Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
a) Applicability
i.
ii.
iii.
b) Suitability
i.
ii.
c) Availability
i.
ii.
iii.
Availability of material.
Reliable source.
Cost of the material.
d) Fabricability
i.
ii.
iii.
Thermomechanical processing.
Ability to be fabricated from material.
Quality assurance and quality control.
e) Economics
i.
f)
The best material for the construction of the reactor is a high alloy stainless steel.
Cast iron is not a particularly strong or tough structural material according
to Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook 2 page 28-29 and is not suitable for the
conditions in the reactor because the reactor operates at 375 psia and 435 oF.
Carbon steel can not be used because according to Table 12-2 in Plant Design and
Economics for Chemical Engineers1, hydrogen is not compatible with carbon steel.
Several other alloys such as a nickel-based alloy could be used for the materials and
conditions, but would not be the most economic materials. High-alloy stainless
steel is the best material for construction of the reactor
Corrosion resistance
The stainless steel has resistance towards atmospheric and oure water
environment especially in the lower alloy grade. It also has a high
resistance towards wide range of environments and temperatures. Ion
any problem of the reactor operational environment there will no
presence of inter-granular corrosion or inter-granular stress.( Folkhard,
E. 1987 )
Steel
Steel is made up mainly from an iron with a carbon content of 0.2% to 2.1%
by weight. The production of steel are fro, carbon and other alloying metal
such as tungsten, chromium, and manganese. The properties of the steel
that is produces are affected by the proportions and forms in which these
elements are used.
Properties of steel
1. Tensile strength
The tensile strength which means the amount of stress that a
substance can take before it structurally deformed. For steel, the
tensile strength is comparatively high and thus it has a high fracture
resistance and breakage. This can be a key point for a structural
building.
2. Ductility
http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teachingresources/architectural-teaching-resource/history/the-history-of-iron-and-steel/theproperties-of-cast-iron-wrought-iron-and-steel
Aluminium
The principal ore of aluminium is bauxite which is produced by the
weathering of the aluminium silicate rocks. Aluminium has a characteristics
of soft and lightweight. It is also a low strength metal and can easily be cast,
forged and machined, formed, and welded. It is suitable only in low
temperature applications. This can be excepted when it is alloyed with
specific elements.
Aluminium can be used as a deoxidizer and also can act as a alloying agent.
For example, torque converter pump housings, aircraft structures, electrical
transmission lines are made of aluminium. Aluminium has a limitation that it
should be used at a low temperatures application.
Cast iron
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It has good compressive strength but
relatively poor tensile strength. Because of the impurities in cast iron and its
crystalline structure, although it is a strong material in compression, it is
weak in tension and is very brittle. As a result when it failed it did so in an
explosive manner with little warning.
The casting process enables the production of complex shapes. Because it is
produced by casting, for example it is made by pouring into a mould, thus it
is well suited to the production of intricate shapes, both structural and
decorative. For structural use, cast iron was best suited to elements where
the predominant load caused compression; and so was most commonly used
for columns.
It cannot be forged. Cast iron is worked by melting to a liquid and pouring in
molds, then by sawing, filing, machining (chip making methods). The
stiffness and dampening properties of cast iron make it an excellent material
for machine tool frames and parts.
Brittleness
Cast iron is very brittle. The relatively high carbon content which is within 2
to 5 percent which means that the formation of cast iron is that it is hardens
with a crystalline structure that breaks easily. It also cannot be wrought that
means it cannot be beaten into different forms even though when heated.
Tensile strength
The tensile strength is the measure for how much the pulling strain within a
material can withstand. As for the cast iron, the tensile strength is low.
Compression strength
This generally means that the measure of the amount of pressure that the
material can take before it fails. For cast iron, the compression strength is
high. Thus, this make the cast iron useful for construction.
Corrosion Resistance
The cast iron has a very low resistance towards corrosion. When first
manufactured it has a protective film on the surface, which initially increases
its resistance to corrosion. This film cannot be relied upon in the long term,
however. When exposed to air and moisture cast iron rapidly oxidizes (reacts
with oxygen in the air), producing the familiar red-brown iron oxide known as
rust.
References:
http://www.ehow.com/list_7622626_characteristics-cast-iron.html
http://www.gcsescience.com/ex22.htm