4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Department of Electronics & Communication

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

4G TECHNOLOGY

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Rohit Tripathi Gaurav Bajaj
(Lecturer, EC Deptt) Roll No.-0616431042
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Gaurav Bajaj have delivered a seminar on the topic
,

“4G Technology”

as a partial fulfillment of

FINAL YEAR OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Year 2009-10

MR. Rohit Tripathi

(Lecturer, EC Deptt)
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Acknowledgement
I feel immense pleasure in submitting this seminar report on “4G Technology”.
The valuable guidance of my teaching staff department made this study
possible. They have been a constant source of encouragement throughout the
completion of this seminar.

I would sincerely like to thanks to MR. Rohit Tripathi for his help and
support during making this seminar report. This report would not have been
successful without the immense guidance and the valuable time that he has
given me during my seminar report development stages.

Gaurav Bajaj
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

ABSTRACT

The fourth generation of mobile networks will truly turn the current mobile
phone
networks, in to end to end IP based networks, couple this with the arrival of IPv6,
every device in the world will have a unique IP address, which will allow full IP
based communications from a mobile device, right to the core of the internet, and
back out again. If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonize global
roaming, super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance on
every mobile communications device in the world. 4G is set to deliver 100mbps
to a roaming mobile device globally, and up to 1gbps to a stationary device. With
this
in mind, it allows for video conferencing, streaming picture perfect video and
much more. It won’t be just the phone networks that need to evolve, the increased
traffic load on the internet as a whole (imagine having 1 billion 100mb nodes
attached to a network over night) will need to expand, with faster backbones and
oceanic links requiring major upgrade. 4G won’t happen overnight, it is
estimated that it will be implemented by 2012, and if done correctly, should take
off rather quickly. 4G networks i.e. Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are
becoming fast and very cost-effective solutions for those wanting an IP built
high-speed data capacities in the mobile network. Some possible standards for the
4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS, UMTS and
future versions of UMTS. The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler of 4G
technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are adaptive processing and smart
antennas, both of which will be used in 3G networks and enhance rates when
used in with OFDM. Currently 3G networks still send their data digitally over a
single channel; OFDM is designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams,
thus increasing the amount of information that can be sent at a time
over traditional CDMA networks.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

CONTENT
Chapter Page no.

1. Introduction of 4G 07
2. History of 4G 08
3. What is 4G 10
4. Features 14
5. What is need to build 4G network 15
6. Implementation of 4G 17
7. Architecture of 4G 20
8. Basic Model of 4G 26
9. Transmission 28
10. Wireless technology used in 4G 30
11. Issues 44
12. Mobile management 46
13. Quality of service 47
14. Security 49
15. Application 50
16. Conclusion 52
17. References 53
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FIGURE INDEX
Figure Page no.

1. History of mobile network 09

2. 4G mobile communication 13
3. Implementation of 4G 18
4. Implementation of 4G block diagram 19
5. Multi-hop architecture 23
6. Overlay network 25
7. Basic model of 4G 27
8. ODFM modulation 29
9. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 32
10. Milli-meter wireless antenna 38
11. Multiple Input Multiple Output 40
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

1. INTRODUCTION

4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is

a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless
communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP
solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given trousers
on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous
generations.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems
are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation)
systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-
quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless
channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of
broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular
telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe
4G is MAGIC-Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global
mobility support, integrated-wireless solution, and customized personal
service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband
wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile
communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next
generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless
networks. Researchers and vendors are expressing a growing interest in 4G
wireless networks that support global roaming across multiple wireless
and mobile networks—for example, from a
cellular network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth
wireless LAN. With this feature, users will have access to different
services, increased coverage, the convenience of a single device, one
bill with reduced total access cost, and more reliable wireless access even
with the failure or loss of one or more networks. 4G networks will also
feature IP interoperability for seamless mobile Internet access and bit rates
of 50 Mbps or more.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

2. HISTORY
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced,
and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based
telephone network. Then, in the sixties, a system launched by Bell
Systems, called IMTS, or, “Improve d Mobile Telephone Service",
brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more
bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and
were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were called
"cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or
"cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver. The
1G or First Generation was an analog system, and was developed in the
seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the
microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between the
phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first
launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows
users to make voice calls in 1 country.

2G, or Second Generation

2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G system digitized
the voice signal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave
a lot better quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use
their phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer.
Based on TDMA, the first commercial network for use by the public was
the Global system for mobile communication (GSM).
3G, or Third Generation
3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice,
fax and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G are to provide
these services anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless
roaming between standards. ITU’s IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G
and has opened new doors to enabling innovative services and
application for instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based
services, as well as a whole lot more .In 2001,Japan saw the first 3G
network launched. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high
speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle. 384Kbps locally, and upto 2Mbps for
fixed stations, i.e. in a building.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Fig 1: - History of Mobile Networks

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3. What is 4G?

Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same
organization that developed the wired Internet. It is not surprising, then,
that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the wireless
Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet. Although
experts and policymakers have yet to agree on all the aspects of 4G
wireless, two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of
4G: end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP), and peer-to-peer networking. An all
IP network makes sense because consumers will want to use the same data
applications they are used to in wired networks. A peer-to-peer network,
where every device is both a transceiver and a router/repeater for other
devices in the network, eliminates this spoke-and-hub weakness of
cellular architectures, because the elimination of a single node does not
disable the network. The final definition of “4G” will have to include
something as simple as this: if a consumer can do it at home or in the
office while wired to the Internet, that consumer must be able to do
it wirelessly in a fully mobile environment.
Let’s define “4G” as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking.” 4G
technology is significant because users joining the network add mobile
routers to the network infrastructure. Because users carry much of
the network with them, network capacity and coverage is dynamically
shifted to accommodate changing user patterns. As people congregate and
create pockets of high demand, they also create additional routes for each
other, thus enabling additional access to network capacity. Users will
automatically hop away from congested routes to less congested routes.
This permits the network to dynamically and automatically self-balance
capacity, and increase network utilization. What may not be obvious is that
when user devices act as routers, these devices are actually part of the
network infrastructure. So instead of carriers subsidizing the cost of user
devices (e.g., handsets, PDAs, of laptop computers), consumers
actually subsidize and help deploy the network for the carrier. With a
cellular infrastructure, users contribute nothing to the network. They are
just consumers competing for resources. But in wireless ad hoc peer-to-
peer networks, users cooperate – rather than compete – for network
resources.

Thus, as the service gains popularity and the number of user increases,
service likewise improves for all users. And there is also the 80/20 rule.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

With traditional wireless networks, about 80% of the cost is for site
acquisition and installation, and just 20% is for the technology. Rising land
and labor costs means installation costs tend to rise over time, subjecting
the service providers’ business models to some challenging issues in the
out years. With wireless peer-to-peer networking, however, about 80% of
the cost is the technology and only 20% is the installation. Because
technology costs tend to decline over time, a current viable business model
should only become more profitable over time. The devices will get
cheaper, and service providers will reach economies of scale sooner
because they will be able to pass on the infrastructure savings to
consumers, which will further increase the rate of penetration. This new
generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G
systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere,
anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and
services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures,
video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G
infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet
protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they
will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the
developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader
bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will
focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems
and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of
the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies.
Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of
4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be
delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and
support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of
service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into
various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods
of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA,
and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed
information services, and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1
illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G
domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various
networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to
personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to

personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate
With 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital(broadband) broadcasting
systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet.
This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of
systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite
broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL
(wireless local loop) and FWA(fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless
local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the
integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will
be available. These services and models need to be further examined for
their interface with the design of 4G systems.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Fig 2: - 4G Mobile Communication

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4. FEATURES

Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and

Other broadband services
IP based mobile system

High speed, high capacity, and low cost-per-bit

Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services

Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service-driven services

Better scheduling and call-admission-control techniques

Ad-hoc and multi-hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make
Multi-hop network service a difficult problem)
Better spectral efficiency

Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be

All-IP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common network
Technologies, including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and Hyper LAN).

An infrastructure to handle pre-existing 3G systems along with other wireless

technologies, some of which are currently under development.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

5. What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?

A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization

decisions, spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations,
component development, signal processing and switching enhancements
and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G
will materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad, technological
or business - will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. We are
bringing to the attention of professionals in telecommunications industry
following issues and problems that must be analyzed and resolved:

* Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives - The

business visionaries should do some economic modeling before they
start 4G hype on the same lines as 3G hype. They should understand
that 4G data applications like streaming video must compete with very low
cost wire-line applications. The users would pay only delta premium (not a
multiple) formost wireless applications.
* More Coordination among Spectrum Regulators around the World-
Spectrum regulation bodies must get involved in guiding the researchers
by indicating which frequency band might be used for 4G. FCC in USA
must cooperate more actively with International bodies like ITU and
perhaps modify its hands-off policy in guiding the industry. When public
interest, national security interest and economic interest (inter-industry
ala TV versus Telecommunications) are at stake, leadership must come
from regulators. At appropriate time, industry builds its own self-
regulation mechanisms.
* More Academic Research: Universities must spend more effort in
solving fundamental problems in radio communications (especially
multiband and wideband radios, intelligent antennas and signal processing.
* Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques,
switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G.
* A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking: Business
development and technology executives should not bias their business
models by using voice channels as economic determinant for data
applications. Voice has a built-in demand limit - data applications do not.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

* Integration Across Different Network Topologies: Network architects

must base their architecture on hybrid network concepts that integrates
wireless wide area networks, wireless LANS (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE
802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth with
fiber-based Internet backbone. Broadband wireless networks must be a
part of this integrated network architecture.
* Non-disruptive Implementation: 4G must allow us to move from 3G to
4G.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

6.IMPLEMENTATION USING 4G

The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core mobile

networks with a single worldwide core network standard, based on IP for
control, video, packet data, and voice. This will provide uniform video,
voice, and data services to the mobile host, based entirely on IP.

The objective is to offer seamless multimedia services to users accessing an

all IP-based infrastructure through heterogeneous access technologies. IP is
assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and
mobility among networks.

An all IP-based 4G wireless network has inherent advantages over its

predecessors. It is compatible with, and independent of the underlying radio
access technology. An IP wireless network replaces the old Signaling
System 7 (SS7) telecommunications protocol, which is considered massively
redundant. This is because SS7 signal transmission consumes a larger part
of network bandwidth even when there is no signaling traffic for the simple
reason that it uses a call setup mechanism to reserve bandwidth, rather
time/frequency slots in the radio waves. IP networks, on the other hand, are
connectionless and use the slots only when they have data to send. Hence
there is optimum usage of the available bandwidth. Today, wireless
communications are heavily biased toward voice, even though studies
indicate that growth in wireless data traffic is rising exponentially relative to
demand for voice traffic. Because an all IP core layer is easily scalable, it is
ideally suited to meet this challenge. The goal is a merged
data/voice/multimedia network.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

IMPLEMENTATION DAIGRAM OF 4G
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IMPLEMENTATION BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 4G

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7. Architectures in Prospects

7.1 End-to-end Service Architectures for 4G Mobile Systems:-

A characteristic of the transition towards 3G systems and beyond is that

highly integrated telecommunications service suppliers fail to provide
effective economies of scale. This is primarily due to deterioration of
vertical integration scalability with innovation speed up. Thus, the new
rule for success in 4G telecommunications markets will be to
provide one part of the puzzle and to cooperate with other suppliers to
create the complete solutions that end customers require.
A direct consequence of these facts is that a radically new end-to-end
service architecture will emerge during the deployment of 3G mobile
networks and will became prominent as the operating model of choice
for the Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telecommunications Networks.
This novel end-to-end service architecture is inseparable from an equally
radical transformation of the role of the telecommunications network
operator role in the new value chain of end service provision. In fact, 4G
systems will be organized not as monolithic structures deployed by a
single business entity, but rather as a dynamic confederation of
multiple—sometimes cooperating and sometimes competing—servi ce
providers.
End-to-end service architectures should have the following desirable
properties:
• Open service and resource allocation model.
• Open capability negotiation and pricing model .
• Trust management. Mechanisms for managing trust relationships among
clients and service providers, and between service providers, based
on trusted third party monitors.
• Collaborative service constellations.
• Service fault tolerance.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

7.2 Middleware Architecture:-

The service middleware is decomposed into three layers; i.e. user
support layer, service support layer and network support layer. The
criterion for using a layered approach is to reuse the existing
subsystems in the traditional middleware. The user support layer has
autonomous agent aspects that traditional service
middleware lacks. It consists of 4 sub-systems:
‘Personalization’, ‘Adaptation’, ‘Community’ and ‘Coordination’, to
provide mechanisms for context awareness and support for
communities and coordination. Introduction of this functional layer
enables the reduction of unnecessary user interaction with the
system and the provision of user-centric services realized by
applying agent concepts, to support analysis of the current
context, personalization depending on the user’s situation, and
negotiation for service usage.
The middle layer, the service support layer, contains most
functionality of traditional middleware. The bottom layer, the
network layer supports connectivity for all-IP networks. The
dynamic service delivery pattern defines a powerful interaction
model to negotiate the conditions of service delivery by using three
subsystems: ‘Discovery & Advertisement’, ‘Contract Notary’ and
‘Authentication & Authorization’.

7.3 Cellular Multi-hop Communications: Infrastructure-Based

Relay
Network Architecture:-
It is clear that more fundamental enhancements are necessary
for the very ambitious throughput and coverage requirements of
future networks. Towards that end, in addition to advanced
transmission techniques and antenna technologies, some major
modifications in the wireless network architecture itself, which will
enable effective distribution and collection of signals to and from
wireless users, are sought. The integration of “multi-hop” capability
into the conventional wireless networks is perhaps the most
promising architectural upgrade.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

In a Multi-hop network, a signal from a source may reach its

destination in multiple hops (whenever necessary) through the use
of “relays”. Since we are here concerned with infrastructure-based
networks, either the source or destination is a common point in the
network.

Base station (or, access point, in the context of WLANs).The

potential advantage of relaying is that it allows substituting a poor-
quality (due to high path loss) single-hop wireless link with a
composite, two- or more hop, better-quality link whenever
possible. Relaying is not only efficient in eliminating black spots
throughout the coverage region, but more importantly, it may extend
the high data rate coverage range of a single BS; therefore
cost-effective high data rate coverage may be possible through
the augmentation of the relaying capability in conventional
cellular networks.
Advantages:-
• Property owners can install their own access points.
– Spreads infrastructure cost.
• Reduced network access operational cost.
– Backbone access through wireless.
– Wired access through DSL at aggregation points.
• Ad hoc-like characteristics:
– Access points configure into access network.
– Some access points may be moving (bus, train).
• Multi-hop also could reduce costs in heterogeneous 3G networks.
– 802.11 to GPRS for example.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Fig.: - Example of Heterogeneous Network Multihop Architecture

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5.4 Overlay network:-

In this architecture, a user accesses an overlay network consisting of

several universal access points. These UAPs in turn select a
wireless network based on availability, QoS specifications, and user
defined choices. A UAP performs protocol and frequency translation,
content adaptation, and QoS negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users.
The overlay network, rather than the user or device, performs handoffs as
the user moves from one UAP to another. A UAP stores user, network, and
device information, capabilities, and preferences. Because UAPs can keep
track of the various resources a caller uses, this architecture supports single
billing and subscription.
Figure1. Possible 4G wireless network architectures.
(a) A multimode device lets the user, device, or network initiate handoff
between networks without the need for network modification or
interworking devices.
(b) An overlay network—consisting of several universal access points
(UAPs) that store user, network, and device information—performs a
handoff as the user moves from one UAP to another.
(c) A device capable of automatically switching between networks is
possible if wireless networks can support a common protocol to
access a satellite-based network and another protocol for terrestrial
networks.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Fig : -Overlay Networks

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8. A Basic Model for 4G Networks

QoS, security and mobility can be viewed as three different, indispensable
aspects in 4G networks; however all are related to network nodes involving
the controlling or the processing of IP packets for end-to-end flows
between an MN and the CN. I show in this section how we view the 4G
network infrastructure.

Two Planes: Functional Decomposition

Noting that an IP network element (such as a router) comprises of
numerous functional components that cooperate to provide such desired
service (such as, mobility, QoS and/or AAA – Authentication,
Authorization and Accounting), we identify these components in the
SeaSoS architecture into two planes, namely the control plane and the data
plane. Fig. 5 illustrates this method of flexible functional composition
in 4G networks. As we are mainly concerned with network elements
effectively at the network layer, we do not show a whole end-to-end
communication picture through a whole OSI or TCP/IP stack. The
control plane performs control related actions such as AAA, MIP
registration, QoS signaling, installation/maintenance of traffic selectors
and security associations, etc., while the data plane is responsible for data
traffic behaviors (such as classification, scheduling and forwarding) for
end-to-end traffic flows. Some components located in the control plane
interact, through installing and maintaining certain control states for
data plane, with data plane components in some network elements,
such as access routers (ARs), IntServ nodes or DiffServ edge
routers.
However, not all control plane components need to exist in all network
elements, and also not all network elements (e.g., AAA server) are
involved with data plane functionalities. I refer these cases as path-
decoupled control and other cases as path coupled control. We argue the
separation and coordination of control plane and data plane is critical
for seamless mobility with QoS and security support in 4G networks, with
the reasons as follows. Per-flow or per-user level actions occur much less
frequent than per-packet actions, while per-packet actions are part of
critical forwarding behavior, which involves very few control actions
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

(which are typically simply to read and enforce according the install state during
forwarding data). Actually, this separation concept is not new – routing
protocols have the similar abstraction together used with the traditional IP
packet delivery, this abstraction is recently being investigated in the IETF For
CES working group. However, we emphasize the three critical dimensions of
future 4G networks: mobility, QoS and security, as well as other new emerging
or replacement components might appear, integrated into a unified
framework and allowing more extensibility for 4G networks design.

Fig.: - The decomposition of control plane and data plane

functionalities
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

9.TRANSMISSION

An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting

and encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT inverse fast Fourier
transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent
to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this
process. With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receiver can separate and process
each sub-carrier without interference from other sub-carriers. More impervious
to fading and multi-path delays than other wireless transmission techniques,
ODFM provides better link and communication quality.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

OFDM MODULATION
IP NETWORK

TRANSMITTER

RF IFFT
TRANSMITTER

DIAGRAM: OFDM MODULATION

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10. Wireless Technologies Used In 4G

1. OFDM

2. UWB

3. MILLIMETER WIRELESS

4. SMART ANTENNAS

5. LONG TERM POWER PREDICTION

6. SHEDULING AMONG USERS

7. ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND POWER CONTROL

 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

10.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing:

OFDM, a form of multi-carrier modulation, works by dividing the data
stream for transmission at a bandwidth B into N multiple and parallel bit
8streams, spaced B/N apart (Figure ). Each of the parallel bit streams has a
much lower bit rate than the original bit stream, but their summation can
provide very high data rates. N orthogonal sub-carriers modulate the parallel
bit streams, which are then summed prior to transmission.
An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and
encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier
transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is
sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by
reversing this process. With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receiver can separate
and process each sub-carrier without interference from other sub-carriers.
More impervious to fading and multi-path delays than other wireless
transmission techniques, ODFM provides better link and communication
quality.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Fig : :Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing:

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OFDM BANDWIDTH DIVISION

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10.1.1Error Correcting:

4G's error-correction will most likely use some type of concatenated

coding and will provide multiple Quality of Service (QoS) levels.
Forward error-correction (FEC) coding adds redundancy to a transmitted
message through encoding prior to transmission. The advantages of
concatenated coding (Viterbi/Reed-Solomon) over convolution coding
(Viterbi) are enhanced system performance through the combining
of two or more constituent codes (such as a Reed-Solomon and a
convolutional code) into one concatenated code. The combination can
improve error correction or combine error correction with error detection
(useful, for example, for implementing an Automatic Repeat Request if an
error is found). FEC using concatenated coding allows a
communications system to send larger block sizes while reducing bit-
error rates.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

10.2 Ultra Wide Band :

A UWB transmitter spreads its signal over a wide portion of the RF spectrum,
generally 1 GHz wide or more, above 3.1GHz. The FCC has chosen UWB
frequencies to minimize interference to other commonly used equipment, such
as televisions and radios. This frequency range also puts UWB equipment
above the 2.4 GHz range of microwave ovens and modern cordless phones, but
below 802.11a wireless Ethernet, which operates at 5 GHz.
UWB equipment transmits very narrow RF pulses—low power and short
pulse period means the signal, although of wide bandwidth, falls below
the threshold detection of most RF receivers. Traditional RF equipment uses
an RF carrier to transmit a modulated signal in the frequency domain, moving
the signal from a base band to the carrier frequency the transmitter uses.
UWB is "carrier-free", since the technology works by modulating a pulse, on
the order of tens of microwatts, resulting in a waveform occupying a
very wide frequency domain. The wide bandwidth of a UWB signal is a two-
edged sword. The signal is relatively secure against interference and has the
potential for very high-rate wireless broadband access and speed. On the other
hand, the signal also has the potential to interfere with other wireless
transmissions. In addition, the low-power constraints placed on UWB by
the FCC, due to its potential interference with other RF signals, significantly
limits the range of UWB equipment (but still makes it a viable LAN
technology).
One distinct advantage of UWB is its immunity to multi-path distortion and
interference. Multi-path propagation occurs when a transmitted signal takes
different paths when propagating from source to destination. The various
paths are caused by the signal bouncing off objects between the
transmitter and receiver—for example, furniture and walls in a house, or trees
and buildings in an outdoor environment. One part of the signal may go
directly to the receiver while another; deflected part will encounter delay and
take longer to reach the receiver. Multi-path delay causes the information
symbols in the signal to overlap, confusing the receiver—this is
known as inter-symbol interference (ISI). Because the signal's shape
conveys transmitted information, the receiver will make mistakes when
demodulating the information in the signal. For long-enough delays, bit
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Errors in the packet will occur since the receiver can't distinguish the
symbols and correctly interpret the corresponding bits.
The short time-span of UWB waveforms—typically hundreds of
picoseconds to a few nanoseconds—means that delays caused by the
transmitted signal bouncing off objects are much longer than the width of the
original UWB pulse, virtually eliminating ISI from overlapping signals.
This makes UWB technology particularly useful for intra-structure and
mobile communications applications, minimizing S/N reduction and bit
errors.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

10.3 Millimeter Wireless:

Using the millimeter-wave band (above 20 GHz) for wireless

service is particularly interesting, due to the availability in this region
of bandwidth resources committed by the governments of some
countries to unlicensed cellular and other wireless applications. If deployed
in a 4G system, millimeter wireless would constitute only one of several
frequency bands, with the 5 GHz band most likely dominant.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

FIG: MILLI-METER WIRELESS ANTENNA

 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

10.4 Smart Antennas:

A smart antenna system comprises multiple antenna elements with

signal processing to automatically optimize the antennas' radiation
(transmitter) and/or reception (receiver) patterns in response to the signal
environment. One smart-antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows
promise in 4G systems, particularly since the antenna systems at both
transmitter and receiver are usually a limiting factor when attempting to
support increased data rates.
MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) is a smart antenna system where
'smartness' is considered at both transmitter and the receiver. MIMO
represents space-division multiplexing (SDM)—information signals
are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received
on MIMO antennas. Figure 9 shows a general block diagram of a MIMO
system. Some systems may not employ the signal-processing block on the
transmitter side.
Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide
essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the
same frequency band and at the same time. This results in high spectral
efficiencies in a rich scattering environment (high multi-path), since you can
transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously.
Field experiments by several organizations have shown that a MIMO system,
combined with adaptive coding and modulation, interference cancellation,
and beam-forming technologies, can boost useful channel capacity
by at least an order of magnitude.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Fig 8 : Multiple Input Multiple Output

 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

10.5 Long Term Power Prediction:

Channels to different mobile users will fade independently. If the channel
properties of all users in a cell can be predicted a number of milliseconds
ahead, then it would be possible to distribute the transmission load among
the users in an optimal way while fulfilling certain specified constraints on
throughput and delays. The channel time-frequency pattern will depend on
the scattering environment and on the velocity of the moving terminal.
In order to take the advantage the channel variability, we use
OFDM system with spacing between sub-carriers such that no interchannel
interface occurs for the worst case channel scenario (Low coherence
bandwidth).A time-frequency grid constituting of regions of one time slot
and several subcarriers is used such that the channel is fairly constant
over each region. These time-frequency regions are then allocated to the
different users by a scheduling algorithm according to some criterion.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

10.6 Scheduling among Users:

To optimize the system throughput, under specified QoS requirements and
delay constraints, scheduling will be used on different levels:
6.1 Among sectors:-In order to cope with co-channel interference
among neighboring sectors in adjacent cells, time slots are allocated
according to the traffic load in each sector .Information on the traffic
load is exchanged infrequently via an inquiry procedure. In this way the
interference can be minimized and higher capacity be obtained.
After an inquiry to adjacent cells, the involved base stations
determine the allocation of slots to be used by each base station in each
sector. The inquiry process can also include synchronization information to
align the transmission of packets at different base stations to further
enhance performance.
6.2 Among users:-Based on the time slot allocation obtained from
inquiry process, the user scheduler will distribute time-frequency regions
among the users of each sector based on their current channel predictions.
Here different degrees of sophistication can be used to achieve different
transmission goals.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

10.7 Adaptive modulation and power control:

In a fading environment and for a highly loaded system there will almost
exist users with good channel conditions. Regardless of the choice of
criterion, which could be either maximization of system throughput or
equalization to user satisfaction, the modulation format for the scheduled
selected according to the predicted signal to noise and interference ratio
user is by using sufficiently small time-frequency bins the channel can be
made approximately constant within bins. We can thus use a flat fading
AWGN channel assumption. Furthermore since we have already determined
the time slot allocation, via the inquiry process among adjacent cells
described above we may use an aggressive power control scheme, while
keeping the interference on an acceptable level.
For every timeslot, the time-frequency bins in the grid represent separate
channels. For such channels the optimum rate and power allocation for
maximizing the throughput can be calculated under a total average
power constraint. The optimum strategy is to let one user, the one with best
channel, transmit in each of the parallel channels.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

ISSUES:

The first issue deals with optimal choice of access technology, or how to be
best connected. Given that a user may be offered connectivity from more than
one technology at any one time, one has to consider how the terminal and an
overlay network choose the radio access technology suitable for services the
user is accessing.
There are several network technologies available today, which can be viewed
as complementary. For example, WLAN is best suited for high data rate
indoor coverage. GPRS or UMTS, on the other hand, are best suited
formations wide coverage and can be regarded as wide area networks,
providing a higher degree of mobility. Thus a user of the mobile terminal or
the network needs to make the optimal choice of radio access
technology among all those available. A handover algorithm should both
determine which network to connect to as well as when to perform a
handover between the different networks. Ideally, the handover algorithm
would assure that the best overall wireless link is chosen. The network
selection strategy should take into consideration the type of
application being run by the user at the time of handover. This ensures
stability as well as optimal bandwidth for interactive and background
services.

The second issue regards the design of a mobility enabled IP

networking architecture, which contains the functionality to deal with
mobility between access technologies. This includes fast, seamless
vertical (between heterogeneous technologies) handovers (IP micro-
mobility), quality of service (QoS), security and accounting. Real-time
applications in the future will require fast/seamless handovers for smooth
operation.
Mobility in IPv6 is not optimized to take advantage of
specific mechanisms that may be deployed in different administrative
domains. Instead, IPv6 provides mobility in a manner that resembles only
simple portability.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

To enhance Mobility in IPv6, ‘micro-mobility’ protocols (such as Hawaii

[5], Cellular IP [6] and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 [7]) have been
developed for seamless handovers i.e. handover that result in minimal
handover delay, minimal packet loss, and minimal loss of communication
state.

The third issue concerns the adaptation of multimedia transmission

across 4G networks. Indeed multimedia will be a main service feature of
4G networks, and changing radio access networks may in particular result
in drastic changes in the network condition. Thus the framework
for multimedia transmission must be adaptive. In cellular networks such
as UMTS, users compete for scarce and expensive bandwidth.

Variable bit rate services provide a way to ensure service

provisioning at lower costs. In addition the radio environment has dynamics
that renders it difficult to provide a guaranteed network service. This
requires that the services are adaptive and robust against varying radio
conditions.

High variations in the network Quality of Service (QoS) leads to

significant variations of the multimedia quality. The result could sometimes
be unacceptable to the users. Avoiding this requires choosing an adaptive
encoding framework for multimedia transmission. The network should
signal QoS variations to allow the application to be aware in real time of the
network conditions. User interactions will help to ensure personalized
adaptation of the multimedia presentation.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

11.MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Features of mobility management in Ipv6:

128-bit address space provides a sufficiently large number of addresses

High quality support for real-time audio and video transmission, short/ busty
connections of web applications, peer-to-peer applications, etc.

Faster packet delivery, decreased cost of processing – no header checksum at

each relay, fragmentation only at endpoints.

Smooth handoff when the mobile host travels from one subnet to another,
causing a change in its Care-of Address.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

13. Quality of Service (QoS):-

The Internet provides users with diverse and essential quality of

service (QoS), particularly given the increasing demand for a wide
spectrum of network services.
Many services, previously only provided by traditional circuit-
switched networks, can now be provided on the Internet. These
services, depending on their inherent characteristics, require certain
degrees of QoS guarantees. Many technologies are therefore being
developed to enhance the QoS capability of IP networks. Among these
technologies, differentiated services (DiffServ) and MPLS are paving the
way for tomorrow’s QoS services portfolio.
DiffServ is based on a simple model where traffic entering a
network is classified, policed, and possibly conditioned at the edges of
the network, and assigned to different behavior aggregates. Each behavior
aggregate is identified by a single DS code point (DSCP). At the core of
the network, packets are fast forwarded according to the per-hop behavior
(PHB) associated with the DSCP. By assigning traffic of different
classes to different DSCPs, the DiffServ network provides different
forwarding treatments and thus different levels of QoS.
MPLS integrates the label swapping forwarding paradigm with
network layer routing. First, an explicit path, called a label switched path
(LSP), is determined, and established using a signaling protocol. A label
in the packet header, rather than the IP destination address, is then
used for making forwarding decisions in the network. Routers that support
MPLS are called label switched routers (LSRs). The labels can be assigned
to represent routes of various granularities, ranging from as coarse as
the destination network down to the level of each single flow.
Moreover, numerous traffic engineering functions have been
effectively achieved by MPLS. When MPLS is combined with DiffServ
and constraint-based routing, they become powerful and complementary
abstractions for QoS provisioning in IP backbone networks. Supporting
QoS in 4G networks will be a major challenge due to varying bitrates,
channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation, fault-tolerance levels, .

'
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. QoS

support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, user, and network
levels
• Packet-level QoS applies to jitter, throughput, and error rate. Network
resources such as buffer space and access protocol are likely influences.
• Transaction-level QoS describes both the time it takes to complete a
transaction and the packet loss rate. Certain transactions may be time
sensitive, while others cannot tolerate any packet loss.
• Circuit-level QoS includes call blocking for new as well as existing
calls. It depends primarily on a network’s ability to establish and maintain
the end-to-end circuit. Call routing and location management are two
important circuit-level attributes.
• User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type. The new
location may not support the minimum QoS needed, even with adaptive
applications. In a complete wireless solution, the end-to-end
communication between two users will likely involve multiple wireless
networks. Because QoS will vary across different networks, the QoS for
such users will likely be the minimum level these networks support.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

14. Security

Security in 4G networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality,

integrity, and authorization for the access of network connectivity and
QoS resources for the MN’s flows.
Firstly, the MN needs to prove authorization and authenticate itself
while roaming to a new provider’s network. AAA protocols (such as
Radius, COPS or Diameter [10]) provide a framework for such support
especially for control plane functions (including key establishment between
the MN and AR, authenticating the MN with AAA server(s), and
installing security policies in the MN or ARs’ data plane such as encryption,
encryption, and filtering), but they are not well suited for mobility scenarios.
There needs to an efficient, scalable approach to address this. The
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [6], a recently developed IETF
protocol, provides a flexible framework for extensible network access
authentication and potentially could be useful.
Secondly, when QoS is concerned, QoS requests needs to be integrity-
protected, and moreover, before allocating QoS resources for an MN’s flow,
authorization needs to be performed to avoid denial of service attacks. This
requires a hop-by-hop way of dynamic key establishment between QoS-aware
entities to be signaled on. Finally, most security concerns in this paper lie in
network layer functions: although security can also be provided by higher
layers above the network layer.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

15. Applications

1) Application to Admission Control in Cellular Packet Networks:-

Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G

will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and
quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a
multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is
integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile
technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability
and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of
interest to users.
Emerging wireless technologies such as 4G tend to be packet-
switched rather than circuit-switched because the packet-based
architecture allows for better sharing of limited wireless resources.
In a packet network, connections (packet flows) do not require
dedicated circuits for the entire duration of the connection. Unfortunately,
this enhanced flexibility makes it more difficult to effectively control the
admission of connections into the network.

2) 4G in normal life:-
2.1 Traffic Control:-
Beijing is a challenging city for drivers, with or without an
Olympics going on. The growing middle class, and their new-found
ability to purchase automobiles, is increasing the number of passenger
vehicles on the road at a staggering annual rate of 30%. 4G networks can
connect traffic control boxes to intelligent transportation management
systems wirelessly. This would create a traffic grid that could change
light cycle times on demand, e.g., keeping some lights green longer
temporarily to improve traffic flow. It also could make vehicle-based
on-demand “all green” routes for emergency vehicles re sponding to
traffic accidents, reducing the likelihood that those vehicles will
themselves be involved in an accident en route.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence

collected flows one way: from the camera to the command center.
Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command
center back out to the streets. Ambulances and fire trucks facing
congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate
route. Police, stuck in traffic on major thoroughfares, can look
ahead and make a decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on
the main roads or exit to the side roads.

2.2 Sensors on Public Vehicles:-

Putting a chemical-biological-nuclear (CBN) warning sensor on
every government-owned vehicle instantly creates a mobile fleet that
is the equivalent of an army of highly trained dogs. As these vehicles
go about their daily duties of law enforcement, garbage
collection, sewage and water maintenance, etc., municipalities get
the added benefit of early detection of CBN agents. The sensors
on the vehicles can talk to fixed devices mounted on light poles
throughout the area, so positive detection can be reported in real
time. And since 4G networks can include inherent geo-location
without GPS, first responders will know where the vehicle is when it
detects a CBN agent.

3) Security:-
Beijing has already deployed cameras throughout the city and sends
those images back to a central command center for the OLYMPIC
games2008. This is generally done using fiber, which limits where
the cameras can be hung, i.e., no fiber, no camera. 4G networks
allow Beijing to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly. And
instead of having to backhaul every camera, cities can backhaul every
third or fifth or tenth camera, using the other cameras as
router/repeaters.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

16. Conclusion

As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been

made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard.
Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced
worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks
will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of
resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of
implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end
users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to
fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)—a
vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless
network.
Although 4G wireless technology offers higher bit rates and the ability to
roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues
require further research and development. It is not clear if existing 1G and
2G providers would upgrade to 3G or wait for it to evolve into 4G,
completely bypassing 3G. The answer probably lies in the perceived
demand for 3G and the ongoing improvement in 2G networks to meet user
demands until 4G arrives.
 4G TECHNOLOGY 2009

17. References

1.”eMobility Technology Platform Whitepaper”edited by Didier Bourse

(Motorola Labs) and Rahim Tafazolli (University of Surrey, CCSR)
2.”Intuitive Guide to Principle of Communications” copyright 2004 Charan
Langton
3.”Paper on 4g evolution” By Abhijit Hota
4. www.wikipedia.com
5. www.4g.co.uk
6. www.wiley.com
7. www.mobilecomms-technology.com