PAPER 1: K. Ganesan, K. Rajagopal & K.

Thangavel, Evaluation of bagasse ash as

supplementary cementitious material, Cement & Concrete Composites,
ELSEVIER, pp. 515524, 2007.
Grade of Concrete:

M25 with Water Binding Ratio: 0.53

Grade of Cement Mortar:

1:3
Portland Cement, BA, River Sand, Coarse
Aggregate (Crushed Granite) & Water.

Main Ingredients:

Cement replaced by BA with replacement

5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% & 30%.
level:
Consistency Test, Setting Test & Compressive
Test Conducted on Cement Mortar:
Strength Test at 7 & 28 days.
Compressive strength increases with BA up to
10% and then at 20% BA the compressive
Compressive Strength at 7 & 28 days:
strength of mortar attains the equivalent value
as observed for control mortar.
Optimum limit of replacement:
20% replacement of BA to OPC.
12 numbers of 100mm side cubes for
Compressive Strength, 3 numbers of 150mm
Numbers of Cube casted:
diameter and 300mm long cylinders for Split
Tensile Strength.
Slump Test; Compressive Test & Split Tensile
Different test conducted on Concrete:
Test at 7, 14, 28 & 90 days; Water Absorption
at 28 & 90 days.
Optimum limit of replacement:
20% replacement of BA to OPC.
Slump:
Increased upto 10% replacement level.
Compressive Strength increases with BA up
Compressive Strength at 7, 14, 28 & 90 to 10% and then at 20% BA, the compressive
days:
strength of concrete attains equivalent values
as that of control concrete specimens.
Split Tensile Strength increases up to 20% of
Split Tensile Strength at 28 days:
BA and then at 25% and 30% of BA, the
value decreases.
Water Absorption at 28 days curing the
percentage of water absorption increases with
Water Absorption at 7 & 28 days:
BA content. The percentage of water
absorption values reduced considerably (50%)
after 90 days curing.

PAPER 2: H. S. Otuoze1, Y. D. Amartey, B. H. Sada, H. A. Ahmed, M. I. Sanni & M. A.

Suleiman CHARACTERIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AND

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT BLENDS IN CONCRETE, West Africa
Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference, Nigeria, 1231-1237, July 2012.
Grade of Concrete used:
Main Ingredients:

M15
OPC, SCB, River Sand, Coarse Aggregate &

Water.
Water / Cement Ratio & Cement replaced Water/Cement ratios of 0.60, 0.65 and 0.70
by SCB with replacement level:

respectively for 0 to 10%, 15 to 25% and 30 to

Numbers of Cube casted:

40% SCBA.
108 specimens in all, each measuring 100mm
x 100mm x 100mm were cast and cured for 7,

Test conducted on Hardened Concrete:

Optimum limit of replacement:

14, 21 and 28days.

Compressive Test at 7, 14, 21 & 28 days.
10% with water cement ratio 0.60. Higher
blends of 15% and up to 35% of SCB with
OPC are acceptable for plane or mass

Compressive strength 7, 14, 21 & 28 days:

concrete.
Increasing trend of strength development as
the curing age progressed for all SCB
proportions used.
As
SCB
proportion

increased,

the

compressive strength decreased.

PAPER 3: G.C. Cordeiro, R.D. Toledo Filho, L.M. Tavares & E.M.R. Fairbairn
POZZOLANIC ACTIVITY AND FILLER EFFECT OF SUGAR CANE
BAGASSE ASH IN PORTLAND CEMENT AND LIME MORTARS, Cement &
Concrete Composites, ELSEVIER, pp. 410418, 2008.
Proportion of Mortar:
Main Ingredients:

1:3 By Weight.
Portland Cement, SCBA, Quartz Sand, &
Water.

Different Types of SCBA

As-received SCBA is denominated SCBA

AR.
Vibratory ground SCBA are named SCBA-V-

t
The reference mortar composed of Portland

cement, sand and water, is named MPC.

Water / Cementitious Ratio & Cement Water/Cementitious
ratios
of
0.52
replacement level:

respectively for 35% in volume of the

Portland cement was replaced by the

Numbers of Cube casted:

pozzolanic material.
96 specimens of cylinders of 50 mm diameter
and 100 mm height were cast and cured for

Test conducted on Mortar:

7, 14 and 28days.
Compressive strength at 7, 14 & 28 days.
Compressive strengths of mortars prepared
using SCBA. As expected, strengths increase
with both curing and grinding time for all

Compressive Strength at 7, 14 & 28 days:

mixtures. However, the replacement of

cement by SCBA results in a decrease in
compressive strength, compared to the MPC
(reference mortar).

PAPER 4: Nuntachai Chusilp, Napongsatorn Likhitsripaiboon & Chai Jaturapitakkul,

DEVELOPMENT OF BAGASSE ASH AS A POZZOLANIC MATERIAL IN
CONCRETE, Asian Journal on Energy and Environment (AJEE), ISSN 1513-4121,
Volume 03, Issue No. 10, Pg. No.: 149-159, August 2009.
Proportion of Mortar:
Main Ingredients:

Source of Bagasse Ash:

Cement replaced by Sugarcane Bagasse

Ash with replacement level:
Test conducted on Mortar:

1:2.75 By Weight.
Portland Cement Type-1, Bagasse Ash, Sand
& Tap Water.
Collected from three different places and
distributed in Original Bagasse Ash (OBM,
OBK & OBT), Grinded Bagasse Ash (CBM,
CBK & CBT) & further grinded Ground
Bagasse Ash (GBM, GBK & GBM).
10%, 20%, 30% & 40%.
Normal Consistency Test, Initial & Final

setting time, Flow Table Test & Compressive

strength.
Depending on fineness of Bagasse ash we
could select the maximum level.
Higher than Normal Paste.
The initial setting time was decreased when
ground bagasse ash was used in the mixture.
While GBM paste had longer initial setting
time than the control paste, GBK and GBT
pastes had shorter setting time paste. The final
setting time was found to have the same
phenomenon as that of initial setting time and
all mixtures had final setting time longer than
the control paste.
All of the mortars containing original bagasse
ash (OBM, OBK, and OBT) had compressive
strength lower than that of control mortar.
Mortar containing ground bagasse ash (CBM,
CBK and CBT) at 10% replacement had
compressive strength higher than the control
mortar at 90 days.
At 90 days, mortar containing ground ash
(GBT) at 40% replacement still had a
compressive strength higher than the control
mortar.

Maximum limit of replacement:

Normal Consistency:

Initial & Final Setting Time:

Compressive Strength:

PAPER 5: Hwang Chao-Lung, Bui Le Anh-Tuan, Chen Chun-Tsun, EFFECT OF RICE

HUSK ASH ON THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS
OF CONCRETE, Construction and Building Materials, ELSEVIER, pp. 37683772, 2011.
Grade of Concrete used:

M30 & M60.

Portland
Cement,

Main Ingredients:

Superplasticizer

Natural

RHA,
Sand,

Type-G
Crushed

Coarse Aggregate & Tap Water.

Water / Cement Ratio & Cement replaced Water/Cement ratios of 0.23, 0.35 and 0.47
by RHA with replacement level:

respectively for 10%, 10 to 30% and 10%

Size of Cylinder casted:

RHA.
Cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm

Different

test

conducted

on

height were cast for Compressive Strength.

Fresh Slump test.

Concrete:
Different test conducted on Hardened Compressive Test at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 & 91
Concrete:
Maximum limit of replacement:

days.
10%.
To attain the desired slump, the concretes
containing RHA required higher water

Slump Test:

content & high amount of SP than those

containing only Portland cement.
Although ground RHA presents high carbon
content, the experiments in the current study
found that compressive strengths of the

Compressive Strength:

compounds and the reference were similar

after 28 days, which indicates a possible use
of the ground RHA as a partial Portland
cement substitute.

PAPER 6: C. Marthong, EFFECT OF RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) AS PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES, International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Volume
1, Issue No. 6, August 2012.
Grade of Concrete used
Water / Cement Ratio
Main Ingredients
Cement replaced by Rice Husk Ash with
replacement level:

Numbers of Cube casted

Test Conducted to Cement

Different test conducted on Mortar
Different test conducted on Fresh Concrete

M30
0.38
OPC 33, 43 & 53 Grade, SCBA, River Sand,
Coarse Aggregate & Water.
10%, 20%, 30% & 40%.
18 cubes of sizes 150x150x150 mm were cast
per variety of sample per each grades of
cement.
2 un-reinforced beams of sizes 150
x150x1000 mm per each grade of cement
were cast.
Six mortar cubes of 50x50x50 mm were cast
per variety of the sample and per each grades
of cement.
Consistency Test, Soundness Test & Setting
Test.
Durability test i.e. Sulphate Resistance Test
after 28 days.
Compaction factor test & Slump Cone test.

Different test conducted on Hardened

Concrete
Maximum limit of replacement
Compressive Strength
Slump & Compaction Factor
Shrinkage
Water Absorption
Durability

Water Absorption Test, Compressive Strength

Test at 7, 28, 56 & 90 days.
Shrinkage Test after 28 days.
10%.
Test results indicate that RHA concrete can
attain the same order of strength as
conventional concrete at longer curing
periods.
Decreased upon the inclusion of RHA as
partial replacement of OPC.
Similar to the pure cement concrete in all
grades of OPC.
Water absorption of RHA concrete up to 20%
replacement decreased with the increased in
grades of OPC.
Slightly improves the durability when
exposed to sulphate environment. However,
RHA with 53 grades OPC seems to be better.

PAPER 7: P. Chindaprasirt & S. Rukzon, STRENGTH, POROSITY AND CORROSION

RESISTANCE OF TERNARY BLEND PORTLAND CEMENT, RICE HUSK
ASH AND FLY ASH MORTAR, Construction and Building Materials, ELSEVIER,
pp. 16011606, 2008.
Proportion of Mortar:
1:2.75 By Weight, Water/Binding ratio 0.50.
Main Ingredients:
OPC, RHA, Fly Ash, River Sand, & Water.
Cement replaced by RHA & Fly Ash with 10%, 20% & 40%.
replacement level:
Size of Cube casted:

Cube specimen of size 50 x 50 x 50 mm was

used for the compressive strength test7, 28 &

Test conducted on Mortar:

Compressive Strength at 7, 28 & 90 days:

90 days.
Compressive strength at 7, 28 & 90 days.
The incorporation of RHA also produces the
filler effect due to its fine particle size. The
increase in the amount of replacement to
40% reduces the early strength of both FA
and RHA mortars. However, the strength at
the ages of 28 and 90 days of both FA and
RHA mortars are slightly higher than that of
the control. This indicates that both FA and

RHA are pozzolanic materials and the early

pozzolanic reaction rate is thus slow.

PAPER 8: Sumrerng Rukzon & Prinya Chindaprasirt, USE OF WASTE ASH FROM
VARIOUS BY-PRODUCT MATERIALS IN INCREASING THE DURABILITY
OF MORTAR, Songklanakarin Journal of Science Technology, pp. 485-489, 2008.
Grade of Cement Mortar:
Main Ingredients:

1:2.75 By Weight, Water/Binder ratio 0.50.

OPC, RHA, POA, River Sand, Type-F
Superplasticizer & Water.

Cement replaced by RHA & POA with

20% & 40%.
replacement level:
Dosage of Superplasticizer:
Varies from 2.0 to 3.9.
50 50 50 mm cube samples were used for
Size of Cube Casted:
the compressive strength test.
Test Conducted on Cement Mortar:
Compressive Strength Test at 7, 28 & 90 days.
20% replacement of POA & RHA & 40%
Optimum limit of replacement:
replacement of POA & RHA for later stage
Strength.
Compressive strength test of the mortar
suggest that POA and RHA have a high
potential for being used as a pozzolanic
Compressive Strength:
material in a ternary blended cement system
when the material is ground and classified as
a fine particle size.

CONCLUDING REMARKS FROM LITERATURES STUDIED:

After detailed study of different papers related to SCBA Concrete & Mortar and RHA
Concrete & Mortar and after analyzing various results given in paper following
essence is possible to make:
Fineness of waste

As the waste is finer in nature we can replace it to a maximum

limit of 40% of cement replacement. [8]

Compressive Strength Analyzing various papers for concrete we can attain the desirable
of Concrete

strength of concrete as taken for a respected grade by a nominal mix

but can also increase by replacing the cement content with some limit

of waste.
Flexural Strength of Flexural strength of normal concrete is poor but by using SCBA &
Concrete
RHA it is possible to increase upto certain limit. [1]
Split Tensile Strength Tensile strength of normal concrete is poor but by using SCBA &
of Concrete
Fresh Concrete Testing

RHA it is possible to increase upto certain limit but not always.

In various papers many tests had been conducted for workability,
Slump test, Compacting factor test, density test etc. going through all
papers we found that on addition of waste all the results related to the

given test have increased compared to normal mix.

Compressive Strength Analyzing various papers on mortar mix proportion we can attain the
of Mortar

desirable strength of mortar as taken for a respected proportion by a

nominal mix but can also increase by replacing the cement content

Fresh Mortar Testing

with some limit of waste.

In various papers many tests had been conducted like Setting time
test, Consistency test, etc. going through all papers we found that on
addition of waste all the results related to the given test have

Durability

test

increased compared to normal mix.

on The concrete prepared with the use of waste are more durable

Concrete & Mortar

Application

compared to the normal concrete mix.

Low cost Concrete & Mortar, Concrete Pavers, Concrete Roof Tiles

Environmental effect

and Soil Cement Interlocking Blocks.

Minimize the requirement of land fill area to dispose the waste. The
concrete which have been prepared from the waste are found to be

Eco-friendly in nature.
After detailed study of different papers, we have used M25 grade Concrete & Mortar
of mix proportion of 1:3 with replacement level of 5% & 10% by Cement as well as
Sand. Test which we will conduct on Concrete are: Fresh Concrete - Slump Test,

Compacting Factor test. Hardened Concrete - Compressive Test, Split-Tensile Test,

Durability Test (Sea-Water Attack) and Water Absorption Test. Test which we will
conduct on Mortar are: Fresh Mortar - Setting time Test, Consistency test. Hardened
Mortar - Compressive Test, Durability Test (Sea-Water Attack) and Water Absorption
Test.