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Riza, L. S.
Widita C. K.
lala_s_riza@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, natural gas plays an important role as a source of clean
energy. The addition of gas consumption generally will require the
new design and construction of gas pipelines. In this regard, the
pipe diameter optimization process by considering the technical
specifications is a must. Using the obtained optimum gas
pipelines diameter, the investment cost and gas operations can be
minimized. Gas distribution pipeline network consists of nodes
that represent points of consumers and suppliers connected by a
pipe. Assuming the gas flow in a steady state, pipe networks are
modeled into a nonlinear equation system from gas flow equations
in the pipe. This model system solved by Genetic Algorithm to
obtain the optimum gas pipelines diameter with an investment
cost of the pipe system as an objective function and specification
of pressure on a node as a constraint. The optimization process is
optimization of pipe specifications which available on the market
(ANSI / ASME) with 64 kinds of diameter with range from 3 to
16 inch. At the end of the paper, a case study the optimization of
gas pipe diameter in the region X is presented. From these case
studies can be concluded that the Genetic Algorithm can
determine the optimum pipe diameter which gives the lowest
investment costs while still consistent to the technical
specifications that have been determined.
General Terms
Algorithms, Economics, Design.
Keywords
chasanah.k.widita
@gmail.com
Haryadi, F.
Research Consortium
OPPINET
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung
+62 22 2508126
fb_haryadi@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Currently, natural gas plays an important role in providing clean
energy for the community. With the increasing gas demand,
network development required a new gas pipeline to meet the
needs of consumers and to connect the dots of new customers. To
perform the design and construction or expansion of gas
distribution pipelines, pipe diameter optimization process must be
done to minimize the investment cost. On the other hand, the gas
company also has a responsibility to meet the needs of consumers
with gas to the pressure and flow rates that have been agreed in
the contract. Therefore, the optimization is an optimization
performed with specific limitations for pressure and flow rate that
has been agreed in the contract.
This study focused on determining optimum pipe diameter and
pressure distribution which gives the pipes minimum investment
cost, and also perform economics calculations model (consisting
of investment costs, coating costs, installation costs and
operational costs of pipes). Optimization pipe diameter must also
consider the balance of the pressure distribution on the pipeline.
Gas distribution pipeline network is modeled as the pipes that
connect some point the gas supplier to the consumer points
assuming the gas flow in a steady state.
The system model which used to represent the gas distribution
system is a method of balancing the gas flow in the pipe. Stoner
[1] was the first time using this model for large networks. Stoner
proposed steady state model written from the substituted gas
correlation into the flow balance model, thus the nonlinear
equation system is obtained. Then the nonlinear equation system
will be solved by Genetic Algorithm [2], [3]. Diameter
optimization with Genetic Algorithm based on the specifications
of pipe which is available on the market and the allowed pressure
distribution (ANSI / ASME [4]). After getting the optimum pipe
diameter, the economic model i.e. investment costs, coating costs,
installation costs, and operational pipe costs will be calculated.
2. METHODOLOGY
The problems solved step by step follows the flowchart below.
Qij =S ij
0.5394
(1)
with Qij is the flow rate of gas in the pipe which connecting nodes
i and j. Pi and Pj are the pressure at node i and node j, respectively.
C is a constant correlation. To simplify the problem, it is assumed
that all segments of the pipe work in conditions of T = 60, G = 0.6
and E = 0.92. Thus Panhandle A correlation can be simplified to:
Qij =
K D ij
2.6182
0.5394
( P2i P2j )
Lij
(2)
0.5394
with K = 8.2634*10-4.
Flow balancing model is built by applying the analogy of
Kirchhoff's law in electricity, so for a point m, the continuity
equation obtained as follows[4]:
f m=Q jm Qmk + Q N m =0
(3)
CIPij =
(4)
With the cost of investment CIPij pipe, outside diameter ODij, tij is
the wall thickness of the pipe between nodes i and j, and Cpipe is
pipe cost per ton. Total cost of investment in the whole system of
pipes is as follows.
10.68
CIPtotal=
i , j;i j
(5)
2000
Lij is the length of the pipe between nodes i and j which already
known.
In addition, another economies models calculated by the
following formula.
C coat
i , j ;i j
Lij
(6)
Figure 2. Flowchart of Genetic Algorithm
.
The basic steps in a Genetic Algorithm are [8]:
Cinst
i , j ;i j
Lij Dij
1.
(7)
2000
subject to
F ( x )=f ( x )=0,
(10)
where ,f ( x )= f 21 ( x ) + f 22 ( x ) ++ f 2n ( x )
Fitness evaluation
Best individuals
START
Selection
Generate
new
population
Crossover
Mutation
END
b)
Table 1. Data inputs for pressure and flow rate on the network
c)
Fitness function.
Fitness function is formulated as follows.
No.
1
Node
S1
Pressure
(psia)
255
Flow Rate
(MMscfd)
45.882
J01
Unknown
D7
247
-1.235
J6
Unknown
D8
240
-0.832
J7
Unknown
D9
221
-2.369
D10
-16.209
After the best individual which has the lowest fitness in step c
has been gotten, the total cost will be calculated. Then, the result
is sorted in ascending order. The lowest of total cost will be saved
as the best individual on population for the next iteration. This
process will be conducted until the maximum generation.
J1
196
Unknown
10
J4
Unknown
2
2
2
n
(11)
3. CASE STUDY
In this paper, a developed model tested in the case of the X region
with a network schematically as shown below.
11
D5
250
-1.644
12
D6
245
-1.273
13
J02
Unknown
14
D1
245
-6.284
15
J2
Unknown
16
D2
228
-8.502
17
D3
225
-3.542
18
D4
230
-3.994
Node S1 is the point of suppliers, while nodes D1, D2, D3, D4,
D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10 are the point of demand, and nodes J01,
J02, J1, J2, J4, J6, J7 are the points of junction. Pressure data and
flow rate can be seen in the table below.
The optimum size of the pipe diameter at each segment in the
network will be determined, also the pressures at junction J01, J6,
J7, J1, J4, J02, J2 and 10 will be determined. The pressures on the
other nodes have been determined (according to the contract).
Pressure data and flow rate at each node can be seen in the
following table.
To node
Distance (mile)
S1
J01
1.0501
J01
D7
0.1242
J01
J6
1.6606
J6
D8
0.15152
J6
J7
2.3306
J7
D9
0.3126
J7
D10
4.7249
S1
J1
0.57778
J1
J4
1.3823
J4
D5
0.28243
J4
D6
4.5863
J1
J02
0.65143
J02
D1
0.1242
J02
J2
2.3176
J2
D2
0.1242
J2
D4
1.1177
J2
D3
0.5589
= US$ 2500/ton
- Coating cost
= US$ 10/meter
- Installation cost
= US$ 20/inch/meter
Item of cost
Cost (US$)
1
2
3
4
Investment
Coating
Installation
Operation
2,965,132.42
396,032.68
5,733,666.24
1,344,466.04
10,439,297.38
Population = 50
Persen_crossover = 90%
Persen_mutation = 1%
Max_generation = 3.000.
Total cost
Node
Pressure (psia)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
J01
J6
J7
J1
J4
J02
J2
246.6
234.2
219.3
249.6
248.5
244.2
234.3
Rate
(Psia)
(MMscfd)
J01
246.569
J6
234.162
J7
219.309
J1
249.578
J02
244.221
J2
234.324
J4
248.506
S1
255
45.884
D10
193.628
-16.209
10
D9
219.147
-2.369
11
D8
234.076
-0.832
12
D7
246.549
-1.235
13
D6
243.064
-1.273
14
D5
248.426
-1.644
15
D1
243.851
-6.284
Node Name
S1
J01
Inside
Diameter
(inch)
7.9
J01
D7
6,065
0.28
J01
J6
7.9
0.344
J6
D8
4.062
0.219
J6
J7
8.125
0.25
J7
D9
6.249
0.188
J7
D10
8.125
0.25
S1
J1
8.249
0.188
J1
J4
6.065
0.28
J4
D5
6.001
0.312
J4
D6
4.062
0.219
J1
J02
8.125
0.25
J02
D1
6.187
0.219
J02
J2
8.249
0.188
16
D3
229.99
-3.542
J2
D2
4.124
0.188
17
D4
232.661
-3.994
J2
D4
6.065
0.28
18
D2
229.439
-8.502
J2
D3
4.124
0.188
From Node
To Node
Wall
Thickness
(inch)
0.344
Pressure
No
The main interface of the software which has been resulted based
on the model is as follow.
6. REFERENCES
[1]. Stoner, M.A. 1969. Steady-State Analysis of Gas
[2].
[3].
[4].
Figure 2. The main interface of the optimization software
[5]
4. CONCLUSION
Simple Genetic Algorithm can be helpful in finding an optimal
inside diameter. The optimal inside diameter gives a minimum
cost by considering the technical specifications (the pressure given
by user). To give more satisfying result, the optimal inside
diameter should be checked by software for calculating pressure
distribution (balancing system software).
[6].
[7].
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our thanks to RC-OPPINETITB Team for everything to make
the research could be done.