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Prepared by:
Lorraine Bagol
Anecita Micutuan
Jomelle Faith Timbal
LETS DIFFERENTIATE!
Crowds Research focuses on the formation of crowds, their shape and
structure, their movement and control.
Crowding Research focuses on the psychological stress of a person
caused by his/her experience of the number of other people around.
Density objective measure of the number of individuals per unit area.
Perceived density individuals estimate of the density in a place,
accurate or not.
Affective density emotional response to a high perceived density.
When affective density is negative, it leads to crowding.
Functional density occurs when affective density is positive.
Proximity the number and nearness of people in a setting.
INFLUENCES ON CROWDING
1. PERSONAL INFLUENCES:
2. SOCIAL INFLUENCES:
The presence and behaviour of others - Crowding may or may
not be intensified by high density; it depends on what those
others are doing.
Interpersonal Similarity - Similarities of attitudes among those
who you must share space reduce crowding.
The Provision of information - Crowding is also affected by the
amount and type of info one is given before & during a highdensity experience.
3. PHYSICAL INFLUENCES:
Aggression - high density, especially for males and especially over a longterm exposure, increases aggression.
- Men may feel more aggressive in short term exposure to high
density, but they are socialized not to express it directly. Men in longer
term, high-density situations, such as convicts, are more likely to act
aggressively.
DISLIKE AND HOSTILITY - when high density is undesirable (it was not our
choice or it occurs in an unpleasant place or it occurs for an extended
period), social outcomes are generally negative - others in the situation seem
less attractive or people act more hostile.
SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL - individuals subjected to high density often respond by
withdrawing from social interaction.
HUMOR - humor appreciation may be enhanced in high density settings either
by contagion effect or by tension release.
THEORIES OF CROWDING
ANTECEDENTS what triggers crowding?
1. PERSONAL - Most crowding theories acknowledge that individual differences
play a role in crowding.
2. SOCIAL - A leading cause of crowding is too many others around.
3. PHYSICAL - resource shortage is emphasized as a key element of crowding.
Physical resources can mean crayons in preschool, tools in a shop, computers in
an office, or books in a classroom.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES how does crowding affect us
psychologically?
Personal Control overall ability of self to control the situation is limited or
non-existent when experiencing crowding. There are 3 forms of personal
control:
Cognitive control information about situation imparts a sense of cognitive
control.
Behavioral control ability (or lack of it) to act toward a goal.
Decisional control amount of choice available in a setting.
If we are able to attain one or more of these forms of personal control, crowding
stress will be reduced.
CONSEQUENCES what are the consequences of crowding?
1. Physiological Consequences - Inescapable high density, such that
experienced in an overpopulated prison, can lead to heightened blood pressure,
illness, and other biochemical changes.