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OOPS Tutorials
• OOPS Tutorials
• Object Oriented Programming Introduction
• Object Oriented Programming Concepts
• What is Object Oriented Programming?
• The History of Object Oriented Programming
• Object Oriented Programming
• Object Oriented Programming Overview
• The Importance of Inheritance Within OOP
• The Inheritance Concept In OOPs
• A Object Oriented Programming Lesson For Beginners
• The Use of Access Specifiers In Object Oriented Programming
• Class-based Object Oriented Programming
• The OOP Paradigm
• Object Oriented Programming As a Paradigm
• Object Oriented Programming Lessons
• Understanding Classes Within Object Oriented Programming
• Understanding The Message Concept In OOPs
• Object Oriented Programming Issues
OOPS Concepts
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer science term
used to characterize a programming language that began
development in the 1960’s. The term ‘object-oriented
programming’ was originally coined by Xerox PARC to designate a
computer application that describes the methodology of using
objects as the foundation for computation. By the 1980’s, OOP
rose to prominence as the programming language of choice,
exemplified by the success of C++. Currently, OOPs such as Java,
J2EE, C++, C#, Visual Basic.NET, Python and JavaScript are
popular OOP programming languages that any career-oriented
Software Engineer or developer should be familiar with.
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Object Oriented Programming Introduction

Object Oriented Programming, also known as OOP, is a computer
science term which is used to describe a computer application
that is composed of multiple objects which are connected to each
other. Traditionally, most computer programming languages were
simply a group of functions or instructions.
With OOP, every object can handle data, get messages, and transfer messages to
other objects. The objects will all act as independent units in their own right, and
they will be responsible for carrying out a certain process.

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It is this modularity that makes OOP an effective programming method. It will also
help the application solve the problems that it was designed for. The next concept
that you will want to become familiar with is an "object." An object can be defined
as a specific instance of a class. As an example, while the class Cats will provide
all the attributes that are found in all cats, the "object" named Betsy is a specific
cat. While it shares the same attributes which are found in all cats, it has fur with a
unique color. In object oriented programming, a programmer would say that the
object Betsy is a run-time instance of the class Cats.

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Object Oriented Programming Concepts
Three of the most basic concepts for object oriented programming
are Classes, Objects, and Methods. However, there are a few
more concepts that you will want to become familiar with. These
are Inheritance, Abstraction, Polymorphism, Event, and
Encapsulation.
In this article, I will be using the class Cats as an example. Inheritance will allow a
sub-group to make a connection with the associates of its parent class. For
example, lets say the class Cats decides to create a method called purr() and a
property named Colorfur. As the name implies, a property is a specific attribute
which is connected to an object.

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Object Oriented Programming Concepts
Three of the most basic concepts for object oriented programming
are Classes, Objects, and Methods. However, there are a few
more concepts that you will want to become familiar with. These
are Inheritance, Abstraction, Polymorphism, Event, and
Encapsulation.
In this article, I will be using the class Cats as an example.
Inheritance will allow a sub-group to make a connection with the
associates of its parent class. For example, lets say the class Cats
decides to create a method called purr() and a property named
Colorfur. As the name implies, a property is a specific attribute
which is connected to an object.

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What is Object Oriented Programming?

There are a number of common characteristics which are found in

object oriented programming languages. Some of these are the
grouping of data and functions, a separation of the interface with
the implementation, and the sharing of code. At the most basic
level, object oriented programming is a different method of
solving problems.

Languages which are designed with the OOP paradigm allow programmers to
think in new ways. They will also support inheritance, and instead of using
function calls, they will use messages. The goal of a computer program is to alter
data. What the program does to the data is more important than how it does it.

When data types are generated, the programmer will want to define what
procedures the program can use to alter the variables of the data type. This is called
data integrity. In addition to this, the OOP approach is flexible and allows future
changes to the structure of the data. An example of this would be when you need to
fix bugs or make enhancements. To understand object oriented programming, you
will first want to become familiar with the terminology that is used. In OOP, the
data types are referred to as being classes. The variable which is attached to a class
is called an instance of the class. The procedures which may be carried out by a
class are called methods instead of functions.

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Object Oriented Programming
Traditionally, programming languages have been divided into two
categories, and these are data and procedures which are carried
out on data. By itself, data is static. It will not be static when
procedures are carried out which can alter it.
The functions and processes that work on data are only useful because they can
change data. The division of data and procedures which are carried out on it are
based on the way in which computers behave. Because of this, it is difficult to push
these two concepts aside. Even developers who work with object oriented
programming structures must display the data that will be used by the application,
and they must generate the functions that will work on this data.

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Object Oriented Programming
Traditionally, programming languages have been divided into two
categories, and these are data and procedures which are carried
out on data. By itself, data is static. It will not be static when
procedures are carried out which can alter it.
The functions and processes that work on data are only useful
because they can change data. The division of data and
procedures which are carried out on it are based on the way in
which computers behave. Because of this, it is difficult to push
these two concepts aside. Even developers who work with object
oriented programming structures must display the data that will
be used by the application, and they must generate the functions
that will work on this data.

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Object Oriented Programming Overview
If you are not familiar with an object-oriented programming
language, you will first need to understand the foundation that
makes up this paradigm. It is a necessity for anyone who plans on
writing code. In this article, I will explain the basic OOP structures
in detail.
The first thing that you will want to become familiar with is an object. An object is
a bundle of software that contains methods and variables. The objects which are
found in computer programs will often be used to simulate objects which exist in
the real world. To truly understand OOP, it is crucial that you understand the
importance of objects. Before I discuss objects in the OPP sense, look around you.
It is likely that you see a number of objects, and this could include your desk,
computer, or chair.

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The Importance of Inheritance Within OOP
In an object-oriented programming language that is well
designed, a function should be able to have functions that reside
inside it. In addition to this, other functions should be processed
as input and output as well. When an OOP language uses these
features, it will utilize a design that is simple and consistent.
This is an important concept that can make the difference between a good
programming language and a great programming language. When code is written,
the subroutine should be capable of returning a function. When this is done, the
argument can be raised to a higher nth power. Once this has occured, it can be used
in a number of different ways.

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The Inheritance Concept In OOPs

In object oriented programming, objects will be characterised by
classes. It is possible to learn a lot about an object based on the
class it belongs to. Even if you are not familiar with the name
Maybach, If I told you it is a car, you would immediately know that
it has four wheels, an engine, and doors. Objected oriented
programming takes this concept to a whole new level.
It permits classes to be defined in relation to other classes. For example, sedans,
sports cars, and roadsters are all types of cars. In the object oriented language,
sports cars, sedans, and roadsters are subclasses of the class cars.

The class cars is a "superclass" of sedans, roadsters, and sports cars. Every subclass
will inherit a state from the superclass. The various types of cars such as sedans
and roadsters will share certain behaviors such as braking. Despite this, subclasses
are not restricted to the behaviors and states that they have taken from their
superclass. A subclass can combine methods and variables with the traits they have
inherited from their superclass. For example, while a sedan may have four dours,
sports cars will generally have two. It is also possible for subclasses to override
any methods that they have inherited, and they can create unique implementations
for these methods.
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A Object Oriented Programming Lesson For Beginners

In this article I will go over object oriented programming in
relation to PHP. This article will be especially useful to those who
already have a simple knowledge of programming and variables.
You should know what a variable is, and you should also know
about the different types of variables.
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The Use of Access Specifiers In Object Oriented

Programming
In object oriented programming, a variable will have a certain
range. This range can be defined as the place where it can be
viewed. In most cases, there are two simple models that are used,
and these are lexically scoped and dynamically scoped.
Dynamic scoping is a system which is based on time, and lexical scoping is a
system that is based on text. An example of lexical scoping would be the phrase
"you get what you pay for." Before you can understand access specifiers, it is
important to be familiar with the code.

With dynamic scoping, you will get a result that is based on the review of the
bundle of values. With lexical scoping, a variable may be printed since any
variable in the block can be set to a number before a variable is called. When it
comes to the implementation of a language, dynamic scoping is clearly the easiest.
It is the option that was used in older object oriented programming languages.
Despite this, lexical scoping has a number of characteristics that makes it highly
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Class-based Object Oriented Programming

Class-based object oriented programming is a style that gains
inheritance by processing classes as objects. The most prominent
style of OOP is class-based instead of object-based. With the
class-based OOP system, objects are units that merge states,
identities, and behaviors.
The foundation and behavior of the object will be characterized by the class, which
will act as a diagram of all objects which fall under the same type. The object will
need to be constructed on the foundation of a class, and because of this, the object
is considered to be the instance of the class that it is based on. The object can be
likened to a foundation, and it will have access controls and method pointers.

With class-based OOP, encapsulation will stop users from disrupting the invariants
within the class, and this is important because it will permit the classes of objects
to be implemented. At the same time, it will not have any adverse effects on the
user code. Encapsulation is a concept that deals with the collection and protection
of information that is related, and the name for this is cohesion. The vast majority
of object oriented programming languages don't offer security measures which are
formal for the state of an object. The method of access is more closely connected
to the design of the interface.

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The OOP Paradigm

Object oriented programming is a concept that was created
because of the need to overcome the problems that were found
with using structured programming techniques. While structured
programming uses an approach which is top down, OOP uses an
approach which is bottom up. Traditionally, programming has
placed an emphasis on logic and actions.
Object oriented programming has taken a completely different direction, and will
place an emphasis on objects and information. With object oriented programming,
a problem will be broken down into a number of units. These units are called
objects. The foundation of OOP is the fact that it will place an emphasis on objects
and classes.

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Object Oriented Programming As a Paradigm

There has been debate about the proper definition to give to
object oriented programming. There has also been some debate
about the primary idea behind the concept. In a nutshell, object
oriented programming is the technique of writing application text
that is split into a number of modules.
Object oriented programming is a new framework which is much different from
the programming methods that have been used in the past. In fact, the concepts
which have been created by OOP are so powerful that they are said by some to be
creating a new revolution in programming.

Originally, object oriented programming was merely the subject of research.

However, powerful system architectures were built based on it, and were
compatible with operating systems and central processing units. Many people
believe that object oriented programming was derived from the concept of an
"object" that is commonly associated with grammar. Traditionally, software has
also placed an emphasis on the subject. The components that make up a subject
tend to be complex, and programming languages which are subject-oriented tend to
be complex as well. To solve these problems, developers started looking at objects
instead of subjects.

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Object Oriented Programming Lessons
If you are familiar with the programming field, it is likely that you
have heard people talking about object oriented programming
languages. If Java is the first programming language you have
worked with, you are probably wandering why so many people
are talking about it. If you have worked with Java, you should
already be familiar with the object oriented programming
approach.
You should know something about classes, instances, objects, and inheritance. One
of the best things about Java is that the OOP approach is a fundamental part of its
architecture. To gain a powerful knowledge of OOP, this article will present an
overview of the important concepts that you will want to know. It will present
concepts which are found in the Java programming language.

I'm going to assume that you are already familiar with basic concepts such as
classes and objects, and I will focus on access levels, polymorphism, and program
enhancements. Access levels are methods that classes will use to work with one
another on a variety of different levels. The classes and the fields which are
connected to them will have access levels that will define how they may be
handled by other objects during an operation. While coordination among these
objects is highly desirable, situations may occur in which you will need to handle
the access, and you may have to define the access levels. This will allow you to
have control over the operation. If you do not define a certain access level, the
system will use the default settings.

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Understanding Classes Within Object Oriented
Programming
To fully understand object oriented programming, you will want to
be familiar with classes. When you look at the world around you,
it will become obvious that many objects are the same type. For
example, the car you drive is just one of the millions of cars that
exist in the world.
In the OOP terminology, the car you drive is an instance of the
class cars. Each car will have a state, and it will have behavior as
well. However, the state and behavior of one car is not dependent
on the state and behavior of other cars. An example of a behavior
a car will have is braking, while the state of the car could be
having four wheels.

In the object oriented programming, it is possible to have a large

number of objects of the same type that have a number of
identical attributes. An example of these objects could be video
clips or rectangles. The advantage of processing objects which
are the same type is that you can generate a diagram for them.
This diagram is called a "class." So, the class is a diagram that
contains the methods and variables which are related to a specific
group of objects. For example, the class of a car would provide
the variables that would allow all cars to have a state. In addition
to this, the class would also provide information that is related to
the methods that will allow changes to take place in the car.

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Understanding The Message Concept In OOPs

To understand object oriented programming, you will need to
become familiar with messages. As the name implies, a message
is a process in which software objects will communicate with one
another. Because of this, having one object is not enough.
An object will work best when it is exists in a large application that is populated by
other objects. When these objects interact with each other, programmers will be
able to gain a high level of functionality, and the behavior of the system will be
very complex. To give you an example of this, imagine that you have a motorcycle
that is sitting in your garage. By itself, it is nothing but gears and metal. However,
when you sit on it, turn it on, and begin riding it, both you and the motorcycle have
created interaction.

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Understanding The Message Concept In OOPs

To understand object oriented programming, you will need to
become familiar with messages. As the name implies, a message
is a process in which software objects will communicate with one
another. Because of this, having one object is not enough.
An object will work best when it is exists in a large application
that is populated by other objects. When these objects interact
with each other, programmers will be able to gain a high level of
functionality, and the behavior of the system will be very
complex. To give you an example of this, imagine that you have a
motorcycle that is sitting in your garage. By itself, it is nothing but
gears and metal. However, when you sit on it, turn it on, and
begin riding it, both you and the motorcycle have created
interaction.

The software objects that exist within a program must interact as

well. They will do this by sending messages to each other. When
object Z wants object R to initiate one of R's methods, object Z
will transmit a signal to object R. There is a possibility that object
R will not have enough information to activate the method. For
example, if you want your motorcycle to slow down, you will need
to "communicate" with it by pressing down on the brakes. The
data that is transferred with the message is called parameters.
The messages that are sent between software objects are
comprised of three things. The first is the object to which the
message is being sent. The second is the name of the method
that is being requested. The third is the parameters that must be
used with the method.

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Object Oriented Programming Issues
There are a number of errors that programmers can make when
they are using an object oriented programming languages. One
example of this is looking at the type of object instead of the
membership it is associated with. When this happens, the
advantages of polymorphism and inheritance are weakened.
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