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Differentialequationsofmotion
TheNavierStokesequations
Newtonssecondlawofmotionstatesthattherateofchangeofmomentumofanelementoffluid
isequaltothenetforceactingonthefluid
Consideradifferentialelementofflowingfluid.LetthefluidbeNewtonian(viscosityisconstantfor
constant T) and incompressible (density is constant for constant T). In a rectangular coordinate
system,theelementmaybecharacterisedbylengthx,heightyanddepthz.ByNewtonssecond
law,thechangeofmomentumofthatelementinthexdirectionwithtimecanbedescribedby
Itcanbeshownthatthismaybeexpressedmathematicallyas
2u 2u 2u
u x
u
u
u
P
+ u x x + u y x + u z x =
+ 2x + 2x + 2x + g x .............(66)
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
WheretheLHSisthedifferentialchangeinmomentumoftheelementinthexdirection.Thefirst
termontheRHSisduetodifferencesofpressureupstreamanddownstream(inthexdirection)of
theelement;thesecondtermisduetoshearstressesactingonthesurfacesoftheelementinthex
direction,andthefinaltermisduetotheforceofgravityontheelement.
Similar balances can be written for the y and zdirections to give a complete set of differential
equationsinrectangularcoordinates:
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
Inrectangularcoordinates
xcomponent
u x
u
u
u
+ ux x + uy x + uz x
x
y
z
t
2u
2u x 2u x
P
=
+ 2x +
+ 2
x
y 2
z
+ g x
2u y 2u y 2u y
u y
u y
u y
u y
P
=
+ ux
+ uy
+ uz
+ 2 +
+
x
x
y
z
y
y 2
z 2
t
+ g y
2u
u z
u
u
u
2u z 2u z
P
+ u x z + u y z + u z z =
+ 2z +
+
x
y
z
z
y 2
z 2
t
x
+ g z
ycomponent
zcomponent
These are the differential equations of motion, or the NavierStokes equations that describe the
changesinvelocity(directionandmagnitude)ofapackageofincompressiblefluidasaresultofthe
forcesactingonthatfluid.
Thesemayalsobewrittenincylindricalcoordinates:
Incylindricalcoordinates
u r
rcomponent
+ ur
2
u
u r u u r u
P
+ uz r =
+
z
r
r
r
r
1
u
2u
2u
+
(ru r ) + 12 2r 22 + 2z
z
r
r
r r r
+ g r
u
u u
uu
u
1 P
u
+ ur + r + u z =
r
r
r
r
z
t
component
2
2
1
(ru ) + 12 u2 22 u r + u2
+
r
z
r
r r r
+ g
u u u
u
P
u z
+ ur z + + u z z =
r
z
r
z
t
2
2
1 u z 1 u z u z
+ 2 + g z
+
r
+ 2
2
z
r r r r
zcomponent
There are no general solutions to the NavierStokes equations. However, it is possible to reduce
these equations to forms that can be handled manually by identifying which of the terms in the
aboveexpressionsarenegligibleandcanbeeliminated.
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
Thefullsetofequationscanonlybeusedbyfiniteelementcomputingprogrammes(computational
fluiddynamics)thatareusedforpredictingfluiddynamicsincomplicatedgeometries.
BoundaryConditions
Boundaryconditionsareneededtosolvedifferentialequationsinfluidflow.
Anumberofcommonlyusedboundaryconditionsareincludedbelow:
1. Thevelocityofafluidparticleincontactwithaboundaryatrestiszero.
2. Thevelocityofafluidparticleincontactwithamovingboundaryisthesameasthevelocity
ofthemovingboundary.
3. Fortwoimmiscibleliquidsflowingthroughapipe:
a. the fluids particles have a common velocity at the liquidliquid interface; ie
vliquid 1 = vliquid
b. thefluidsparticleshaveacommonmomentumfluxperpendiculartothesurface;ie
liquid 1
where
dv1
dv
= liquid 2 2
dx
dx attheinterface
liquid1istheviscosityofliquid1andliquid2istheviscosityofliquid2
v1isthevelocitydistributionforliquid1
v2isthevelocitydistributionforliquid2
isthevelocitygradientinxdirection(itcanbeinydirection,rdirection,
,etcdependingonthesystemofcoordinates)
4. Atliquidgasinterfacesthemomentumflux(hencethevelocitygradient)intheliquidphase
isverynearlyzeroandcanbeassumedtobezeroinmostcalculations.
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
ApplicationsofNavierStokesequations
1.SteadyLaminarflowbetweenfixedparallelplates(infiniteplates)
Considerlaminarflowbetweentwohorizontalinfiniteparallelplatesasshowninthefigurebelow
Ux
TheflowisinthexdirectionandwethereforeneedthexcomponentoftheNavierStokesequations
i.e.
2u
2u x 2u x
u x
u
u
u
P
+ 2x +
+
+ u x x + u y x + u z x =
x
x
y
z
y 2
z 2
t
x
+ g x
Simplifications
Therearenoflowsintheyandzdirectionsandthereforethereisnovelocityintheyandz
directions.I.e.uyanduz=0.
Thereisnochangeinvelocityalongthexaxis(uniformflow)i.e.
Thereisnovariationofuxinthezdirection.I.e.
theflowissteadystatei.e
Theplatesarehorizontalandthereforethereisnoeffectofgravity.I.e.
0,butux=f(y)
0.
0
ReducetheNavierstokesequationbyapplyingtheaboveconditions:
0=
2u
P
+ 2x
x
y
2u x
P
or
2
=
y
x
Thevelocityuxisafunctionofonlyy(i.e.ux=f(y))andtherefore.
i.e
whichcannowbeintegratedtoobtain
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
i.e.
WhereC1isaconstantofintegration.
Furtherintegrationyields
i.e.
WhereC2isaconstantofintegration.
(Note:inthiscase isregardedasconstantforintegrationsincetheintegrationiswithrespecttoy
directionandPisnotafunctionofy.)
C1andC2canbedeterminedwiththehelpoftheboundaryconditions.
Thetwoplatesarefixed;
Aty=+h;ux=0;
Thus,
C1=0and
Aty=h;ux=0;
Therefore
andthevelocityprofileisparabolic.
VolumetricflowrateQ
Thevolumetricflowrate,Qbetweenthetwoparallelplates (foraunitwidthinthezdirection) is
obtainedfromtherelationship
(=velocitycrosssectionalarea[=]m3/s)
(foraunitwidth)
Therefore
Thepressuregradientisnegativeasthepressuredecreasesinthedirectionofflow.
Ifwemaketheapproximation
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
Then
Thevolumetricflowrateisdirectlyproportionaltothepressuregradient,inverselyproportionalto
theviscosityandstronglydependentonthedistancebetweentheplates.
Averagevelocity,uave
For a unit depth between the plates i.e.
1, the overall volumetric flow may be described by
Q=crosssectionalareaaveragevelocity
i.e.
2 1
Thereforetheaveragevelocitycanbedescribedby
Themaximumvelocity,umax
Themaximumvelocityumaxoccursmidway(i.e.aty=o)betweenthetwoplates.
i.econsidertheoriginalequationforux.
Wheny=0,
Notethatwecancalculatedirectlytherelationshipbetweenumaxanduave:i.e.
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
ConsidersteadylaminarflowofanincompressibleNewtonianfluidinacircularpipe:
TheflowisinthezdirectionandwethereforeneedthezcomponentoftheNavierStokesequations
incylindricalcoordinatesi.e.
u u
u
u
u z
+ ur z +
+ uz z
r
r
z
t
1 u z
P
+
=
r
z
r r r
2
2
1 uz uz
+
+
2
2
z 2
r
+ g z
Simplifications
Thereisnoflowsintherdirectionandnoflowaroundthepipeaxis(direction);therefore
0
0
Thereisnochangeinvelocityalongthezaxis(uniformflow)i.e.
Thereisnovariationofuzinthedirection.I.e.
Theflowissteadystatei.e
Thepipeishorizontalandthereforethereisnoeffectofgravity.I.e.
0,butuz=f(r)
0.
0
ReducetheNavierstokesequationbyapplyingtheaboveconditions:
Theequationreducesto
Thevelocityuzisafunctionofonlyr(i.e.uz=f(r))andtherefore
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
Sotheequationbecomes
Or
Thismaybeintegratedtoobtain
Settingr=0,itcanbeseenthatC1+0=0,orC1=0;
Therefore
Andintegratingforasecondtimegives
Theboundaryconditionforthisproblemisthatatr=R,uz=0(i.e.noslipatthewalls)
Thus
Gives
Andfinally
Thepressuregradientisnegativeasthepressuredecreasesinthedirectionofflow.
Asbefore,Ifwemaketheapproximation
Then
i.e.,thevelocityprofileisparabolic
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ENCH3FM:NavierStokesequations
Themaximumvelocity(umax)
Fromthevelocityprofile,thevelocityismaximumwhenr=0
i.e
Thevolumetricflowrate,Q
Asbefore,thevolumetricflowrateis
Thereforeintegratingwithrespecttorandgives
Integratingwrt:
Integratingbypartsgives
Thusthesolutionis
Which is the HagenPoiseuille equation for laminar flow in a circular pipe, which was originally
determinedusinganenergybalance(equation15).Clearlythetwoapproachesareequivalent.
Meanvelocity,uave
Meanvelocity,uaveisgivenbyQ/Area,i.e.
Thus
1
8
In this case, it can be seen that the volumetric average velocity uave is exactly the maximum
velocity(umax).
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