x

r"

h
".fg"

-69.73++

therefore,

.is:

(O.8l7l)(lO36~)

-69.73.

646.6

h -.916.11 Btu/lbm
4
Jlpplying the First
c:hanges in kinetic

...
Wt .m

(h

Law to the turbine,

for
and potential
energies,

-h

) -(lOO,OOO)(l363.h

Wt .4.47 X 10? Btu/hr

Wt -13,100 kW

steady now
-9l6JL)

.(4.47)(10?)/(34l3

with negligible

.(100,000)

(4h7.0).

Btu/kW-hr)

ANS. (A)

T.t1epump work is found frOm:

W .m(h
P

1.

-h

) .(100,000)(-1.19)

T11enet work output

Wnet .(U47.0

--119,000

of the cycle is:

-1..19)(105)

.4.4S8

x 1.0'7 Btu/hr .13,060

The heat tre.nsfer rate in the steam boiler

Law to the boiler.

Th!! thermal efficiency

..'7
~et

'?

Btu/hr

kW

is found by appl;;ing the First

for the cycle is .found trau:

4.4,8 x .10
0.34, -34.$%
X 10"

ANS. (B)

8.

-11

Tbe cy-cle 'on the p-v and T-s planes is sho\o'nbelow. Properties or air are:
'~ .'O.2hO Pt.u/lbm-~ ; Cv .O.l71lL Btu/lbm-Op. ; R .53.34 rt-lbr/l~-Op.
:k .J..400

4500Dr

@)
@
---@

lh.7

(;)

ps:1a
v
The temperature
isentropic

J.

end of the

compression

process

is

found

from

relationship,

The speci1'ic
v

at the

vol1me at point

1 is:

The pres~

at the end of the cornpression stroke is:

k

The specific

'VOlumeat point 3 is:

RT

V
3

(S3.3U)(4960)

-~-

(591.h)(~)

P3
The temperature

at point

.3.107

4 is fO'1nd frm

.ft3/J.bm

the isentropic

relationship,

k-l
The heat added during the constant-pressure
qH .h

-h

caa.bustion process is:

the

~
7.1
4a.

AHS. (E)

net work

mep-

pi~on

-v

displacement

Wnet
1

-v

(442.9)(778)

mep .196. 7 1b,rl1n~

AIlS. CD)

CO + 0.4 co + 7.,7 0

-~
2

+ 84.8

N
2.

a -7.1

(1 + 3.76)

2.

+ 0.4 -7.50

2c , or

AFR.-~

+ CH 0

c .2a.

(2)(7.50) -15.00

--

(7.50)

..ANS.

"

-~

co

(E)

10.
~

1.3 -

(No. 9, c~t'd)
AFR

The theoretical
-(2

theo.

+ 7.52)/(1)

.9.52

'~e percent theoretical

air is:

14.31

AFR

%TA.
.

AFRtheo.
The mole fraction

air-fuel

ratio is:

lbmole

-1..50

-1.50

air/lbmOle

fuel

% theoretical

ANS. (A)

air

9.$2

of vater in the products is:

y(H 0) .(1,.00)/(100.0

+ 1,.00)

.0~304

2;

The partial

p v .P

pressure
m

of the water vapor in the products

,.(H2 0) .(1,

psia.)(O.l304) -1.9,6,

of c~bustion

is:

psia

From the Combustion Engineering Steam Tab1es~ the sa.turation tempera-ture

corresponding to this pressure is:

ANS. (B)
:From the Combustion" Engine:ring
T -79.586F

Steam TablesJ we find

the .following

at 0.50 psia

propertie~:

Ste am

0.50 psis.

h -

47.62 Btu/l~

:r

1.

.68r

The change in entha.1w of the stem: is:

L::\.h .(h

f + x h ) -h f .x
fg

~h .(O.900)(lOh8.6)
The heat transfer

The exit
T

Condensate

fg

.991.36 Btu/lbm

rate from the steam is:

temperature of the cooling water is:

-660

+ (7.93)(107)/(26)(108)(1.0)

The log~ean

IRTD.

temperature difference

+ 3.0So.

7l.0S~

(79.586 -68)

is:

-(79.586 -71.05)

lnCn.586/8.536)
'T'\,.ft"

.660

I -DIU

tKTD -(7.93)(lO?)/(490)(9.9BO)

3.050
-9.9SoF

0.3055
-16,200

!t2

ANS. (c)

T -.~-'
k""'"
~
;':(s::'. ~ne...,

~~

-~-V O:.J--'.:_.2.
T':"{'" '\'- C "' ~
-~r--=-"_.
:> ,;>~
C...
~:.~n

Steam enters a stem condenser at 1. psia and a qucl.1ity' of 9~, with a

mass now rate of hO,OOO1bmJhr. The condensate"leaves as a sa.turated
l1qu:id. -Liquid water. at an inlet temperature of 60~ is used for
condensing the steam. The minim\m .flow rate of coolj.ng water wotlld be:
(A)
(B)
(C)

1270 gpD
76,196
gpn
81,775 gpm

(D).

1825 gpIt

(E)

1959 ~

.,

!s~

In B. steam desuperheater, stem at 100 psia end 1000~ enters at a mass

now rate or 100 1bm/min. Liquid water at 80"i' enters and is mixed with
the stemn to produce steam at 60 psia and 100~ supe1"heat. The mass now
rate o.r liquid water is:
( A.) n .82 lbM/Min.
( B ) 26.:;11lbm/Ddn.
( C) 25.511bM/min.
( D) 29.02 lbrll/MiD.
.
( E ) 16.92 1 bm/lI'&.in.

fu~

Steam enters a throttling

calorimeter
at 280 psia.
The temperature
the steam le4ving the calorimeter
1s 284~, and baranetric
pressure is

.30

in.

Hg abs. The temperature of the steam enterille the calorimeter

(A) 2B4~
(B)

indetenninate

(C)
(D)
(E)

307or
h11of
IlO2or

of

1s:

!!E~

A.P'nIlP handles liq\1id vs.ter at 6Oor and a flow rate of 20 gallons/min.

The 1n1et and outlet pressures are 20 psia and 80 psia, respectively.
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies, the ~~~~mumpower
required is:
(A) 5.24 hp
(B) 0.10 hp
(C) 1.00 hp
CD) 0.0.31.1hp
(E) 0.70 hp

~~

A Carnot refrigerator
operates between -32or and +96F. The energy
absorbed from the low-temperature space is JOOBtu/lbm.
The net work done
on the working sub3tance is:
(A)
69.1 Btu/lbn
(B) 1003.1 Btu/lbm
(C) 230.9 Btu/lbn

(D)
(E)

89.7 Btu/lbm
389.7 Btu/lbn

.
~~

Stem enters a throttling

valva at 600 psia and 700~.

-2 'nle nOW'through

the v.a1ft.is adiabatic" with negligible chmges in Jdnetic and potentiel

energies.
The stea J.eaves the Tal '99 at ~oo psia.
The surroundings
temperature is 77~.
The irreversibility
of the throttl.ing
process is:

.(.1)

0.0 Btu/lbm
(B)
( C)
(D)
(E)

indetenrlnate
0.042 Btu/lbn
3.23 Btu.lJ.bm
22.,;' Btu/lbm

No. 7'~ In a basic ideal RanJd.necycle using s't.eemas the worldng fi'Cid, the
pressure and temperat1n'e at the inlet of the turbine are .500 psis. and SOODr.
The e:xhs.ustpressure .fran the turbine is 1.0 psis.. The themal ef'ficiency
0.1"the q-cle is:

(1) 25.5%

(B) .31.~

(0) 19.(#
(D)
3S.JL

(E) 34.JL
No.8.

In an ideal vapor-canpression refrigeration

system using Freon-12 as
the worJdng .fluid, the Freon leaving the condenser is a saturated liquid
at llOor,
and the Freon leaves
nle coeff1cient
of performance

.(A)

the evaporator as a saturated

vapor at lOor.
for the refrigeration
system is:

11.00
(B)
(C)

11.70
3.S8

"

(D) 10.00
(E) S.70

}foe 9. .An ideal Ot.to cycle uses sir as the wor1dng fluid.
The compression
rai~o is 7.00 J and tJ1e max:1Jn\Z
temperature of the cycJ.e is 1400&. The
thermal efficiency for the cycle is:
(A) 16.7%
(B) 43.3
(0) 6l.~

CD) lh.Jt
(E)

51.1.1$

No. 10. An ideal simple BrQ"ton cy-cle uses air as the wor]d.ng fluid.
The maximum
and JrlniDttml.temperatures in the cy-cle are 1 aX>Dr and 6Oor, respectively.
The
pressure ratio across the compressor and the turbine is 6.00 The thermal
efficiencY' for the cy-cle is:
(J..)
(B)
(C)
(D)

51 %
49 %
indeterminate
60 %

(E)

110%

~
(1181.76)

-3 .~utions

..

to The~o~cs'

Probl~s

40,000 lbm/hr

The srstera is sho\m below.

steam at

1 psia arid 9~ quality

0
0

water

vater at

10l.74Dr

at 6OOp

condenss.te

saturated liquid
101.74 Op'

The heat transfer

from the stesm is:

The mass nov rate of cooling vater is found froa:

-9.15

X 105 1bm/hr

The volmuetric

.v.

now rate

of cooling

water 192

(9.15 X 105 ~bm/hr)(0.0l6033 ft3/lbm)(7.h805

gal./!t3)

(60 Irl.n. /hr )

JNS. (D)
!~~

.Appl,ing the First

8

:m h

+ m h

2.2

111

Substituting
'values,

.In

Site mn at

C8

23

the numerical

.m

'water

at

.(mw

..

BOOF

1.00 psia

and lOOODr

@
.steam

at
60 Rsia and
100 F sprht.

-~
I

'

+ 48.04 =w
+ 100)(1229.8)

(100)(1$32.0

-1229.8)

:m

e>

+ D'o) h
W

(100)(1$32.0)

1.00 lbm/min.

Law to the desu,perheater,

(1229.8

-lIB.oll)

. (100)(312.2) -25.57

lbm/min.

.ANs. (c)

-h~l,.

From the Hollier

chart,

it is .found that

the entering
state o! the ate- is in the
." 't1>-phase region; there!ore J the steam
..t.aperature
is the saturatim1 temperature
" at a preSBm"e o! 280 psia.

t .4U~
~

ANS.(D)

.!.9.~L

For &t.eadjl" now

or an incanpressible

!"luid

in an isentropic

process,

1~e power is giwn by:

."

.W

..

.V

(p

2;

-p

) .(20

gil./min.)(O.l3368

rt3/g8l.)(80

-20)(144)/{33,OOO)

JNS. (E)

!.Q~

The coefficient

COP
..
TH

of performance of a Carnot refrigerator

h28~

TL

ThI! work done on the refrigerator

'W

No.6.

.3.311--~

5560 .;. 4280

-TL

300/3.3lL

is:

is:

89.7 Btu/lbm

AN5. (D)

The property values are found !'rom the Combustion

Engineering
SteS!!i Tables:

I. 1351.8 Btu/l~

at 600 psia and 700~

-=-r-.~<1-~._.~.

'nle exit entropy mq be to'lmd from the Mollier

sinc:e the First Law yields:
h

.h

--13;1..8
2

Btu/lbm

chart or the Steam Tables,

Temp..

6~OF

hCiJpsia" h-1335.9

:B]' i].'lterpolation,

s-1.6163
s

700~

Pressure

1351.8
s

1363.4
1.6uO6

The irreversibill

ty is I

:l -22.S Btu!J.bm

ANS.(E)

,0/
~

-s ~Z.!.
.~ts

The enthalpy values at the various

in the RsnJdne cy-cle are :

.8 h.

69.73 Bt1)/lbm at 1 psia,

sat 8 liq.
T

2.

(!){I
.69.73 + 1.49 .71.22

Btu/lbm

(7---

(1 -.x) .

1.9781 -1.11921

-S
g4~

-~

..0.2633

1.8455

4,

Big"
h

-h

g4

-(1

-x

)h.r
4 ..g"

'!be net worlc is:

."wi

Vnet
wnet

turbine

-W

P1Jmp .(h

I. A- ft -g~~.~~J
o..~ r\r'\ .~~~~.~
.

The be:at added in the boiler

"}-~b

-h

-(h

1.119 .398.25

-h)

].

-1.49

-.396.76 Bt.u/lbm

is:

396.76

ANS.(E)

.O.JaJ .34.3t

U;9.98

The enthalpy values at the various

points in the vapor-compre!sion
refrigeration
cycle are:
h

..2

1.

h
h
h

The heat

]~o. 8 J cont' cr.

'evaporator is:

-h

1
"

-h

absorbed

-78.335

"

in

qg

the

-.33.531

0,..' ~'-~'-

% .U4.oUU D't.W.1.~
The work input to the compressor is:
w

net

.h

-h

Wnet .12.;'18

The coefficient

.90.853

-78.335

Btu/lbm

of performance is:
.hl1.80h./12.Sl8

1:J2. 9~

The thermal

efficiency

for

ANS.(c)

.3.58

--

the ideal

Otto

cycle

is

given by:

1.11-1

k-l

-1

-0.459

ms. (E)

'? .o.51J1 -511.1%

No.10.

The thermal efficiency

"rJ -1-(-)

(k-l)/k

rp
"r? .O.lJOO

.40

--

for the ideal Bray"ton cycle i~ given by:

-l-{-)

1 (1.4-1)/1.4
6

.1

-0.600

ANS.

r-,

1.
4.

KIT 'EI.AH HEVIEW

Sam'Ole Questions

The state

2.

3.

of a thermodynamic

A)

absolute

B)

process

on Thermodvnsmics

S7S'tem is

a1.wqs

defined

b:r its

temperat1Ir8

c) properties

D)

temperature and pressure

E)

avaUabilit,-

KathematicalJ.'1', a thermodynaDic
(A.) a point tmction
(B) a. path .t\mction

(C)

an inexact differential

(D)

discontinuous

(E)

an exact di.!'ferential

propert,.

The normal boiling

in ~?
(A) -330~.
(B) -lB3Oa
(C) +162~
(D) +168~
(E) +51B~

point of l1qmd

Equations

tor

of "tate

the foUoidng,

is 'Which of the tollo...:Lng?

What is this

oxy-genis 90 K.

~pera.ture

a single-canponent

pure substancle can be any ot

~x~'Pt:

(A.) the ideal gas 18."", pv .RT

(B) the ideal gas la modified by the canpressibllity
factor,
pv -ZRT
(C) 8DY' relationship
interrelating
3 or more state fut1ctions
(D) a mathematical expression defining
a path between "tate"
(E) a mathematical expression interrelatiIlg
thermott'namic properties
of

the material

5.

In the pressure-temperature
of
point
labeled -P?
(A) thepour
point
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

diagrmn for H2O sho.-n below, what is the name

isentropic point
cri tic;l
point
triple
point
nomal boiling point

~
~ ~
~
C/]
C7)

C/)

VAPOR

m-iPERAI'URE

6.

A.two-phee mixt'Ure of liquid

and a quality of 0.800
The
and the enthalpy of saturated
What is the specific enthalw
'(,1) 1243.0 Btu/lbm
(B) 1553.6 Btu/lbm
(c) 1314.1 Btu/lbm

vater and steam exists at a pressure of 200 psia

enthalpy of saturated liquid water is 355.5 Btu/l1
vapor (steam) is 1198.3 Btu/lbm at 200 psia.
of the two-phase mixture?
(D)
(E)

524.1 Btu/lbm
1029.7 Btu/lbm

.9.
10.

-2 -

7.

An adiabatic process is ~rined as a process in which:

(A) the heat trSD-'ter is zero
.
(B) the entropy change .is zero
(C) the enthalpy change is zero
(D) the internal energs- change is zero
(E) the vol~
remains constant

8.

J. nonf1.ow (closed) system contains 1 lbm o! air, which mSY'be assumedto

beha'Ve.., an ideal gas with Cp -0.240 Bt'U/lbm-~ and Cv -0.l7l
Btu/1bm-~.
The air temperature is increased by 10~ mile 5 Btu or work is done by" the
iu.
What is the heat transfer in Btu?
(J.)

-3.29

(B)
(C)

-2.60 Btu
+6.71 Btu

Btu

(D)
(E)

+7.40 Btu
none of these

The F1nt Law of Thermodj"nBnics states that:

(A.) he.t energs- cannot be can.pletel.,. transformed into work
(B) internal energj" is due to molecular motion
(C) heat
only temperature
be transferred tran a bocb'"of higher temperature- to
one ofcan
lower
(D)
(E)

energy- can be neither created nor destrOY'ed

entropy of the universe is increased by irreversible

processes

The ma:x:im-um
thermal efficiency
that can be obtained in an ide al reversible
heat engine operating between lS40~ and 340~ is cJ,osest to:
(A.).

(B)
(0)
(D)
(E)

u.

'

6\Yp
7~
hot
2~

A re.frigerator with a ~r
input of 3 hp operates between Oar and lOOar.
The ma'T"'tmum
theoretical
heat transfer rate .from. the cold reservoir is
ne&rest to:
(.1.) t. 7~800 Btu/hr
(B)
(c)

12.

lO~

13,000 Btu/hr
23,000 Btu/hr

(D)
(E)

35,000 Btu/hr
43,000 Btu/hr

The internal energy' or an ideal gas is:

(.A.) a function or temperature and pressure
(B) a function or temperature alone
(C) constant
(D) not changed in an i"entropic
proce"s
(E) decreased when the gas expan~ through a throttling

valve

Which of the following

characteristics
of &ny' absolute or thermodynamic
teMperature .scale is fixed by- the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
(A) the ice point temperature
(B) the difference
betwen the steam point and the ice point temperatures
(C) the ratio
or ice point to steam point temperatures
(D) the nature of the thermometer substance
(E) the number of degrees on the scale

The rate of heat transfer through a given section of' a un1.form ve1.l for a
gi Ten temperature di.f"ference is:
(A.) directly proportimlal
to the coe;fficient of' thermal conduct! vi t7 and
'to the thickness ot the vall
.
(B)
(C)

(D)
(E)

inversely
proportional
dire ctly proportional
directly
proportional
iDversely
proportional

to the c~tficient
of thermal conductivity
to the thickness of' the vall
to the c~tticient
of' therm&1. coMuctivit,to the thickness ot the vill

inverselY' proportional to the coefficient

'to 'the thickness at the vall
independent ot the thicIaless of the vall

of thermal conductivit.v

and
and

and

Given a vall ha'rlng an inner surface temperature of BOor and the outer
S"ar.tace is exposed. to abient .wind and surraandings at .$O~. The. ~nvecti va
heat trmsfer
coefficient
for a 1.$ mph wind is about 7 Bt"1J/hr-ft2_~.
Neglecting 8%]j"'
radiatian losses.. cal~ate
the overall heat tranSfer
coefficient
for the Cmlduction and convection heat transfer.
The heat nux
t.hrough the wall'is 2h Bt1J/hr-fta..

(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
(E)

0.14 BtWhr-ft 2- or
0.80 Btu/hr-ft2_~
J..2.$Btu/hr-ft2_or
7.J.0 Btu/hr-ft2_or
8.20 Btu/br-ft2-or

"

u.

1.
3.
6.
10.
13.
15.

-4-

2.
(c)

4.

CD)

5.

7.

(A.)

B.

(C)

".Q -w.

9.

u
~. (...+6. 7l Btu

(D)
is

energy
also

can
called

be
the

neither

created

Conservation

(B)
engine)
60%.is The
given
thermal
by: efficien~

nor
of

Energy

destrqyed.

The

First

Law

of

Thermo~acics

Principle.

of an ideal

reversible

heat engine (Carnot

BOo~

22.

(B)

(C)

~.

(C)
(B)
u .(2h)/(BOO

-50)

.0.80 ~~~
hr-!t

-F

.-a;e.d.........

EIT Exmn Renew -~ODmA.\!ICS

Section

~"J."U
JJI 0UTLDl.E

1.

Conce'Ct,sand Definitions

a.

b.

c.

Thermodynamic

Specific

S7Stem and control

vol~e

Pressure;
Zeroth

(v .VIm)

TO1mu.e

and densit,-

( p .l/v

the m.an~eter equation,

6P .p

Law 01' Therm~muics:

(g/g-)~z
...

When two bodies have equality' of' temperature \lith a third

the,- have equality o temperature \lith each other.
Temperature scales:

!.

(~)

.(1.8)(OX)

(~)

.(1.8)(0)

+ 32

(Oa) .(~)

+ 459.70

(K ) .(OC)

+ ~~13.2

body',

Property and state

2 .Prope~,ies

of Pure Substances

a.

S~b-cooled Uquid,

n~ssure-temperature

Pr~ssure-volu.'!1e

Temperature-entrow diagram.
Hollier
chart (enthalw-entrow

saturated,liquid

(r),

saturated

vapor (g),

and

S'Up3rheated vapor

g
h,

Steam Tables
Tw'o-ph~e region:
Ideal

The First

V'

diagrmn)

v 1" + oXv r

gas

J R -R~

Ev'aluation of heat in a reversible

c.

General

First
+

systeD1:

;".

Ru -1.54.5 tt-lb1"/lbm- ~

J. 2

process:

J. 2

Law equation:

inl~Smi(hi

Closed

h.f' + x Ar
g

of work .tor a closed system:

b.

d.

h.

Law of ThemOdynamics

Evaluation

Q -W

;
g

pv-RT
3.

-diagrm

diagram

outle2:ts me (h~!

sf ...oX Sf 0'
0

e.
b.
d.
t.

-2 Ste ady'-!'low

.t.

Cant1nu1 t,- equati on:

.--

m -!._V/v

g.
h.

Throt tUng

.!

Vp

pro c e s s :

hi -he

The SecondLaw gf Th~modynamic~

a.

Thermal etf.icienc,.

"7 .Wnet/~

("7) and COPfor heat engines and refrigerators

OOp. ~ /Wnet

Carnot engine and Carnot refrigerator

.,

TH -TL

7]carnot.

c.

Clausius

T
H

roP carnot

.T

TL
-T

and Ielvi!1-Planck

etateIl1.ents of the Second Law

(Clausius)
It is impossible to construct a heat engine that produces
no effect other than the transfer 0: heat from a coOler body to a
hotter body'.
(Kelvin-Planck)
It is impo-,sible to construct a heat engine which
produces no effect other than doing worlc on the surroundings and
exchang"...ngheat with a single the~al reservoir.
A lO~ efficient
heat engine is impossible.
Corollaries

No heat engine is more efficient

(Carnot cycle).

n.

All reversible heat engines haw the same efficienCY' when

operating betwen the same two teMperature limi t8.
It is possible to de~.ne a temperature scale (absolute scale)
which is independent of the thermanetric medium.

III.
IV.

e.

of the Second Law.

I.

It is impossiOle
to
temperature
scale.

achieve

thml a reversible

a negative

temperat".Jre

General Second La equation:

Entropy- production,

Ps .0

for

a reversibl~

Ps > 0

for

an irreversible

Ps ..(. 0

for

an i.!Ilpossible

process
process
process

heat engine

on the

absolute

h.
1.
a.b.

3-

g.

-dQ

Closed system:

-+P
T

-(s

-S1,)

stored

Stsad3'-flow sys'tem:

dq

-+p'S

"T

-s

GE!neralirreversibi1i
I .TASstored

oj.

ty equation:

L meTose
outlets

Stead:'1-i'lowsystem:

RS"Hne cy-cle

&aheat cy-cle

va cycle ( with open or ~osed

c.d.Regenerati
Vapor-compression refrigeration
cy-cle

e.
..

feedwater hea~rs)

Otto cycle (spark-ignition

intemaJ. combustion engine)
Die~el c7cle
Stirling cy-cle (external combustion engine)
g.h.1.
Brqton C7c1e (gas turbine engine)
Brqton cy-cle with:
intercooling
rehe at
regeneration
isentropic efficienay
for compressor and turbine
#

..

!
c

to)

Co)

0 .

Q,

g.

~ c~
2

e...

c
~ ~
H
t)

re

~
~

is ~

~
~

~
~
H

rJ]

~
~ ~
~
e

5
&{

~
~
fo4

~
~

0
tJ

ft

7c

c~-~1
g.

.""--'"
C P4 .

ct

~
g.P4 E-t_

(-4

E-4

r4

m
ori

r4

...

>..
~

..

~ct

ft

.I

>NI ~
.('I

E-t,

E-4

~
~

~ ~

~
~
~

Po

CJ'

CI

io4P4

.
...

E-t~1 E-t

.
E-cftlE-c

rf

g,
I

~rf
I
rof

ft

..ft
g,

.of

~
~
I

.of

~cw r-4

g.

ft

~ft

=
I
f"'f

~
I

~CI

>~I p

CI

~"1 ~

- - -

c:

rf

Prf

c..

...

r-I

P4

~P4

r4

to-

D-

oc

~
~

p
cq

Po
r4

cw
to-

t'a

...

Eo4

-..
E-t
I

Eo4
()

->

.
e...

f'f

...

fot

I
fot
C)

-Q.

CW

-rt
Eo4

I
Eo4

-0c

Eo4

-..
.

-"
I

E-o

.c
I

~
I

.::

-..
~
~

-~

r-.

(II

"

g.

,
m

-4-

"

l3(!)
~

-.5
SrE.AK PO'Q. CYa.ES

~eic'l~~

_c-

TURBnlE

,.-

rom;R

~c1_~

~Wt
@CONIENSER

@~~~;~.

~
s

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