B. A.

(Programme)

Ist year

TAMIL - A

SKILLS OF LANGUAGE USE

STUDY MATERIAL -1

nghUslf; f k;

ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;
ghlk;

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

fl;Liu - Xu; mwpKfk;

fl;Liuapd; mikg;G
fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - I
fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - II
fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - III
fbjk; vOJjy;
tzpff; fbjk;
nkhopg; gapw;rp
- I
nkhopg; gapw;rp
- II
fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;

Editor
Dr. S. Manickavasagam

SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNING

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
5, Cavalry Line, DELHI-110 007
All rights reserved

Ngud;G kpf;f khztr; nry;tq;fNs!

,sq;fiy Kjyhkhz;by; mbnaLj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; cq;fisj; jkpo;j; Jiw tUf
tUf ntd tho;j;jp tuNtw;fpwJ.
jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofk; ,sq;fiy Kjyhkhz;L khztu;fSf;Ff; fPo;f; fhZk;
ghlj; jpl;lj;ijg; gupe;Jiu nra;Js;sJ.
Paper -1
Section A :

- Skills of Language use

- 40 Marks
- Essay or Letter writing
- 15 Marks
- Comprehension
- 15 Marks
- Idioms & Proverbs
- 5 Marks
- Technical Terms
- 5 Marks
Section B:
- History of Tamil Culture
- 35 Marks.
jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk; - nj. ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;.

Nkw;fz;l ghlj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb khztu;fs; 75 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Nf kjpg;gplg;gLtu;.

gioa ghlj; jpl;lj;jpy; 100 kjp;g;ngz;fSf;Fupa tpdhf;fs; Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;gl;L mjw;Nfw;g
kjpg;gplg;gl;ldu;. jw;NghJ 75 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fupa tpdhf;fNs Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;gLk;. khztu;fs;
,ij kdjpy; ed;F epWj;jp
ve;j tpdhitAk; tpl;Ltplhky; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw; gFjp ghlE}y; xd;whfTk; (Study material -1) ,uz;lhk; gFjp ghlE}y;
,uz;lhfTk; (Study material -2) jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fs; ,t;tpU E}y;fisAk;
fUj;J}d;wpg; gapd;W Nju;tpy; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw tho;j;Jfpd;Nwd;.

lhf; l u; R. khzpf; f thrfk;

,izg; Nguhrpupau;
jkpo;j; Jiw.

ghlk; - 1

fl;Liu Xu; mwpKfk;

fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;w gFjp jkpo;g; ghlj; jpl;lj;Js; xd;whFk;. ,g; gFjp khztu;fspd;
vOj;jhw;wiy tsu;fF
; k; Nehf;fj;NjhNlNa ,g; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ghlkhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehk; fw;fpd;w fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; ekf;F kl;Lk; gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ra Njitf;fhf
my;yNt. ehk; fz;l cz;ikfis> fhztpUk;Gk; cyfj;ij> rpe;jidf;Fupa nra;jpfis>
ehk; ngw; w ,yf; f pa / mwptpay; ,d; g q; f is ek; i kr; #o; e ; j rKjhaj; j pw; F
toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;jhd; ehk; fy;tp fw;fpd;Nwhk;. mt;thW ek; fUj;Jfis> czu;Tfis
ntspapLk; fUtpfs; ,uz;L. xd;W Ngr;R. ,d;ndhd;W vOj;J. ek; rpe;jidfisg; gjpT
nra;J itf;fpd;w ek; vz;zq;fspd; Ftpay;fisg; gjpT nra;J itf;Fk; epiyapy;jhd;
,e;j vOJjy; mikfpd;wJ. ,g; ghlj;Js; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ
filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba Kiwfs;> Nju;T Nehf;fpy; mwpa Ntz;ba nra;jpfisg; gw;wpf;
fhz;Nghk;.

Nju;T Nehf;fpy;:ehk; vijg; gbj;jhYk; Nju;T Nehf;fpNyNa fhz;fpd;Nwhk; my;yth? ,g; gFjpiaAk;
me; Nehf;fpy; fhz;Nghk;. Nju;tpy; ,g; gFjpf;Fupa kjpg;ngz;fs; gjpide;J MFk;. ,k;
kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fupa Nfs;tp xd;whFk;. Rkhu; 40 epkplq;fSf;Fs; tpil vOjf;$ba epiyapy;
mf; Nfs;tp mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjhtJ 2 my;yJ 3 jiyg;Gfisf; nfhLj;J mtw;Ws;
xd;iwg; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuAk;gb mf; Nfs;tp mike;jpUf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,yf;fpak;>
fiy> mwptpay;> murpay;> r%ftpay; Nghd;w gy JiwfSs; xd;iwNah ,uz;ilNah
gw;wpajhf mj; jiyg;Gfs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,yf;fpaj; Jiwiag; gw;wpa jiyg;Gk; r%f
murpay; Jiwfisg; gw;wpa jiyg;Gk; mwptpay; Jiwiag; gw;wpa jiyg;Gk; vd mit
KiwNa mikf;fg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy; xd;wpidj; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhz;L khztu;fs;
mijg; gw;wpa fl;Liuia vOj Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthd;wpYk; rpy khjpupf; fl;Liufs;
fPNo ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

,yf;fpaj; Jiw:,yf;fpaj; Jiw rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs; nghJthditahfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;j

Ma;T Nehf;fpy; mike;j Nfs;tpfshfTk; rhjhuzkhd vspikahd jiyg;ghfTk;
rpe;jidf;Fupa rpf;fy; epiwe;j jiyg;ghfTk; mikayhk;. rpy Nfs;tpfs; VjhtJ Xu;
,yf;fpaf; ftpij tupahfNt mike;jpUf;Fk;. mijNa jiyg;ghff; nfhz;L fl;Liu
vOJk;gb Nfl;fg;gLk;.
py khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:rpy
1. ehd; tpUk;Gk; ehty;.
2. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ehty; tsu;r;rp.
3. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk;.
3

4.
5.
6.
7.

ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu; (ftpij

cs;Stnjy;yhk; cau;Ts;sy;
rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh
GjpaNjhu; cyfk; nra;Nthk;

tupfNs jiyg;ghf cs;sd.)

,g;gb ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapd; Nfs;tpfs; gytif Nehf;fpNyAk; Nghf;fpNyAk; Nfl;fg;gLk;.

murpay;> r%f> fiyj; Jiw:mLj;j jiyg;G murpay;> r%ftpay;> fiyapay; Nghd;w Jiwfisg; gw;wpa jiyg;ghf
mikAk;. ,j; jiyg;Gk; Neubj; jiyg;ghfNth cl;nghUSk; rpf;fYk; Ma;Tk; nfhz;;l
jiyg;ghfNth mike;jpUf;Fk;. mtw;iwj; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jiyg;Gk;
mjd; nghUSk; Rl;Lfpd;w fUj;ij cl;nfhz;Nl fl;Liuia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy
khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

r%f rPu;jpUj;jKk; fy;tpAk;

murpay; newpKiwfSk; gj;jpupiffSk;
kf;fshl;rpapd; nfhLikfs;
,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; jPz;lhikAk; kJ tpyf;Fk;
kf;fs; ey;tho;tpy; gj;jpupiffspd; gq;F
cyff; Foe;ijfs; Mz;Lk; Foe;ij ,yf;fpaKk;.
,e;jpag; nghUshjhu cau;tpy; ngz;fspd; gq;F.

Nghd;w tifapy; gy;NtW cl;Jiwfisr; Nru;e;j jiyg;Gfspy; xd;whf mJ mikAk;.

rKjhag; gpd;dzpNa ,t;tifj; jiyg;Gf;F Vw;wjhFk; vdyhk;.

mwptpay; Jiw:mLj;j jiyg;G ngUk;ghYk; mwptpay;> nkhopapy; Nghd;w Jiwfisg; gw;wpa

jiyg;ghf tpsq;Fk;. rKjhaj;jpy; mwptpaYk; nkhopapaYk; ngWfpd;w ,lj;ij xl;b
,j;jiyg;G mikAk;.

rpy jiyg; G fs; :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

mwptpay; cyfpy; jkpoupd; gq;F

thdntspapy; kdpjd; fz;l ntw;wpfs;
jha;nkhopf; fy;tpNa mwptpaiy tho;tpf;Fk;
mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; fy;tp KiwAk;
,yf;fpaKk; mwptpaYk; ,ize;J nry;fpd;wd.
mwptpaYk; gy;fiyf; fofg; gl;lq;fSk;
mwptpaYk; fiyapaYk;.

Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; xd;whf me;j %d;whtJ jiyg;G mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,k; %d;W

jiyg;Gfspy; khztu;fF
; g; gpbj;j jiyg;ghfTk; vOj Kbe;j nra;jpfs; epiwe;j jiyg;ghfTk;
rpwg;ghfr; nra;a Kbe;j jiyg;ghfTk;
xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJtNj rpwe;jjhf
mikAk;.
.

fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?

ehk; ntspapl tpUk;Gk; my;yJ ntspapl Ntz;ba fUj;ijj; njhFj;J> tpsf;fp>
njspthf;fp mikf;fpd;w mikg;igNa fl;Liu vdyhk;. kyu;fisf; nfhz;L khiy fl;LtJ
Nghy gy;NtW nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L mofhd njhlu;fshf;fp> njhlu;fisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu
fl;lg;gLtjhy; ,J fl;Liu vdg;gLk;. tz;z tz;z kyu;fisAk; ,ilapilNa gRe;
jiofisAk;> ntt;NtW tifapy;> ntt;NtW tbtpy; njhLj;J ntt;NtW tifg;gl;l
kyu;fisf; fl;Ltijg; Nghy> gy;NtW tifg;gl;l nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ntt;NtW tifg;gl;l
njhlu;fis cUthf;fpf; fl;Liuia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; khiyapy; cs;s vy;yh
kyu;fSk; xNu khiyia cUthf;Ftjpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ Nghy fl;Liuapd; vy;yhr;
nrhw;fSk; fl;Liu tw;GWj;Jk;> fl;Liuapd; jiyg;ig tpsf;FtjpNyNa ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f>
ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fjhFk;. mg;NghJjhd; fl;Liuapd; mikg;G Kiwapy;
Fog;gNkh> jtNwh NeuhJ.
tz;z tz;z kyu;fisAk;> jiofisAk; nfhz;L khiy fl;Lk;NghJ mjid
NkYk; mOFgLj;j tz;z tz;z cNyhf ehu;fisAk; ed; kzj;ijAk; Nru;g;gJ Nghy
ek; fl;LiuAk; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> ctik> cUtfk;> kuG> gonkhop> nghd;nkhop Nghd;w
njhlu;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; mJ ntspapLk; fUj;J gbg;Nghiug;
gpzpj;J> mtu;jk; neQ;rpy; gRkuj;jhzpahfg; gjpAk;.

fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb?

fl;Liu vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;;gl;l jiyg;gpd; nghUisj; njspthf;fp tpsf;FtjhfTk;>
mj;jiyg;igg;gw;wpa nra;jpfspd; NfhitahfTk; (njhFg;ghfTk;) mika Ntz;Lk;. mr;
nra;jpapd; NfhitAk;> tpsf;fKk; rpwe;j Xtpaf; fiyQd; tiue;j Xtpak; Nghy vq;nfq;F
ve;nje;j cUt mikg;Gk;> tz;zKk; nfhz;L rpwf;FNkh mJNghyTk;> mzpfyd; nra;Ak;
ty;Ydu; kpfr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;j mofpa mzp NghyTk; (,Uf;fNtz;ba nghUis ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba ,lj;J itj;J nrk;ikahfr; nra;J Kbj;j mofpa mzp NghyTk;) mika
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ,j;jF rpwe;j mikg;NghL fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb vd;gijj; njupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;LtJ ek; flikad;Nwh?

jiyg; G :fl;Liu vOjj; njhlq;FKd; ehk; vOjg; NghFk; jiyg;ig xU Kiwf;Fg; gy

Kiw gbj;Jg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jiyg;gpd; nghUs; vd;d? mJ Fwpg;gpLk; nghUs;
VNjDk; cz;lh? my;yJ Nehbg; nghUs; VNjDk; cz;lh vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Liuapd; jiyg;Gf;F cupa nra;jpfis jiyg;gpy; tpsf;f epidj;j> tpsf;f

Ntz;ba nra;jpfis tpl;Lg; Gwk; Nghfhj epiyapy; fl;Liu mika Ntz;Lk;. xU
jiyg;gpw;Fupa nra;jpfisf; $wpf;nfhz;L tUifapy; mij tpLj;J ,ilNa NtnwhU
nra;jpiag; gw;wpf; $WtJk;> mijNa tpupj;Jf; Fog;gk; tpistpg;gJk; $lhJ. mg;gb
kw;nwhU nra;jpapy; Eioe;J tpl;lhy; njhlq;fpa nra;jpia kwe;J njhlu;r;rpia tpl;L
tpLNthky;yth?
jiyg;igg; Gupe;J nfhz;L mjw;Fupa nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jf; nfhz;lgpd; mtw;iw
tifg;gLj;jp vOj Kida Ntz;Lk;.

Kd; D iu:ve;jtiff; fl;Liuahf ,Ue;jhYk; ehk; vOjg;NghFk; fl;Liu vijg; gw;wpaJ

vd;gij KjypNyNa Fog;gkpd;wp mNj Neuj;jpy; RitahfTk; njspthfTk; vOjptpl
Ntz;Lk;. ehk; ntspapl tpUk;Gk; nra;jpia mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mwpKfk; ehk;
vOJfpd;w fl;Liuapd; Kjy; gj;jpahfNt mika Ntz;Lk;. mjw;nfdj; jdpNa Kd;Diu
vd;W vOjpj; jiyg;gpl Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy. fl;Liuapd; Kjy; gj;jpNa Kd;Diuahfg;
nghUs;gLk;. mg;gbj;jhd; Kjy; gj;jpapy; ehk; jiyg;igg; gw;wpAk; mf;fl;Liuapy; $wg;NghFk;
nra;jpfisg; gw;wpAk; xU rpW mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;DiuapNyNa Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhLj;Jj; njhlq;Ffpd;w KiwiaAk; rpyu;
ifahSfpd;wdu;. (nghUj;jkhd - rk;ge;jg;gl;l) Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;l jiyg;igAk;
mjpy; mlq;fpa nra;jpfisAk; mwpKfk; nra;fpd;w ,k; Kiwapy; xU ftu;r;rp ,Ug;gjhf
,d;iwa thrfu;fs; czu;fpd;whu;fs;. mJNghyNt Kd;DiuapNyNa
kuG> ctik>
gonkhop> njhlu;fisAk; nghUj;jkhff; ifahz;L jiyg;igAk; nghUisAk; mwpKfk;
nra;Ak; tof;fKk; rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rpwe;jjhf mikfpwNjh ,y;iyNah Kd;Diu
vd;gJ njspthfTk; njhlu;e;J fl;Liuiag; gbf;fj; J}z;Lk; mikg;ghfTk; tpsq;f
Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. xU fl;Liuapd; Kd;DiuapNyNa mjd; cl;nra;jpapd; tsk;>
Nkk;ghL> rpwg;G Kjypait XusT Gyg;gLk; vdyhk;.

nghUs; : Kd;Diuapy; mwpKfk; nra;j nghUisg; gbg;gbahf tpupj;J tpsf;fpf;nfhz;L

njuptpf;f epidj;j> njuptpf;f Ntz;ba vy;yhr; nra;jpfisAk;> jhq;fpa epiyapy; ,g;gFjp
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gFjpjhd; fl;Liuapd; fUj;ijAk;> njspthd tpupthd nghUisAk;
jhq;fpa KOikahd gFjpahFk;. ,g; gFjpapy; ehk; jiyg;ig nahl;bf; $w Ntz;ba
nra;jpfis Kiwg;gLj;jp> mofhfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; njuptp;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

gj;jpg; gpupT:fl;Liu vd;gJ xU nghUisg; gw;wpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; gw;gy fUj;Jfs; mlq;fpa

xd;whfNt cs;sJ. vOj Ntz;ba fUj;Jfisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lgpd; mtw;iwj;
jdpj;jdpf; $whfg; gpupj;Jf;nfhz;L xt;nthU $iwAk; jdpj;jdpg; gj;jpahf tptupg;gNj

fl;Liuia moF nra;tjhFk;. ,t;thW fUj;Jfspd; $Wk;> mijg;gw;wpa nra;jpaikg;Gk;

gj;jp vdg;gLk;.
,g;gbg; gpupf;fhky; $Wfpd;w
nra;jpfis xNu Kiwapy; njhFj;Jj;
jUtJ
gbg;gtiu kUsr; nra;tJld; vOJgtiuAk; njsptpy;yhj njhlu;r;rpAld; ,izj;J>
fl;Liu tsj;ijNa nfLj;JtpLk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
gj;jpiaj; njspthfj; njuptpf;Fk; nghUl;L mtw;iw mikf;Fk;Kd; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
,ilntspnfhz;l mikg;GlDk;> Kjy; tupiar; rw;W cs;slf;fpAk; njhlq;fpj; njhlu
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mikg;ig midtUk; mwpNthk; md;Nwh?
gj;jpiag; gpupj;Jg; gpupj;J vOJk;NghJ mg; gj;jpfs; midj;Jk; xNu fl;Liuapd;
fPo; tUfpd;wd vd;gijAk; xNu nghUisg; NgRfpd;w $Wfisf; nfhz;lit vd;gijAk;
epidtpy; nfhz;L xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; njhlu;gpUf;FkhW mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghy; nra;jpiaj;
jhq;fpAs;s gj;jpapd; njhlf;fk; mg;gj;jp vijg;gw;wpaJ vd;gij KjypNyNa mwpKfk;
nra;Ak; Kiwapy; njhlq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb mwpKfkhf;Fk; Kjy; tup nrk;ikahdjhfTk;
ftu;r;rpfukhdjhfTk; gbg;gtiu <u;f;Fk; Mw;wYs;sjhfTk; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. gj;jpapd;
Kjy; tup mg;gj;jpapy; mike;j nghUl; $iw mwpKfk; nra;tJ NghyNt mjd; filrp
tupAk; mf; $iw Kbj;J itf;fpd;w epiyapy; mika Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;.
gj;jpapd; msT gw;wpa vy;iy vJTk; ,y;iy. ftpijiag; Nghy ,j;jid tupfSf;Fs;
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh> ,g;gbg;gl;l tbtpy;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh ahUk; vy;iy
tFf;f KbahJ. vj;jid tupfs; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,lk; ngwyhk;. Mdhy; xNu nghUl;
$iwg; gw;wpajhfj;jhd; mika Ntz;Lk;. gj;;jpf;F msTjhd; ,y;iyNa vd;gjw;fhf xU
gf;fk; KOtjw;Fk; xNu gj;jpahf mikj;J vOJtJk; rpwe;jjhfhJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

cl; jiyg;Gfs;:mt;thW gj;jp mikj;J vOJk;NghJ ,d;Dk; njspT fhl;l Ntz;bAk; gj;jpapy;
cs;s nra;jpia NkNyNa fhl;Lfpd;w mikg;gpYk; rpW rpW jiyg;Gfs; je;J vOJtijAk;
,d;iwa thrfu;fs; ngupJk; tuNtw;fpd;wdu;. ,g;gbj; jiyg;Gfisj; jUk;NghJ mit
gj;jpNahL nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; - gj;jpapy; cs;s nra;jpfspd; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfTk; mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. jiyg;Gfis XupU nrhw;fshy; rpwpa tbtpy; mikg;gJjhd; rpwe;jjhFk;. ,y;iyNay;
mr;rpW jiyg;Ng xU tupNghy; ,Ue;J gbg;gtupd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;l kWj;J tpLk;
epiyf;F MshfptpLk;.

Nkw; N fhs; f s; : gj;jp gpupj;J vOJk;NghJ mg;gj;jpapy; cs;s nra;jpfis NkYk; tpsf;FtdthfTk;
mr;nra;jpfis muz; nra;fpd;w epiyapYk; ,k; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; mikAk;. mg;gb Nkw;Nfhs;fis
vLj;jhSk;NghJ mtw;iwj; jdpNa njuptpg;gjw;F mt; tupfspd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; KbtpYk;
Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;j NtzLk;. ciu eil thrfq;fis mg;gbNa juyhk;.
mNjNghy ftpij tupfisj; jUk;NghJk; ftpij tupfshfNt rpwpJk; khw;wk; ,y;yhJ

jUjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;Nfhs; FwpfSf;fpilNa vOJk; Nkw;Nfhs;fspy; gpw nra;jpfs; vijAk;

jtwpAk; ,izj;Jtplf; $lhJ. mt;thW ,izj;J tpl;lhy; mJ Nkw;NfhSf;Fupa
jd;ikia ,oe;J tpLtNjhL fl;Liuapd; cz;ik epiyiaAk; jho;j;jp tpLk;;. ,ilNa
Mq;fpyj;jpypUe;Njh gpw nkhopfspdpd;Nwh Nkw;Nfhs;fisj; jUk;NghJ mtw;iw milg;Gf;
FwpfSf;fpilNa jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nrhw; n whlu; f s; : Nkw;Nfhs;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ NghyNt fl;Liuapd; nghUs; tsKk;> njspTk;>

,dpikAk; fUjp gpw njhlu;fisAk; gad; gLj;jyhk;. $Wfpd;w fUj;JfSf;F tpsf;fk;
jUtJ NghyTk;> muz; nra;tJ NghyTk; ctikj; njhlu; (Gyp Nghyg; gha;e;jhd;)>
cUtfj; njhlu; (kf;fs; nts;sk;)> kuGj; njhlu; (kdk; Nghd Nghf;F> thioab thioaha;)>
gonkhop (xU ghidr; Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;)> gpw nrhw;nwhlu;fs; (my;Yk; gfYk;>
cw;whu; cwtpdu;> rl;l jpl;lk;> Kl;b Nkhjp)> Nghd;w njhlu;fisAk; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;
mikj;J moF nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mj;njhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJk; mtw;iw Nkw;Nfhs;
FwpfSf;fpilNa gad;gLj;JtJjhd; rpwe;jjhFk;.

mbf; N fhbLjy; : nghUs;fis tpsf;Fk;NghJ rpy nrhw;fis mOj;jkhff; $w epidg;Nghk;. my;yJ

mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp mjid ntspf;fhl;l epidg;Nghk;. (rpwg;Gg; ngau;r; nrhw;fs;>
fiyr; nrhw;fs;> rpW jiyg;Gfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Nghd;w) mg;gbg;gl;l nrhw;fis ehk;
njspthf mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ fl;Liuapy; ehk; ntspf;fhl;l epidj;jijr;
rpwf;fr; nra;Ak; topahfTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk; mikAk; vdyhk;.

epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:nghUisAk;
mij tpsf;Fk; $iwAk; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;w njhlu;fis ehk;
ntspapLk;NghJ gy;NtW czu;TfSf;F Mshfpd;;Nwhk;. nghUSf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; Vw;g
mt;Tzu;Tfs; mikfpd;wd. Kbj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;ij Kbj;Jk; njhlu;e;J
nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;ijj; njhlu;e;Jk; nrhy;y Ntz;bAs;sJ. mg;gbg;gl;l ,lq;fspy;
Njitahd Kw;Wg;Gs;sp (.)> Kf;fhw;Gs;sp (:)> miug;Gs;sp ( ; )> fhw;Gs;sp (>) Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. thf;fpaq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;Gk; czu;Tfisg; gpujpgypg;gjhfTk;
rpy FwpaPLfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. tpag;G> kfpo;r;rp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; (!) vd;w FwpaPl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jpAk;> tpdhf;fspd; Kbtpy; (?) vd;Dk; tpdhf;Fwpiag; gad;gLj;jpAk; thf;fpaq;fis
mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;fs; czu;j;j tpUk;Gk; nra;jpia Kd;$l;bNa czu;j;jptpLk;
epiyikia mit cz;lhf;Fk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

Jiwr; nrhw;fs;> fiyr; nrhw;fs;:xU nghUs; gw;wpa fl;Liuia vOJk;NghJ mg;nghUs;gw;wpa Jiwr; nrhw;fisAk;
gpw nkhopg; ngau;r; nrhw;fisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLk;. mg;gbg;gl;l
rkaq;fspy; mr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fisNa gad;gLj;JtJjhd; mwpTilikiaf;

fhl;Lk;. njspT fUjpNah my;yJ xg;Gik fhl;lNtz;bNah mtw;wpw;Fupa gpwnkhopr;

nrhw;fis milg;Gf; Fwpfspy; juyhk;. gpwnkhop Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; $Wk;NghJ$l milg;Gf;
Fwp ( ) fisg; gad;gLj;JtJjhd; rpwe;j KiwahFk;. tlnkhop xypfisf; fhl;Lk; [> `>
~> ]> = Nghd;w vOj;Jfisj; Njitapy;yhky; gad;gLj;JtJ fl;Liuapd; nkhop
mikg;igf; nfLj;JtpLk;. gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspd; ngau;r; nrhw;fspy; kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(N~f;];gpau; - ,ij nrfg;gpupau; vd;W vOJtJ nghUj;jkhf ,y;iy. vdNt ,g;gbg;gl;l
,lq;fspy; mt; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jtwpy;iy vdyhk;.) vdNt
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fyf;fhj fl;LiuNa rpwg;GWk; vdyhk;.

ey;y jkpo;:fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ cau;e;j nrhw;fisAk; njhlu;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp fl;Liuapd;

juj;ijf; $l;lNtz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gij tpl njspTk; vspikAk; nfhz;l nrhw;fisAk;
njhlu;fisAk; gad;gLj;j epidg;;gNj rpwe;jjhFk;. Gupahj my;yJ Gupa itf;f Ntz;ba
jpup nrhy;> jpirr; nrhy; Nghd;w nrhw;fisf;
$Lkhdtiu ePf;fp tpLjy; ey;yJ.
mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplj;jhd; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Njit ,Ug;gpd; milg;Gf; FwpfSf;fpilNa
Fwpg;gplyhk;. jukhd ,yf;fpa eak; nrwpe;j fl;Liuahf vOj Kidtij tpl jtwpy;yhj
vspa> ,dpa> rpwpa nrhw;nwhlu;fisf; nfhz;l fl;Liuahf mikg;gNj ey;yjhFk;.
nrhw;nwhlu;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ mit czu;j;j Ntz;ba njspTfis kdj;Nj
nfhz;L xUik> gd;ik> kaf;fq;fs; ,y;yhjthW njspthf mikf;fNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
nrhw;fspYk;> njhlu;fspYk; mikfpd;w vOj;Jg; gpio> re;jpg; gpio Nghd;w ,yf;fzg;
gpiofis ePf;fp vOj Kay;tNj rpwe;jjhFk;. njhlu;fis ePz;l tbtpy; mikf;Fk;NghJ
mjd; njhlu;r;rp vOtha;f;Fk; nrag;gLnghUSf;Fk; gadpiyf;Fk; nghUe;j Kbahky;
miktjw;F tha;g;Gfs; cz;L. vdNt> mg; gpiofs; cz;lhfhjthW jLf;fr; rpWrpW
nrhw;nwhlu;fisNa gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLfpwjd;Nwh?
,g; gy;NtW mikg;GfisAk; kdj;Nj nfhz;L fl;Liuia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mg;NghJjhd; mJ rpwe;j fl;LiuahfTk;> gaDs;s fl;LiuahfTk; mikAk;. njspe;j>
jtwpy;yhj> nra;jpfs; epiwe;j mofhd fl;Liufs; rpwe;j ,yf;fpakhfg; Nghw;wg;gLk;
vd;gjpy; Iaky;iy.

KbTiu:fl;Liuapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l jiyg;ig> nghUis mwpKfk; nra;J

itj;jJ NghyNt fl;Liuapy; njuptpf;f Ntz;ba nra;jpfisj; njuptpj;j gpd; mg;nghUis
Kiwahf Kbj;J itf;fTk;
Ntz;Lkd;Nwh?
mt;thW Kbj;;J itf;fpd;w gFjpia
KbTiu vd;gu;. KbTiu vd;W jdpNa jiyg;gpl;L vOj Ntz;ba Njit ,y;iy. fl;Liuapd;
filrpg; gj;jpNa mf; fl;Liuapd; KbTiuahf mikAk;. mt;thW mikAk;gb mf; filrpg;
gj;jpiag; nghUs; KbTg; gj;jpahf mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg; gj;jpapy; NkNy fz;l nghUs;fspd;
RUf;fj;ijAk; fl;Liug;
nghUspd; gad;ghl;ilAk; jUfpd;w tof;fKk; rpyuplk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW jUtJ rpwe;jjhfNt mikAnkd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
Kd;Diuia Nkw;NfhSld; nrhw;nwhlu;fSld; njhlq;fpaJ NghyNt KbTiuapYk;

Nkw;Nfhs;fs; rpwg;Gr; nrhw;nwhlu;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,izj;J ehk; Nkw;$wpa nra;jpfis

mOj;je; jpUj;jkhf typAWj;jpf; $WtJk; fl;Liuf;F moifj; jUk; vdyhk;.
Kd;Diu Kjy; KbTiu tiu vOjp Kbj;j fl;Liu ,g;NghJ KO tbtk; ngw;W
tpl;lJ. vd;whYk; mij mg;gbNa tpl;L tpl;L tUtJ rpwe;jjhfhJ. vdNt> ehk; epidj;j
fUj;Jfis> epidj;j KiwNahL njuptpj;jpUf;fpNwhkh vd;W xU Kiw gbj;Jg; ghu;jJ
; tpLtJ
rpwe;jjhFk;. tpLgl;l fUj;Jfis ,izj;Jtpl ,J xU ey;y tha;g;ghf mikAk;.
my;yJ ek;ikAk; mwpahkNyh> mwpe;Njh Vw;gl;l gpiofis (vOj;J> nrhy;> thf;fpak;>
re;jpg; gpiofis) jpUj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; xU rpwe;j tha;gg
; hf ,J mikAkd;Nwh? vOJk;NghJ
,Ue;j NtfKk; czu;Tk; Kbe;J xU njspT te;j epiyapy; ,g;NghJ gpiofisj;
jpUj;jp nrg;gdpl xU tha;g;ghf ,J gad;gLk;. vOjp Kbj;j gpd;G gbj;Jg; ghu;g;gjhy;
ekf;Fk; KOj; jpUg;jp Vw;gLk;.
Nkw;fhl;ba fl;Liu mikg;igg; Gupe;J nfhz;L khztu;fs; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l
nghJj; jiyg;Gfis> nghUl;fisr; rpwe;j eilapy; vOjp vOjpg; ghu;j;Jg; goFtJjhd;
kpfr;rpwe;j mikg;Gj; njspit cz;lhf;Fk;. vLj;j vLg;gpy; gapw;rpapy;yhky; NeNu Nju;tpy;
nrd;W nghJf; fl;Liuia vOJtJ mwpTilikahfhJ. epiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWk;
topAkhfhJ. fl;Liugw;wpf; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhtpw;Fj; Nju;Tj; jhspy; %d;W gf;fq;fSf;Ff;
Fiwahky; tpilapWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fjhFk;.
khztu;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?

fl;Liu vOJtJ vg;gb?
fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j Ntz;ba fUj;Jfs; ahit?
fl;Liuapd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; ahit?
fl;Liuiar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; mikg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; ahit?
fPo;f; fhZk; jiyg;Gfspy; fl;Liu vOjpg; goFf.
m. ,yf;fpak; fhyj;jpd; fz;zhb.
M. nghJTilikAk; kf;fshl;rpAk;
,. ngz; rpRf; nfhiy.

10

ghlk; 2

fl;Liuapd; mikg;G
fl;Liuf; $Wfs;:fl;Liu vOJk; nghOJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bad ,uz;L. xd;W> fl;Liuapd; tbtikg;G
gw;wpaJ. kw;nwhd;W> fl;Liuapd; fUj;J gw;wpaJ. fl;Liuapd; tbtikg;G gw;wpg; NgRq;fhy;
fl;Liu vt;thW ,;Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;L;iuapd; Kf;fpa
cWg;Gfshtd:1. Kd;Diu
2. nghUs;
3. KbTiu

Introduction
Subject
Conclusion

,k; %d;wpid xl;b mikAk; fl;LiuNa rpwe;j fl;LiuahFk;. ,f; fl;Liuapd;

Kf;fpaf; $Wfshfg; gy;NtW vOj;jhsu;fs; $wpatw;iw ,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mtw;Ws; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahfg; gpd; tUtdtw;iwf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Unity
Definition
Order
Paragraph construction
Language & its style
Legibility
Proportion
Not exceeding the limit
Conclusion

xUikg;ghL
tiutpyf;fzKk; nghUl; rpwg;Gk;
xOq;F
gj;jpaikg;G
nkhopeilr; rpwg;G
njspT
nghUj;j tPjk;
msT kpfhik
KbT

nkhop mikg;G:fl;Liuapd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfshf NkNy nrhy;y

; g;gl;Ls;stw;iwj; jdpj;jdpNa tpsf;fpr;
nrhy;tJ vd;gJ Ntz;lhj xd;whFk;. fl;Liuapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;W mjpy;
gad; g Lj; j g; n gWk; nkhopjhd; . ,e; j nkhopiaj; jpwk; g lf; ifahs Ntz; L nkdpy;
fl;Liuahrpupad; nkhopj;jpwdpy; kpff; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vOj;Jg; gpio> ,yf;fzg;
gpio ,d;wp vOJtJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ. mt;thW vOJq;fhy; gj;J tiff; Fw;wq;fspd;
Fw;wq;fs; ePf;fpvOjNtz;Lk;.
1. Fd;wf; $wy;
2. kpifglf; $wy;

Incomplete statement
Redundancy
11

3. $wpaJ $wy;
4. khWnfhsf; $wy;
5. t*cr; nrhy; Gzu;j;jy;
6. kaq;f itj;jy;
7. ntw;nwdj; njhLj;jy;
8. kw;nwhd;W tpupj;jy;
9. nrd;W Nja;e;jpWjy;
10. epd;W gadpd;ik

Tautology
Inconsistency in statement
Using wrong words
Obscurity in the composition
Unwanted Expansion
Deviating the text & going astray
Gradual fading
No use of giving abrupt ending.

Kjyhd gj;J tiff; Fw;wq;fspd;wpAk; fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lk;.

moFfisf; $l;b:xU E}y; vOJq;fhy; jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;badthfj; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fspy;

$wg;gl;Ls;s ,g; gj;J tiff; Fw;wq;fspd;wpf; fl;Liu xUtd; vOjpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.
mNj Neuj;jpy; ehk; vOjtpUf;Fk; fl;Liuapy;>
1. RUq;fr; nrhy;yy;
2. tpsq;f itj;jy;;
3. etpd;Nwhu;f;fpdpik
4. ed;nkhop Gzu;j;jy;
5. XirAilik
6. MoKilj;jhjy;
7. Kiwapd; itg;G
8. cyfkiyahik
9. tpOkpaJ gaj;jy;
10. tpsq;Fjhuzj;jhFjy;

Brevity
Clarity of expression
Enjoyability
Best words in best order
Having rhythm
Having depth
Proportion
Not contradicting the universal truth
Serving a purpose
With proper illustration.

Kjyhd gj;J tif moFk; nghUe;jpapUf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.

mikg; G :gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fspd;wpg; gj;J tif moNfhL xU fl;Liu ,Ue;jhYk; mjd;

gj;jpaikg;Ggw;wp kpfTk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nghjpa gj;jpaikg;gpd;wp xNu njhlu;rr
; pahf
vOjg; ngWk; fl;Liufs; gbg;gtu;fSf;Fr; rypg;Gzu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jptpLk;. fl;Liuapd;
jiyg;gpw;Nfw;g> nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g gj;jpaikg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
xU fUj;Jf;F xU gj;jp vd;Dk; Kiwapy; fl;Liu mikg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ij
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mjidj; njspT gLj;Jk; tifapy; Nghjpa vLj;Jf; fhl;LfSld;
,Uf;fpd;w epiyapy; gj;jpaikg;gpid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gj;jpapy; gy fUj;Jfs;
,lk; ngWtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

12

,ijg; Nghd;W KbTiuapYk; kpf Kf;fpakhff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. xU

KbTiuahdJ fl;Liuapd; njhFg;GiuahFk;. xNu Neuj;jpy; fl;Liuahsdpd; fUj;jpid
ntspapLtjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jhd; nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g Nkw;NfhSk;
nfhLf;fyhk;. NkYk; jd; fUj;jpw;F Vw;g tof;fpypUf;Fk; gonkhopapidAk; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.
,e;j tifapy; vOjg;gLk; KbTiuahdJ fl;Liuf;F Xu; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNjhL vOJgtdpd;
cs;sj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;jp tpLk;. vdNt fl;Liuahsdpd; jdpj;Jtk; fl;Liuapd; KbTiuahff;
$Wk; fUj;jpd; Nfhu;itapy; - nrk;ikapy; (Personal touch) mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,jid
czu;e;J vOjg;gLk; fl;LiuNa rpwe;j fl;Liuahf mikAk;. mJNt ,yf;fpaKk; MFk;.
gapw; r p:fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ xU jPtpug; gapw;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; miktjhFk;.
,g;gapw;rpapid khztu;fSf;F mspf;Fk; tifapy; Kd; $wg;gl;litfisf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,jidg; gbj;j vtUk; clNd fl;Liu vOjptplyhk; vd epidg;gJ jtW.
fl;Liu vLJtjw;F Kd; fl;Liuapd; nghUs; gw;wpr; rpe;jid nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;
mjw;fhd nra;jpfisr; Nrfupj;jy;> Nrfupj;jitfis tifg;gLj;jy;> gpd; mtw;iwf; Nfhu;itgl
vOJjy; vd;w mstpy; khztu;fs; gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; khztu;fs;
gy;NtW nghUs; gw;wp khjpupf; fl;Liufs; vOjpg; gof Ntz;Lk;.
;

mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;:nghJthff; fl; L iu vOJk; n ghOJ gpwUila fUj; J fis vLj; J f; f hl; l
Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt> mf;fUj;Jfis Nkw;Nfhs; FwpfSld; ----------------- vOj Ntz;Lk;.
mk; Nkw;Nfhs; tpsf;fj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;L (Foot note) fhz;gpg;gJ ey;yJ. tuyhw;Wf;
fl;Liu> jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu vOJk; NghJ kpfTk; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nra;jpapJ.
mbf;NfhL tbtikg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;StJ kpf Kf;fpak;. E}yhrpupaupd; ngau;> E}ypd;
ngau;> gjpg;G tptuk;> gjpg;ghsu; ngau;> gjpf;fg;ngw;w ,lk;> Mz;L vd tud;Kiwg;gLj;jyhk;.
my;yJ E}ypd; ngau;> E}yhrpupau; gjpg;G
tptuk; vd newpg;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;tpuz;L
KiwfSs; VNjDk; xd;wpidf; fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; eyk;.
fPo;f;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l tifapy; Nkw;Nfhs; gw;wpa tptuj;ijf; nfhLf;fyhk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. gpr;r%u;j;jp :
kdepoy;
vOj;Jg; gpuRuk;
19 V> gps;isahu; Nfhtpy; njU
jpUty;ypf; Nfzp> nrd;id
Kjw; gjpg;G : 1977
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gpwUila fUj;jhf ,Ug;gij Nkw;Nfhs; milahsj;Jld; vOJtJjhd; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. fl;Liuapd; xt;;nthU gf;fj;jpd; ,WjpapYs;s Nkw;Nfhs; tptuk;
nfhLg;gNjhL fl;Liu vOJtjw;Fj; Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fspd; gl;bay; xd;wpidf; fl;Liuapd;
,Wjpapy; (Bibliography) nfhLf;f Ntz;LtJ mtrpak;. Muha;rr
; pf; fl;LiufspYk; jpwdha;Tf;
fl;LiufspYk; ,J kpfTk; fz;bg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba xd;W. ,k;Kiwapy;jhd;
vy;yhf; fl;LiufisAk; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fl;lhak; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; fl;Liu

13

vd;wTld; xU Kd;Diu> fl;Liuapd; nghUs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;> KbTiu vd;Dk; epiyapy;

ehk; fl;Liu vOjg; gofpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd gj;jpaikg;G vy;yhk; ehk; vOjg;NghFk;
nghUspid xl;b miktjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; khztu;fs; gy nghUs;
Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu vOjg; gofpd; Nju;tpy; nfhLf;fg;ngWk; jiyg;Gfis xl;bAk; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; fl;Liu vOJtu; vd;W
cWjpahff; fUjyhk;. rpwe;j fl;Liu E}y;fs;
rpytw;iwahtJ khztu; gbg;gJ ey;yJ.

Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;;:

1. Qh. NjtNeak;

cau;juf; fl;Liu ,yf;fzk;

,uz;lhk; ghfk;
jpUney;Ntypj; njd;dpe;jpa irtrpj;jhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; ypkpnll;
nrd;id> Kjw; gjpg;G 1951

2. m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; :

ey;y jkpo;
vOj Ntz;Lkh?
fy;tp epiyak;
19> Kj;J Kjypj; njU> Ntg;Ngup>
nrd;id 100 007

3. tP. nry;tehafk;

jkpo; ciueil tuyhW

,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofk;>
Nguhjid> ,yq;if.

14

ghlk; - 3

fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - I
nrd;w ghlq;fspy; fl;Liuiag; gw;wpa nghJthd nra;jpfis XusT fz;Nlhk;.
Nju;T Nehf;fj;jpy;; nrd;w ghlj;ijg; nghJ
mwpKfkhfTk; Njitahd mbg;gilj;
njhFg;Gr; nra;jpfshfTk; rpytw;iwf; fz;Nlhk;. Nju;Tj; jhisg; nghWj;;jtiuAs;s rpy
nra;jpfshfNt mit mikAnkd;why; kpifahfhJ. fl;Liuiag; gw;wpj; njupa Ntz;ba>
njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba nra;jpfs; ,d;Dk; vt;tsNth cs;sd. mtw;wpy; xU rpytw;iw
,g;ghlj;jpy; fhz;Nghk;. jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;W mikg;gpy; ,g;gFjp ngw;Ws;s ,lk;
Fwpj;Jk;> fl;Liuf;F kpf neUq;fpa ciueil mikg;G gw;wpAk;> fl;Liuapy; rpy Njhw;wq;fs;
Fwpj;Jk; XusT fhz;Nghk;. nghJf; fl;Liu vOj KidAk; khztu;fs; mjd; Njhw;wk;>
tsu;r;rp> tho;T> tsk; Mfpa nra;jpfisAk; XusthtJ njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;lhkh?

fl;Liuapd; nrhy;yhl;rp:Essay|| vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd jkpo;r; nrhy; fl;LiuahFk;.

fl;Liu vd;gJ cWjpnkhop> cz;ikf; $w;W> gilj;J nkhopf; fpstp> Nfhg;Giu vdg; gy
nghUspy; toq;fg;gl;lhYk;> NkNy nrhd;d Essay|| vd;Dk; nghUspy; toq;fj; jiyg;gl;lJ
kpfTk; rkPg fhyj;Njjhd;. xU nghUisg; gw;wpg; gy fUj;Jfis ,irj;Jk; Nfhitgl
tiuAk; nrhw;nwhlu; my;yJ rpW Rtb fl;LiuahFk;. Nfhg;Giu vd;Dk; nghUspy; fl;Liu
vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gof;fj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtu; kiwkiyabfs; vdghu; Qh. NjtNeag;
ghthzu;. ,/J cz;iikNa. fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ Nkdhl;bd; tUifia xl;bNa
vOe;j xd;whFk;.

Nkdhl;Lj; njhlu;ghyh?
Nkdhl;bYk; ,jd; Njhw;wk; rkPg fhyj;jNj. khz;Nlapd; (Michel De Montaine 15331592) vd;Dk; gpuQ;R E}yhrpupau; xU nghUs;gw;wp my;yJ r%fk; gw;wpa jkJ fUj;jpid
my;yJ kjpg;gPl;bid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; vOjg;gl;l ciueil tbtNk ,d;Ws;s
fl;Liuapd; Njhw;WthahFk;. ,jw;F mtu; nfhLj;j Essis|| vd;Dk; ngaNu ,d;W Mq;fpyj;jpy;
Essay|| vd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. VjhtnjhU nghUspy; vOjg;gl;lnjhU rpW ciueil
tbtNk fl;Liu ( A short composition on any particular subject) vdg; nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ
Mf;];Nghu;L Mq;fpy mfuhjp. cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wtij Kiwapd;wpf; fl;Liug;gJ fl;Liu
vd;W Mq;fpyg; NguwpQu; [hd;]d; $Wfpd;whu;. Mdhy; mf;fUj;ij ehk; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fpy;iy. xU nghUisf; Fwpj;J tiuaWj;J E}nyOJjy; Kiwapy;
,y;yhky;> rpwpa mstpy; nghUl; nrwpTld; tpsf;fkhf ahUk; gbf;ff; $ba eilapy;
mike;jpUg;gNj fl;LiuahFk; vd;gu; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;.

INuhg;gpau; tpijj;j tpj;J:fl;Liu gw;wpg; gygl ehk; NgrpdhYk; fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ ,d;Dk; ahUf;Fk;
xd;Wk; Gupglhj xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fl;Liu vd;wTld; VNjh kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy;
15

vijahtJ vOjpg; gf;fj;ij epug;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,d;W gyuJ Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
fl;Liuia ehk; ,d;Dk; xU ,yf;fpa tifahf> tbtkhff; fUjtpy;iy. Mq;fpyf;
fy;tpapd; fhuzkhfg; nghJthf ,e;jpahntq;fpYk; xd;whfj; Njhd;wpaJ fl;Liu.
,ilf;fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpa ciuahrpupau;fspd; ciueilapypUe;J khWgl;l> gz;bjj;jpypUe;J
tpyfpa xd;whf VNjDk; xU nghUs;gw;wpg; gyUk;
gbf;ff; $ba tifapy; jhk;
epidj;jtw;iwf; fl;Liuahf vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;ltu;fs; INuhg;gpau;fNs.
tPukhKdptu;> rPfd;ghy;F Iau; Kjypatu;fshy; njhlf;fp itf;fg; ngw;w jkpo;
ciueil ,af;fkhdJ MWKf ehtyu; fhyj;Nj rkaf; fz;ldTiufisAk; fl;LiufisAk;
vOJtjpy; Kbe;jJ. rkag; Nghl;b fhuzkhfg; nghJ kf;fSila cs;sj;ijf; ftuj;jf;f
tifapy; vOj;jhsu;fs; jq;fSila fUj;Jfis ntspaplj; njhlq;fpa fhyk; ehtyu;
fhykhFk;. mf;fhyj;jpNy nghJ kf;fSf;Fupa eilapy; fl;LiufSk; gpwTk; gpuRupf;fg;gl;l
gj;jpupiffs; gy Njhd;wyhapd vd;ghu; tp. nry;tehafk;.

gj; j pupiffs; : jkpo;g; gj;jpupiffspd; Njhw;wj;ij xl;bNa jkpo;f; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaKk; tsu;tjhapw;W.
Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fhuzkhfj; jkpopNy Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tiffSs; ehty;> rpWfij
tsu;r;rpf;F ,izahff; fl;Liu ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpiar; rpwg;ghfr; nrhy;y KbahJ. mJ
jkpopNy tsutpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;. Ntjehafk; gps;is> uh[ikau; Kjyhdtu;fNs
fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfshfj; jpfo;e;jhu;fs;. ,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J
jp.
nry;tf;Nfrtuha Kjypahu;> lhf;lu; c. Nt. rhkpehj Iau;> e. K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;>
gz;bjkzp K. fjpNurd; nrl;bahu;> fh. Rg;gpukzpa gps;is> Nguhrpupau; v];. itahGupg;gps;is
Kjyhdtu;fs; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F tsk; Nru;j;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fSila fl;Liufs;
gyTk; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs; vd;wstpNyNa cs;sd. jpU. tp. fy;ahzRe;judhUk;
fl;;Liufs; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tUila gy fl;Liufs; E}y; tbtpy; ntspte;Js;sd.

ciueil:,q;F xU nra;jpia epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;f; fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; gw;wpg;

NgRk;nghOJ jkpo; ciueiliag; gw;wpAk; xd;wpuz;L thu;ji
; jfs; nrhy;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhd
xd;whFk;. jkpo; ciueil tuyhw;iwg; ghu;j;jhy; mjpy; %d;W tpjkhd ciueilg;
Nghf;Ffs; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ciuahrpupau;fshy;
Njhw;Wtpj;j eil xd;W. ,J
ngUk;ghYk; gz;bjj;jpd; ghw;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ 1916 ,y; kiwkiyabfshy; njhlq;fg;ngw;w
jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fj;jhy; cUthd jkpo; eil xd;W> ,J xU tifahd nkhop ntwp
nfhz;lJ. %d;whtJ kWkyu;r;rp eil vd miof;fg;ngWk; fUj;Njhl;l eilahFk;.
,e;eilapd; rpwg;G ,jd; ntspaPl;Lg; ghq;if xl;baJ.
xU kdpjdpd; rpe;jidapd;
ntspg;ghL nkhop vd;Dk; njhlu;Gr; rhjdj;ij xl;baJ. nkhopeil vd;gJ xUtd;
fUj;jpidr; nrhy;y mtd; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;. ,JNt mtid> mtdJ
rpe; j idia ,dq; f z; L nfhs; s cjTfpwJ. mj; N jhL mtdJ MSikiaAk;
Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jdhy;jhd; style is the index of the man vd;gu;. ,j;jifa capNuhl;lKs;s
eilapidj; jkpopy; njhlq;fp itj;jtu; ahnud;W jpl;ltl;lkhfr; nrhy;y KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
t. Nt. R. Iau;> ghujpahu;> lhf;lu;. c. Nt. rhkpehj Iau;> GJikg; gpj;jd;> F. g.
uh[Nfhghyd; KjypNahiur; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ

16

fl;lhak; fy;fpiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lg;Ngr Ntz;Lk;. mNj Nghy jkpo;j; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j

itahGupg; gps;isiaAk; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Liu tiffs;:NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;stu;fshy;> jkpopy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; ,d;W

ngupjhf tsu;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. ,d;Wk; jkpou;fs; xU fhyj;jpy;
tpahrk; vd miof;fg;ngw;w fl;Liuapid ,yf;fpakhfNt fUjtpy;iy. rpWfij> ehty;
Kjyhd gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fs; vOJtjw;F VNjDk; tho;tpay; epfo;rr
; pfs; Njitahf ,Ug;gd
Nghd;Nw fl;Liufs; vOJtjw;Fk; tho;f;if gw;wpa mDgtk; Njit. ,t;tDgtk; gw;wpa
rpe;jidj; njspT Ntz;Lk;. rpe;jidAk; Mo;e;j mDgt mwpTk; tha;f;fg;ngw;w xUtd;
vOJk; fl;LiuahdJ gyiuAk; rpe;jpf;f itg;gNjhL ,J Nghd;W fl;Liu vOjTk;
J}z;Lk;. ,e;j
Kiwapy; vOjg;gLk; fl;LiuahdJ> mitfspd; nghUSf;F Vw;g
mf;fl;Liufspy; Ngrg;gLk; fUj;;JfSf;F Vw;g gy tiffshfg; gpupg;gu;. mitahtd:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu
tUzidf; fl;Liu
tpsf;fpaw; fl;Liu
rpe;jidf; fl;Liu
fw;gidf; fl;Liu
jUf;ff; fl;Liu
mq;fjf; fl;Liu
Gfo;r;rpf; fl;Liu
Nehl;lf; fl;Liu

Narrative essay
Discriptive essay
Expository essay
Reflective essay
Imaginative essay
Argumentative essay
Satirical essay
Commendatory essay
Critical essay

vd tifg;gLj;Jtu; Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu; fl;LiuAk; mjd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; gyUk;

gythwhf vLj;Jiug;gu;. ,Ug;gpDk; nghJthff; fl;Liu vd;wTld; ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;baJ mjd; tiffisg; gw;wpajd;W; mjd; tbtikg;Gg; gw;wpaJjhd;. Vnddpy;
,Jtiu fl;Liuapd; tiffshfg; gyUk; gytw;iwr; nrhy;ypAs;sdu;. NkNy jug;gl;l
fl;Liu tiffSld; NkYk; rpy tiffs; $l;lg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. vdNt> ,jw;nfd xU
jpl;ltl;lkhd msT $w Kbahj epiyapNyNa cs;sJ vdyhk;.

gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu:gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu vd;W jdp tifahdnjhU fl;Liu xd;W thu> khjg;
gj;jpupiffspYk;> QhapW kyu;fspYk; ,lk; ngwj; njhlq;fpapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,ijg;gw;wp
m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; $Wtij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. thu> khj ntspaPLfspYk;
QhapW kyu;fspYk;
ntspaplg;gLtijNa gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. ,/J xU
jdpapdk;. ehl;by; kf;fs; ftdj;ijf; ftuf;$ba nghUisg; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,it Fiwe;j fy;tp cs;stu;fSk; gbj;jwpe;;Jnfhs;sj; jf;f eilapy; tpsf;fkhf>
$Lkhdhy; eifr;Rit nghUe;j mika Ntz;Lk;. Gs;sp tptuq;fs; jf;f rhd;WfSld;
nfhLf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
17

,f; fl;LiufSf;F ePzl

; Kd;Diu ,y;yhjthW nghUisj; njhlq;fp ed;K
; iwapy;
Kbg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ePz;l Kd;Diuiag; gbf;f kf;fSf;F Neuk; fpilahJ.
gbf;f nghWikAk; ,y;iy. ,d;W Neuk; Ntfkha; XLfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifAk; Ntfkhfg;
Nghfpd;wJ. vdNt gj;jpupiff; fl;Liufs; ePz;buhky; Ritahdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,f;
$w;W vy;yh
tifahd fl;LiufSf;Fk; nghJthdJ. ,dp xU
rpy fl;Liuapd;
tiffisg; gw;wp XusT njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

1. rpe;;jidf; fl;Liu:Reflective essay vdg;gLk; rpe;jidf; fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ jkpopy; ,y;yhj
xd;whFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j tiff; fl;Liufis vOjpAk; cs;sdu;. xU rk;gtNkh fhl;rpNah
kd epoy; thu;gg
; py; mfg; Gw mDgtj;ij> xU mbg;gilj; jj;Jt juprdj;ij> NgUz;ikia
ntspg;gLj;Jtij> czu;jJ
; tij ehk; czu KbAk;. ,j;jifa jj;Jt juprdj;ij my;yJ
NgUz;ikiag; gw;wp vOjg;gLtNj rpe;jidf; fl;Liu. kzpf;nfhb fhyj;jpy; kzpf;nfhbapy;
vOjpa vOj;jhsu;fs; gyu; ,j;jifa rpe;jidf; fl;Liufis vOjpAs;sdu;. ,tu;fSs;
Kjd;ikahdtu; eh. gpr;r%u;j;jp Mthu;. gp~_ vd;Dk; ngaupy; kdepoy; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
,tu; vOjpa fl;Liufisr; rpe;jidf; fl;Liufs; vdyhk;. gpr;r%u;jj
; p vOjpa fl;LiufSf;Fk;
kw;wtu;fs; vOjpa fl;LiufSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jJ. tpj;jpahrk; cUtj;jpy; kl;Lkpy;iy.
njhdp> Nehf;F> ntspaPL vd;w ,e;j jd;ikfspYk; tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jJ. fl;Liu vd;fpw
v];N] ];fpupg;l;; vd;Dk; Mq;fpyg; gpupTfspd; Fzq;fs; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk;
,e;j %d;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l xU GJikg; ghq;F ,tw;wpy; fhzKbfpwJ. kd Xl;lq;fisAk;
,aw;if tu;zidiaAk; jj;Jtg; Nghf;ifAk; fijak;rj;ijAk; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUf;Fk;
,it jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xU Gjpa n~du; ; vd;fpNwhNk me;j cUtg; gpupitj;
je;jpUf;fpd;wd. th. uh. tpd; eilr; rpj;jpuk;, MSf;F Ms; KjypadTk; R.
nry;yg;ghtpd; fhw;W cs;s NghNj vd;Dk; fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpy; ntspahd E}ypy;
cs;s fl;LiufisAk; ,q;Nf Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.

2. tUzidf; fl;Liu:xU nghUisf; Fwpj;Njh my;yJ Xu; ,lj;ijf; Fwpj;Njh tUzpj;J vOJtJ
tUzidf; fl;LiuahFk;. ,ijg; Nghd;Nw xU epfo;r;rpiaNah gy epfo;r;rpfisNah
fijg; Nghf;fpy; tUzpj;J vOjg;gLk; fijf; fl;LiufSf;Fk; tUzidf; fl;LiufSf;Fk;
ngupJk; NtWghL ,y;iy.

3. mq;fjf; fl;Liu my;yJ eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu:Kg;gJfspy;jhd; jkpopy; eifr;Ritf; fl;Liufs; mjpfkhfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; ntsptuj;
njhlq;fpd. fy;fp vd;w Gid ngaupy; vOjpa uh. fpU~;z%u;j;jp ,e;j Nghf;ifj;
jpwk;glf; ifahz;lhu;. ehNlhb> Njtd;> tre;jdd; KjypNahu; gy eifr; Ritf; fl;Liufs;
vOjpAs;shu;fs;.

4. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:-

18

xU fhy fl;lj;ij> xU r%fj;jpd; tuyhw;wpay; Nghf;fpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

vOjg;gLk; fl;Liu tuyhw;Wf; fl;LiuahFk;. Nguhrpupau; v];. itahGupg; gps;isapd;
gy fl;Liufs; tuyhw;Wf; fl;LiufshFk;.; xU tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;F ,tuJ fl;Liufisg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSld; vOjg;gLk;
,tu;jk; fl;Liufs; rpwg;G tha;e;jd vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

5. jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu:xU fiyQid my;yJ gilg;gpidj; jpwdha;e;J vOjg;gLk; fl;Liu jpwdha;Tf;

fl;LiuahFk;. f. eh. Rg;ukz;ak;> rp. R. nry;yg;gh> ntq;fl;rhkpehjd; kw;Wk; gy vOj;jhsu;fspd;
fl;Liufisj; jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufs; vdyhk;.

6. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu:xU nghUspid

Muha;e;J
$WtJ
Muha;r;rpf;
fl;LiuahFk;.
nj. ngh.
kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;> kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp KjypNahu; vOjpAs;s Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufis
,q;Ff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
,it Nghd;W ,d;Dk; gy;NtW tifahd fl;Liu tbtq;fisj; jkpopy; fhzhyhk;.
,it fl;Liu ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jpadth vd;gijf; fhzNtz;Lk;. ,g;gbg; ghu;f;Fk;
nghOJjhd; fl;Liu vOJjy; gw;wpj; njspthdnjhU fUj;J Gyg;gLk;.

fl;Liu tiffs; - njhlu;r;rp

fUj;Jfisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp vOJjNy fl;LiuahFk;. Kjypy;
gj;jpfis
tiuaiwg;gLj;jp rpe;jid Nahl;lj;jpw;Fj; ju;f;fuPjpahf xU epahak; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gj;jpfSf;Ff; fUj;jpd; mbg;gilaha; xU njhlu;r;rp ,Ug;gJ rpwg;Gilj;J. nrhw;fs;
Kiwg;gb miktJ Nghy; nrhw;fshfpa njhlu; nkhopfSk; njhlu; nkhopfshfpa gj;jpfSk;
mitait mstpy; fUj;Jfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nry;Yjy; eyk;. njhlu;eJ
; epfOk; rpe;jid
Nahl;lj;ijj; jilnra;tJ Nghy;> fUj;JfSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghL ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. vLj;Jf;
nfhz;l fUj;jpw;Nfw;g eil mike;jhy;jhd; moFw mikAk;. jiyg;;gpw;Nfw;gTk; eil
mika Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. fl;Liu> fiyapd; tbtk; MFk;. MfNt m/J Mw;nwhOf;F
Nghd;w eilapy; vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kjy; nrhw;nwhlNu gbf;fpd;wtu;fis <u;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW <u;f;fhtpl;lhy;
ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; fl;Liuiag; gbf;f tpUk;g khl;lhu;fs;. fUj;jpYk; vOj;jpYk; xw;Wik
,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ Kjpu;e;j rpe;jidf;F Xu; vLj;Jf; fhl;L. fl;Liuapy; Xu; mbg;gilahd
fUj;J Kuz;glhj epiyapy; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ePz;l fl;Liufs; mau;r;rpiaj;
jUk;. nrhw; rpf;fdk;> fl;Liuf;F Xu; mbg;gilahd moF. ,yf;fpa moFld; cau;e;j
fUj;Jfisj; njspthfr; nrhy;tJjhd; fl;Liu. vspikahd Kiwapy;> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l
jiyg;ig Neubahfr; nrhy;YtJjhd; rpwg;ghFk;.
nrhy;yhl;rpapy; kaf;fj;ijj; jUk; nrhw;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mokhd
fUj;Jfisf; fbdkhd nrhw;fis tpLj;J> vspikahd nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L nrhy;Ytjw;F
19

xU ey;y gapw;rp Njit. ek; kdjpy; xU fUj;ijg; gw;wpa rpe;jid ey;y Kiwapy;
njspthf ,Ue;jhy;jhd;> mij ek;khy; ahtu;fF
; k; GupAk; tz;zk; nrhy;y KbAk;. ,jaj;jpy;
xsp cz;lhapd; thf;fpYk; xsp cz;L. lhf;lu;. ,uhjhfpUl;bzd;> ,uh[h[p Nghd;Nwhu;
jj;Jtq;fisg;gw;wpa fl;Liufis vOJk;NghJ $l kpf vspikahd Kiwapy;jhd;
vOJthu;fs;. cgepljq;fspd; rhuj;ijg; gpope;J jUk;NghJ ,uhkfpU~;z guk`k;ru;> xU
Foe;ijf;Ff;$lg; GupAk; tifapy; kpf vspikahd Kiwapy; nrhy;ypr; nry;thu;. ,j;jifa
rhd;Nwhu;fspd; fl;Liufis kddk; nra;jhy;jhd; ekf;Fk; mtu;fisg;Nghy; vOj tUk;.
eil> vOJfpd;wtu;fis milahsk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. MfNt eilapy; xU jdpj;jd;ik
Ntz;Lk;. vOJfpd;wtu;fSila jdp cUtk;> eilapy; ntspg;gLjy;jhd; fl;Liuf;F
mzpahFk;. ,y;yhtpby; fl;Liu jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;J Nrhu;Tila nrhw;fshfp> twz;l
ghiytdk; Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;.

fl;Liufs; gy tifg;gLk; mitahtd:(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liu

tUzidf; fl;Liu
jd;tar; rpe;jidapy; Mo;e;j fl;Liu
fw;gidf; fl;Liu
tpsf;ff; fl;Liu

,it jk;jk; mstpy; vy;iyia tFj;Jf; nfhz;l fl;Liufsd;W. epfo;r;rpfisj;

njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufspy; tUzidfSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; vy;yhtw;wpYk; jd;
takhd rpe;jid ,Uj;jy; ey;yjhFk;.

epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;fyhk;:

1. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisf; $Wtd.
2. ngupNahu; tuyhw;wpid tpsf;Ftd.
3. epfo;r;rpfs; (mjhtJ> xU njUf;fhl;rp> jpUtpoh> Nghd;wtw;iwf;
$Wtd.
4. tpgj;Jf;fisg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltd.
5. gazk; gw;wpr; Ritglf; $Wjy;.
6. xU rpW epfo;r;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rpWfijfs;.

tUzidf; fl;Liufs; fPo; tUkhW:

1. tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpad.
2. efuq;fs;> rupj;jpug; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ,lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
fz;$lhf vjpNu epd;W epWj;jpf; fhl;Ltd.
3. njhopw; $lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W ghu;itapLjy; Kjypad.

20

jd;tar; rpe;jidapyho;e;j fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. VNjDk; xU epfo;r;rp my;yJ fUj;ijg; gw;wpNa rpe;jpj;jy;.
(nr];lu;ld; vOjpAs;s rhf;gPi]g; gw;wp fl;Liu ,jw;Fr;
rhd;W.)
2. ek; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> gz;Gfs;> kuGfs; Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wp
cuf;fr; rpe;jpj;jy;.
3. murpay;> r%fg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfs;.
4. jj;Jt tprhuiz
5. rkaf; fl;Liufs;

fw;gidf; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. VNjDk; xU #o;epiyapy; jhd; ,Ue;jhy; vd;ndd;d nra;jpUf;f
KbAk; vd;gJ gw;wp. (ehd; gpujkuhdhy;.....................)
2. m/wpizg; nghUs;fspd; Rarupij. (Ngdhtpd; fij ......... xU
&gha; Nehl;bd; fij Nghd;wd)
tpsf;ff; fl;Liufs; ngUk;ghYk; tpQ;Qhdk; gw;wpad. ,yf;fpaf; fl;LiufisAk;
,g; gpuptpy; mlf;fyhk;. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;G> fk;gUila khe;ju;fs; Nghd;w tpku;rdf;
fl;LiufisAk; ,g;gpuptpy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
xU fl;Liuf;F>
1. vLg;G
2. njhFg;G
3. Kbg;G
Mfpa %d;Wk; kpfTk; Njit. jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;j gpwF vd;ndd;d vOjg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;W rpy Fwpg;Gfis tiue;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw tifg;gLj;jp vOJjy;jhd;
Kiw. vLg;G rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jhy;jhd; gbf;fpd;wtu;fs; njhlu;e;J
gbg;ghu;fs;. MfNt
,ijg;gw;wp Mokhfr; rpe;jpj;j gpwFjhd; vOjj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; rpe;jpj;J
tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Nlhkhdhy; ekf;Fk; Fog;gkpd;wpAk;> jq;F jilapd;wpAk; xNu rPuhff;
fl;Liuia vOj KbAk; vdyhk;.
xU fl;Liuapd; njhFg;G> njhlu;e;J mjDld; njhlu;G cilajha;> vLg;Gf;F
,izahd rpe;jidNahl;lj;Jld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fl;Liuahf mikAk;.
njhFg;gpy; gj;jpfisr; rupahd Kiwapy; ghFgLj;jg; gl;bUe;jhy;jhd;> fl;Liufs;
gbf;fpd;wtu;fisf; ftUk; rf;jp ciladthf ,Uf;Fk;. gj;jpfs; xt;nthd;Wk;
xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ij typAWj;Jjy; rpwg;G. xNu gj;jpapy; ntt;NtW tifahd rpe;jidfs;
,Uj;jy; fl;Liuf;F mofhfhJ. gj;jpfSf;F tiuaiw ,y;iy. ju;f;f uPjpahd thjq;fs;>
21

njhFg;gpy; gspr;rpl Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuapy; czu;r;rptakhd epahaq;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy.

mwpTg; G+u;tkhd rpe;jidjhd; fl;Liuapd; mb Ntu;. MfNt> gilg;gpyf;fpaj;Jf;F cupa
czu;rr
; pkakhd vz;zq;fs; fl;Liuapy; ,Uj;jiyj; jtpu;jj
; y; Njit. fw;gidf; fl;Liufspy;
,j;jd;ik ,Uj;jy; jtwhfhJ.
Kbg;G> fl;Liuahsupd; jdpj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. nrhy;yte;j fUj;ij
Muha;eJ
; jd; rpe;jidia Kj;jha;gg
; hf vLj;Jf; $WtJjhd; Kbg;G. vLg;gpYk; njhFg;g
; pYk;
$wpa fUj;Jfis kPzL
; k; tw;GWj;jp mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jd; nfhs;ifia epiyehl;Lk;
fUtpahfj;jhd; mtu; Kbg;igg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tw;GWj;j
; pf; $WtJ> $wpaJ
$wy; vd;w Fw;wj;jpd; tag;glhJ. vLg;G vj;Jizr; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh mjw;Nfw;g
Kbg;Gk; mikjy;jhd; fl;Liuf;F typik Nru;f;Fk;. fl;Liuapd; jpuz;l fUj;Jfisj;
njhFj;J mijg; gbf;fpd;wtu;fspd; kdjpy; epiy ngWk;gbahfr; nra;tJjhd; rpwg;G.
ehd;F jiyg;Gfisf; nfhLj;J mtw;wpy; xd;Wgw;wpf; fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lnkd;w
Nfs;tpiag; gbj;jTld; ,ae;jpu uPjpahf xU jiyg;gpidj; Nju;en
; jLj;J vOjj; njhlq;FtJ
jtW. ehd;F jiyg;GfisAk; rpwpJ Neuk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ve;jj; jiyg;G Fwpj;Jf;
Nfhitahfr; rpe;jpf;f Kbfpd;wNjh> me;jj; jiyg;igj; Nju;en
; jLj;J mijg;gw;wpf; Fwpg;ngLj;Jf;
nfhz;L njhlq;FtNj Kiw. xU rpwe;j E}ypdpd;Wk; fl;Liuf;Fj; njhlu;ghd Nkw;NfhSld;
vOjj; njhlq;fyhk;. epiwa Nkw;Nfhs;fs; fhl;LtJjhd; ey;y fl;Liuf;F milask;
vd;W kUsTk; $lhJ. Mq;fhq;Nf Kj;Jf;fspilNa gtsk; nga;jhw; Nghy; cau;e;j
E}y;fspdpd;Wk; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; vLj;J Msyhk;. rhd;whf ey;y eil vd;gJgw;wp xU
fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lnkd;why; FwspypUe;J Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; fl;Liuiaj; njhlq;fyhk;.
nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyg; gpwpNjhu; nrhy; nty;Yk; jd;ikapd;ikawpe;J|| vd;gjw;Nfw;g
xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; fl;Liuapd; capu; ehb vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;.
fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j xU fl;Liuapy; Nkhid myq;fhuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy.
,d;Dk; $wg;Nghdhy; ,j;jifa mzpfs;> gbf;fpd;wtu;fs; ftdj;ij mbg;gilf; fUj;jpdpd;Wk;
<u;j;Jj; jLkhwr;nra;J miyf;fopf;ff; $baJ. fUj;Jf;Fj; jil tpistpf;fhky;
fUj;Njhl;lj;Jf;F cWJizahf epw;ff; $ba epiyapy; mikfpd;w Nkhid mUikahfr;
rpy fl;Liuahsu;fSf;F tha;g;gJz;L.
vJ Fwpj;J vOjg;gLfpd;w fl;LiuahapDk;> mjpy; eifr;Rit ,ioe;NjhLtJ
Fw;wkhfhJ. fl;Liuiaj; njhlu;eJ
; gbg;gjw;F ,J cjTk;. Mdhy; eifr;Rit etPdkhfTk;
jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;j KilajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:1. fl;Liu vOJKd; kdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUj;Jfs;
ahit?
2. vLg;G> njhFg;G> Kbg;G Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp xU Fwpg;G
tiuf.
3. VNjDk; tpQ;Qhdj; jiyg;Gg; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf.

22

rpy khjpupf; fl;;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:1. Njrpa xUikg;ghL

2. jha;nkhopf; fy;tp
3. fpufq;fspy; kdpjd;
4. jpiug;glq;fspy; jzpf;if
5. tpLjiyAk; nfLjiyAk;
6. ,d;iwa khztu; flik
7. fy;tpj; Jiwapy; khw;wq;fs;
8. jkpoff; fiyfs;
9. tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpapd; Mf;ff; NfLfs;
10. mwptpaYk; fiyapaYk;

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;GfisAk; khztu; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngwyhk;.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; cupik

jkpopd; kWkyu;r;rpAk; khztu; flikAk;
NghUk; ehl;bd; mikjpAk;
Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;
vd; tho;f;ifapd; jiyrpwe;j Fwpf;Nfhs;
jha;nkhopAk; njhopw;fy;tpAk;
tpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAk;
Mbg; gl;lk; Njb tpij
,e;jpaf; fiyj; Jiwapy; me;epau;fs;
gl;l Nkw;gbg;GfspYk; nkhopf; fy;tp Njitah?
,yf;fpa cyfk; ,d;gkhdJ
tskhd ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fspd; Vo;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
ghLgLgtu;f;Nf ,e;jg; ghuplk; nrhe;jikah
nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; mjpy; jpwikjhd; ekJ nry;tk;
ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu;
gj;jpupiffSk; nra;jpfSk;
Ntiyapd;ikAk; mjid ePf;Fk; KiwfSk;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; xOf;fq;fSk;
,e;jpa murpay; newpfSk; gj;jpupiffSk;
gpw nkhopahsupil jkpo; cwT
,d;iwa fy;tpapd; juk;
murpaypy; khztupd; gq;F
,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; gq;F
mz;ikapy; nrd;w Rw;Wyh.
23

25. Njrpaf; fz;fhl;rpapd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;

26. rkak; tsu kjg; gpur;rhuk; Njitah?
27. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; [hjpg; gFg;Gfspd; Ml;lk;
28. rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; kjg; gpur;rhuKk;
29. ehfupf tsu;r;rpAk; mwptpay; tsu;r;rpAk;.
30. jpiug;glj; jzpf;if Nghy ehty; ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; jzpf;if
Njitah?

24

ghlk; : 4

fl;Liuapd; tiffs; II
fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW:fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ Nkiy ehl;Lg; ghjpg;;ghy; Vw;gl;l GjpanjhU ,yf;fpaj;
JiwahFk;. nra;As; tbtj;jpypUe;j kpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz E}y;fSf;F tpsf;fk;
vOJtjw;Fj;jhd; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ciueiliaf; ifahz;lhu;fs;. ciueilapy;
Gidfij vOjj; njhlq;fpa gpwF r%f tho;tpy; kf;fis <LgLj;Jfpd;w gytpjkhd
fUj;Jfs; gw;wpAk; fl;Liu tbtpy; vOj Ntz;Lnkd;w Mu;tk; kf;fspilNa cz;lhapw;W.

Nky; ehl;by;:Nky; ehl;by; ,jw;F ePz;lnjhU kuG cz;L. Essay vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;F
Kaw;rp vd;W nghUs;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; mbridf; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij vd;ghu;fs;.
md;whl thoptpy; fhZk; epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpAk; fiyj;Jiw gw;wpa Ma;thfTk; fl;Liu
vOJk; kuG Mq;fpyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; fl;Liu vOJtjpy; mbrd;> ];By;>
Nfhy;l;];kpj;> rhu;y]; yhk;g;> [hd;]d;> b. v];. vypal; MfpNahu; rpwe;jtu;fs; Mtu;.

jkpo;r; rpw;gpfs;:jkpopy; ,e; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;jhd; Kiwahff; fl;Liu vOJk; kuG

njhlq;fpaJ. kiwkiyabfs;> nry;t Nfrtuha Kjypahu;> jpU tp. fy;ahzRe;judhu; c.
Nt. Rthkpehj Iau;> tpGyhde;j mbfs;> kfpo;ed; MfpNahu; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg;
ghij tFj;Jj; je;J nrd;wpUf;fpd;wu;fs;.
gj;jpupiffspy; fl;Liu vOJk; kugpw;F tpj;jpl;ltu; fy;fp. ,jw;F Kd;Ng murpay;
nra;jpfs; gw;wpAk; r%fj;j
; pw;Fj; Njitahd fUj;Jfs; Fwpj;Jk; ghujpahu; epiwa fl;Liufs;
vOjpAs;shu;. mtu; kpfg; ngupa ftpQu; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; mtUila fl;Liu vOJk;
Mw;wy; ruptu czug;gltpy;iy.

tpQ; Q hdk; :
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by;> Nky;ehl;Lr; rpe;jid ek;ik kpfTk; ghjpj;jpUf;fpwJ.
jj;Jtq;fisg; gw;wp ek;khy; vspikahfr; nrhy;y KbtJ Nghy; tpQ;Qhdf; fUj;Jfis
ek;khy; tpthjpf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; tpQ;Qhdk; ekf;F xU Gjpa Jiw.
,lg;gpuf;iQahf tpupe;J fple;j cyfk; fhyf;fzf;fpy; nry;Yk;gbahd msTf;Ff; FWfp
tpl;lJ. rpe;jidg; Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd ,t;tpQ;Qhd cz;ikfisg; gw;wp vOJtjw;Fs;s
kuG Nky; ehl;by; njhlu;e;J ,Ue;Jte;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; ek; ehl;by; ,tw;iwg; Gjpajhf
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba #o;epiyf; Fl;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;. MfNt tpQ;Qhdf; fl;Liufs;
vOJfpd;wtu;fshf ek; nkhopapy; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sdu;. ,tu;fspy; Kd;Ndhbfshf
25

,Ug;gtu;fs; ng. e. mg;Grhkp> <. jp. uhNrr;tup mk;ikahu;> Mu;. Nf. tp];tehjd;> fiyf;fjpu;
jhNkhjuk; KjypNahu;
tpQ;Qhdf; fl;LiufSf;Nf vd;W njhlq;fg;gl;l fiyf;fjpu;
vd;w gj;jpupifapy; vOjp te;Js;sdu;. ,g;gj;jpupif njhlue;J ey;y gzp Mw;wp tUfpd;wJ.

nghUshjhuk; :
nghUshjhuf; fl;Liufs; vOJtJk; jkpOf;F xU Gjpa Jiw> Kjd; Kjypy;
gj;jpupiffspy;jhd; nghUshjhuf; fl;Liufs; tuj;njhlq;fpd. epjp> tuT nryTf; fzf;F
gw;wpa tptuq;fis Mq;fpyk; gbf;fhjtu;fs;$lg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk;gbahd msTf;Fj;
njspthd jkpopy; fy;fp mf;fhyj;jpy; fl;Liu vOjpAs;shu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; fzf;fd; (V. vd;.
rptuhkd;) vd;gtu; kpf vspa eilapy; vOJfpwhu;.

murpay; :
murpay; fl;Liu vOJtjpy; ty;ytu;fs; fhyQ;nrd;w ,uh[h[p> mwpQu; mz;zhJiu>
rj;jpa %u;j;jp> jpU. tp. f. KjypNahu; Mtu;. jpU. tp. f. tpd; jkpo; eilapy; Kiwahfj;
jkpo; gapd;w Nju;rr
; piaAk;> fhyj;Jf; Nfw;w vspikiaAk; Kjpu;ej
; rpe;jidf;F mwpFwpahd
njspitAk; fhzyhk;. jpU. tp. f. gpwUila thjq;fspy; Fw;wq;Fiw fhZk;NghJ$l> kpf
ehfupfkhf mijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;. RLnrhy; nfhz;L jhf;fkhl;lhu;. ,g;gz;ig me;jf;
fhyj;jpa rpe;jidahsu;fspd; murpay; fl;Liufs; midj;jpYk; fhzyhk;.
rpe; j id:
jd;tar; rpe;jidapy; <Lgl;L> mjd; mbg;gilapy; r%fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd
fUj;Jfis
tpthjpf;Fk; fl;Liufs; jkpopy; kpff; FiwT. jp. I. uq;fehjd; vd;gtu;
,j;jifa fl;Liufs; gy vOjpAs;shu;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,j;Jiwapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;> [p.
Nf. nr];lu;d.; Nky; ehl;Lg; gj;jpupiffspy; ,k;khjpupahd fl;Liufs; epiwa vOjg;gLfpd;wd.
gbf;fpd;wtu;fisj; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa <u;f;Fk; ,j; jdpkdpjr; rpe;jid Nahl;lk;> fl;Liu
KOtJk; epoyhLfpd;w Fwpf;Nfhspd; fhuzkhf r%fj;Jld; gpizg;Gz;L> tho;fi
; f kjpg;Gfis
tw;GWj;Jk; xU fUtpahf mike;J tpLfpwJ.

eifr; R it:
eifr; Ritf; fl;LiufSk; jkpopy; kpfTk; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. eifr; Ritapd;
%yk; r%fj;jpYs;s Fw;wq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ Nky;ehl;L kuG. Nfhy;l]
; k
; pj; ,j;jifa
fl;Liufs; epiwa vOjpAs;shu;. ,f; fhyj;jpy; Mu;r; Gq;thy;l; vd;gtu; murpaiy
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L eifr;Ritf; fl;Liufs; vOjp tUfpd;whu;. jkpopy; kfpo;ed; (R. g.
re;Njh~k;) vd;gtu; vOjpAs;s eifr;Ritf; fl;Liufs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fit. nrhy;yhuha;rr
; p
(Linguistics) gw;wp ,tUila fl;LiufspYk; eifr;Rit kpspuf; fhzyhk;.

1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghUsbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:Historical essay

1. tuwhw;Wf; fl;Liu
26

Literary essay
Political essay
Scientific essay
Religious essay
Economical essay
Essay on Travels

2. ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu
3. murpay; fl;Liu
4. mwptpay; fl;Liu
5. mUspay; fl;Liu
6. nghUspay; fl;Liu
7. gazf; fl;Liu

2. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd

tifikg;ghLfs;:Title expository essay

Narrative essay
Imaginative essay
Descriptive essay
Humorous essay
Argumentative essay
Reflective essay

1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu

2. fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu
3. fw;gidf; fl;Liu
4. tUzidf; fl;Liu
5. eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu
6. jUf;ff; fl;Liu
7. rpe;jidf; fl;Liu

tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:
,d;iwa nra;jp> ehisa tuyhW. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu cz;ikia Mjhukhff;
nfhz;lJ. ,J xU jdp kdpj tuyhwhf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU ehl;bd; tuyhwhf - rKjhaj;jpd;
xU fhyf;fl;l tuyhwhf ,Uf;fyhk;; xU ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhwhf ,Uf;fyhk;. njspthd cz;ikahd tp~a QhdNk midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil mk;rkhFk;. fPof
; ; fhZk; jiyg;Gfspy;
mike;j rpy fl;Liufis ,t;tiff; fl;Liuf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs; vdyhk;.
1.
2.
3.
4.

vd; tho;f;if tuyhW - c. Nt. rh.

Nrhou; fhyr; r%f epiy
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; ,af;fk;
tq;f Njr tpLjiy tuyhW.

,j; jiyg;Gfspy; mike;j fl;Liufs; jdp kdpj r%f tuyhw;iwg; nghUshff; nfhz;L
vOjg;gl;litahFk;.

,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu:Xu; ,yf;fpaj;ijg;gw;wp my;yJ mjpYs;s VjhtnjhU mk;rj;ijg;gw;wp tpthjpj;J

tptupj;J - Ma;e;J vOtJjhd; ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu. ,J ntWk; Rit my;yJ urid
mstpyhdJ. jd;idg; ghjpj;j my;yJ ftu;e;j mk;rq;fspy; jpisj;J me;j kfpo;r;rpiag;
gpwUf;Fk; mspf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; vOjg;gLk; fl;Liufs; ,it.
1. ,yf;fpa ,d;gk;
27

2. fk;gd; ftp ,d;gk;

3. FWe;njhiff; fhl;rpfs;
Mfpa jiyg;Gfis ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshff; fhl;lyhk;.
,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu vd;gJ ,jidf; fle;J nry;fpwJ. mJ xU
,yf;fpaj;ijNah xU tif ,yf;fpaj;ijNah xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;l ,yf;fpaj;ijNah
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mwpthu;e;j Kiwapy; mZfp> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gpur;ridapd; cz;ikj;
jd;ikiaj; jf;f Mjhuq;fSld; ntspg;gLj;JtJ. cz;ikiaj; NjLtNj ,jw;F mbg;gil.
czu;r;rptag;gl;l urid my;y. ,g;gbg;gl;l fl;Liufs; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;.
1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhjy;
2. ve;jr; rpyk;G?
3. neLey;thil mfkh Gwkh?
Kjypa fl;Liufis ,t;tiff; fl;Liuf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfshff; $wyhk;.
fUj;jpay; (Ideology), mofpay; (Aesthetic) vd;w ,uz;bd; Gzu;rr
; papy; [ddkhtJjhd;
gilg;G ,yf;fpak;. xU gilg;gpyf;fpak; ,e;j ,uz;bYk; ve;j msTf;F ntw;w
; paile;jpUf;fpwJ
vd;gijg; nghWj;Jj;jhd; mjd; cau;Tk; jho;Tk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa kjpg;gPl;Lf;
fl;Liufisj;jhd; ,yf;fpa tpku;rdf; fl;Liufs; (Literary critical essay ) vd;fpNwhk;.
ifyhrgjpapd;
rptj;jk;gpapd;
uFehjdpd;
jkpotdpd;
rp.R. nry;yg;ghtpd;
rhkpehjdpd;

ehtypyf;fpak;
jkpo;r; rpWfijfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
,yf;fpa tpku;rdk;
GJf;ftpij ehd;F fl;Liufs;
jkpopyf;fpa tpku;rdk;
ghiyAk; thioAk;

Mfpa fl;Liufis ,yf;fpa tpku;rdf; fl;LiufSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff; $wyhk;.

murpay; fl;Liu:murpay; jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwiaAk; nfhs;if Nfhl;ghLfisAk; murpay;

fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfisAk; tpku;rpj;J vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufNs murpay; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;.
,f; fl;Liuapd; tpku;rdj;jpy; nfhs;iffs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;LNkad;wp jdp kdpju;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l tptfhuq;fs; ,lk; ngwyhfhJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. jpU. tp. f.> fhkuh[;>
uh[h[p> mz;zhJiu MfpNahu; jkpopy; murpay; fl;Liufs; vOjpNahupy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs.;
1.
2.
3.
4.

khepy Rahl;rp
,UgJ mk;rj; jpl;lk;
mtru epiyg; gpufldk;
42 tJ murpay; rhrd jpUj;jk;
28

Kjypa jiyg;Gfis xl;b vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufis murpay; fl;Liufs; vd;gu;.

mwptpay; fl;Liufs;:mwptpaypd; Gjpa fz;L gpbg;Gfs; - rhjidfs; - mwptpay; rKjha tsu;r;rpapy;

cz;lhf;Fk; ghjpg;Gfs; Mfpad gw;wpAk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUtpapd; ,aq;FKiw gw;wpAk;
tpsf;Fk; fl;Liufs; mwptpay; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
El;gf;

tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; rhjid

,e;jpahtpd; mZ Fz;L Nrhjid
mwptpaYk; Mf;f NtiyfSk;
epyTr; nryT
gRikg; Gul;rp
kdpj rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;
fiyfspd; gq;F.

Mfpa jiyg;Gfisf; nfhz;l fl;Liufs; ,j;Jiwiar; rhu;e;jd. mwptpay; Jiwapy;

EZf;fkhd mwpTilNahNu ,j;jF fl;Liufs; vOJk; jpwd; ngw;wpUg;gu;. jkpo; kuGf;F
Vw;gj; jkpohf;;fk; nra;Ak; tz;ikiaAk;; fl;Liuahsu; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ng. eh.
mg;Grhkp> fiyf;fjpu; jhNkhjud;> Mu; Nf. tp];tehjd; MfpNahu; mwptpay; fl;Liufs;
vOJgtu;fspy; Fwpg;gplj; jf;ftu;fs; vdyhk;.

mUspay; fl;Liu:gpugQ;rk; gw;wpAk; kdpjd; gw;wpAk;

xt;nthU rkaKk; xt;nthU tifapy;
tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd. mUspay; (rkak;) fl;Liuahsd; ,e;j mbg;gil tp~aj;jpy; Mo;e;j
Qhdk; cilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fr; rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> rpj;jhe;j
E}y;fs; Kjypatw;wpy; njspe;j Gyik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; xt;nthU kjKk;
jdJ mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfis tpl;Lf; nfhLj;J tplhky;> fhyj;Jf;Fj; jf;fthW rpw;rpy
mk;rq;fis tpl;Lf; nfhLj;Jk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Lk; ,aq;fp te;Js;sd. tuyhw;wwpTk; mtDf;F
,Uf;fNtz;LtJ mtrpak; vdyhk;.
rkaf; fl;Liufs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; vd;fpwhu; thyk; mk;ikahu;. mitahtd:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;

ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;
Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;
rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;

29

Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:Guhzq;fspy; tUk; Njtu; mtjhuq;fisAk; muru; - murpay; tuyhWfisAk;

vLj;Jiuj;J mjd; gpd;dzpapy; tw;GWj;jg;gLk; rkaf; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;JtJ Guhzf;
fijf; fl;LiuahFk;.

ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:xU fij my;yJ rk;gtj;jpd; %yk; xU ePjpia-rka czu;it-,iwtdpd; kfpikia
tw;GWj;JtJ ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;. ,NaRehjUk; ,uhkfpU~;z guk`k;rUk;
,t;tpjf; fijfs; %yk; ePjpia - rka czu;it -cz;ikia czu;j;Jtjpy; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpdu;.

Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:Ntjhe;jk; vd;why; kiwfspd; KbT vd;gJ nghUs;. ehd;kiwfSk; ,Utifahfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fu;k fhz;lk; Kw;gFjp> Qhd fhz;lk; gpw;gFjp. ,e;j Qhd fhz;lNk
Ntjhe;jk; MFk;. ,ijj;jhd; cgepljq;fs; tpupthfr; nrhy;fpd;wd. gukhj;kh> [Pthj;kh>
khia Kjypad ,itfspy; tUgitNa. ,e; j Ntjhe; j k; j; i tjk; > mj; i tjk; >
tprp~;lhj;itjk;> Rj;jhj;itjk; vd;W gpd;du; gy tifahfg; gpupe;jJ. ,tw;iwf; fw;W cs;sPlhf;fp vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufNs Ntjhe;jf; fl;LiufshFk;.

rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:nghJthfr; rpj; j he; j f; fl; L iufs; jhk; vLj; J f; nfhz; l rpj; j he; j j; i j
typAWj;Jtdthf mikAk;. ek; ehl;by; gy rpj;jhe;jq;fs; cs;sd. uhkhE[ rpj;jhe;jk;>
irt rpj;jhe;jk;> ty;yg rpj;jhe;jk;> irjd;a rpj;jhe;jk; vd;gdNt mit. rpj;jhe;jf;
fl;Liufs; me;j me;jr; rpj;jhe;jq;fs; epWtpatu;fspd; E}y;fspypUe;Jk; tho;fi
; f tuyhw;wpy;
,Ue;Jk; rhd;Wfs; fhl;b vOjg;gl;ldtha; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
nghUspay; fl; L iu:
nghUspay; Jiw rk;ge;jg;gl;l fl;Liufisg; nghUspay; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. tpiy>
tUkhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nray;Kiwg; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa fUj;Jfspd; epiy> gz;lq;fspd;
xUGilj; jd;ikapidAk; epfo;Tj; njhlu;r;rpapidg; gw;wpa Cfk;> Gs;spapay; kw;Wk;
fzpjtpay; Qhdk; Mfpait nghUspay; Jiwf; fl;LiuahsDf;F ,d;wpaikahjitfs;
vdyhk;. mj;Jld;
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; khWjy;fSk; nghUspay;
epWtdq;fisg; ngupJk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,j;Jiw QhdKk; mtrpak; Njit. jkpopy;
fzf;fd; fl;Liufs; (jpdkzpapy; ntspte;jit) ,f; fl;Liu tiff;Ff; Fwpg;gplj; jf;f
fl;LiufshFk;.
1. Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk;
2. ifj; njhopYk; tho;f;if
30

tsKk;

3. ehza kjpg;Gf; FiwT

4. gz tPf;fk;
Mfpa fl;Liufs; nghUspay; Jiwiar; rhu;e;j fl;LiufshFk;.
gazf; fl; L iufs; : fl;Liuahsd; jhd; Neupy; fz;lwpe;j ,lj;jpd; / Cupd; / ehl;bd; kf;fSila r%f>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L epiyfis vLj;Jiug;gJ gazf; fl;LiuahFk;. mtd;
Nju; e ; n jLj; J ciuf; F k; rk; g tq; f s; me; j ehl; i lg; g w; w pa cz; i kr; rpj; j puj; i j
ntspg;gLj;JtNjhL ek; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; mJ Cd;W Nfhyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Nehf;fkhFk;.
V. Nf. nrl;bahupd;>
ne. J. Re;jutbNtYtpd;>
rhiy ,se;jpiuadpd;>
kzpadpd;>
NrhkNyapd;>

cyfk; Rw;wpa jkpod;

\mq;Fk; ,q;Fk;
vq;fs; gazq;fs;
gazf; fl;Liufs;
gazf; fl;Liufs;

Mfpad jkpopy; ntspte;j gazf; fl;Liu E}y;fSs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fdthk;.

,t;thW fl;Liufs; gy;NtW Mrpupau;fshy; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; gpupj;J
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUsbg;gilapy; fl;Liuia tifg;gLj;jpf;
fz;l ehk;> tUk; ghlj;jpy; fl;Liu vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tifikiaf;
fhz;Nghk;.
khztu; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:1. fl;Liufis vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;?
2. fl;Liuapd; tiffis Ma;f.
3. fl;Liu tiffspy; fhzg;gLk; khWghl;Lf;Ff; fhuzk; ahJ?
4. fl;Liuia tifg;gLj;Jk; ghFghL mij NehfFfpd;w
Nfhzj;jpNyNa Vw;gLfpwJ. Ma;f.
5. fl;Liufs; nghUsbg;gilapy; vt;ntt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
6. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?
7. ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liuapd; rpwg;G mk;rk; ahJ?
8. gazf; fl;Liuf;Fk; Guhzf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
9. murpay; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?
10. mwptpay; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? mwptpay; fl;Liuf;Fk; mUspay;
fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
11. rkaf; fl;Liuapd; cl;gpupTfis tpsf;Ff.

31

12. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu> ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu> mUspay; fl;Liu> mwptpay;

fl;Liu> murpay; fl;Liu ,tw;Ws; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xt;nthU
khjpupf; fl;Liu vOjpg; goFf.
13. rkPgj;jpy; eP nrd;Wte;j gazj;ijg; gw;wpa Ritahd nra;jpfis
xU gazf; fl;Liuahf tpupj;J vOJf.

32

ghlk; - 5

fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - III

nrd;w ghlj;jpy; fl;Liu tifapy; ,Uf;Fk; khWghLfisAk;;> khWghLfspd;
Nfhzq;fisAk;> nghUs; mbg;gilapyhd fl;Liu tiffisAk; fz;Nlhk;. ,q;F
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tiffisj; jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu> fijapay;Gf;
fl;Liu> fw;gidf; fl;Liu> tUzidf; fl;Liu> eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu> jUf;ff; fl;Liu>
rpe;jidf; fl;Liu Mfpa fl;Liu tiffisf; fhz;Nghk;.
1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu:nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;G xd;Wf;Ff; fl;Liuahsd; jd;Dila ghu;itapy; tpsf;fkspj;J
cUthf;Fk; fl;Liuiaj;jhd; jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jpupfLfk;
vd;w jiyg;ig vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. ,jw;Fr; rpyu; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W
jpupfLfk; vd tpsf;fk; mspj;J mijg; gw;wpa ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu xd;W vOjyhk;. NtW
rpyu;> jpupfLfk; vd;gJ Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp vd;w %d;W kUe;Jg; nghUl;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;
vd tpsf;fk; mspj;J mijg; gw;wpa kUj;Jtf; fl;Liu xd;W vOjyhk;. Mdhy; jpU. tp.
f. ,t;tpuz;bdpd;Wk; NtWgl;L %d;whtJ tpsf;fnkhd;W mspj;J fl;Liu vOjpAs;shu;.
mijf; fPNo fhz;f.

jpupfLfk;
%d;W fhuKs;s nghUs;fSf;Fj; jpupfLfk; vd;W ngau;. mit Rf;F> kpsF>
jpg;gpyp vd;gd. ,k; %d;W nghUSk; kdpjd; Nehiag; Nghf;fp mtDf;F ,d;gk;
jUtd.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrj;jpd; mbik Nehiag; Nghf;fpj; Njrj;Jf;Fr; Rje;jpu ,d;gj;ij
Cl;lty;y %d;W toq;fp ,Uf;fpwhu;. mit fjuhil> kJ tpyf;F> jPz;lhik
xopj;jy; vdgd. ,k; %d;Wk; jpupfLfk; Nghd;wd.
fhe;jpabfspd; jpupfLfk; Njrj;jpd; gpzpfis mWg;gd vd;gij ,d;DQ; rpyu;
czuhky; ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;J tUe;JfpNwhk;. fhe;jpabfs; gpwe;j ehis tUk; jpq;fl;fpoik
nfhz;lhLk; xt;nthUtUk; mtuJ jpupfLfj;jhy; tUk; eyj;ij kf;fSf;F
mwpTWj;Jthuhf.
fjhuhil ghuj khjhtpd; khdj;ijf; fhg;gJ; tWikia xopg;gJ; kJ tpyf;fp
kdpju;fSf;F nja;t Rghtj;ij cz;lhf;FtJ; xOf;fj;ij tsu;g;gJ; jPz;lhik
xopj;J ghujkhjhtpd; %yg; gpzpia mWg;gJ; rNfhju Neaj;ij tsu;g;gJ.
,q;Fj; jpupfLfk; vd;gjw;Ff; fjuhil> kJtpyf;F> jPzl
; hik xopj;jy; vdj; jd;Dila
Nehf;fpy; GJ tpsf;fk; je;J jpU. tp. f. fl;Liu cUthf;fp ,Ug;gijf; fhz;f.
33

fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu:xU epfo;r;rpia my;yJ fUj;ij fijapy; - ,ay;gpy; - Nghf;fpy; tpupj;Jiug;gJ

fijapay;Gf; fl;LiuahFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; xU ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijiaNah> Guhzf;
fijiaNah> cz;ikr; rk;gtj;ijNah vLj;Jf; $wp Kbtpy; mij> jhd; ntspapl
tpUk;Gk; fUj;NjhL ,izj;J Kbg;gjhfTk; mikAk;. nghJthf tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu>
tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu> gazf; fl;Liu> Guhzf; fl;Liu Mfpatw;wpy; ,t;tif
vLj;Jiuj;jy; Kiw NkNyhq;fp epw;ff; fhzyhk;. cjhuzj;jpw;Fg; gazf; fl;Liu xd;wpypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;l fPo;f; fhZk; gFjpiaf; fhz;f:
mLj;j ehs; thu;jh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; xU Ritahd epfo;r;rp ele;jJ. ehfGup
MuQ;Rg; gok; ehfGupiatpl ehfGupf;F Ke;jpa thu;jhtpy; kypthff; fpilf;Fk;
vd;W nrhy;yp vy;NyhUk; mjpy; gha;e;jhu;fs;. Cu; Xl> xf;f XL vd;W vd; ghl;b
mbf;fb nrhy;ypapUe;jjhy;> ehDk; gok; thq;Fk; glyj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L MW
goq;fs; thq;fpNdd;. $ilf;fhu tpahghup igrh igrh vd;W mtrug;gLj;jpdhu;.
vd; Ie;J &gha; Nehl;il mtuplk; ePl;bNdd;. Mdhy; ehd; rpy;yiw thq;Fk;Kd;
NtW rpyu; tpahghupiar; #o;e;jhu;fs;. mjw;Fs; tz;b gpd;Gwkhf te;jjhy; top
khw;Wfpwhu;fs; vd;W vz;zpf; nfhz;Nld;. tlf;Nf nry;Yk; uapy; Nkw;Nf jpUk;;gp
thu;jhit milfpwJ. kPz;Lk; nrd;w topia xl;bNa fpof;Nf te;J tlf;Nf
ehfGupia Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJ.
tz;b Gwg;gl;Ll;LJ rhu; vd;whu; mUfpy; ,Ue;j jkpou;. mg;gbah
vd;Nwd; jpifg;NghL. tPzh mQ;R &ghia cl;Ll;NlNs vd;W gupe;jhu; mtu;.
Ie;J &gha;jhNd> Nghdhg; NghFJ vd;Nwd; ehd;.
mt;thW nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl rd;dy; topNa ghu;j;Njd;. vd; fz;fspy;
gLtJ vd;d? me;j tpahghup> ehNyfhy; &ghia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L nuapy; tz;bAld;
Xb tUfpwhu;. tz;b Ntfkhf XLfpwJ. ghG[p igNr vd;Dk; mtu; Fuy; mtiu
Ke;jpf; nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ntspNa if ePl;bg; gzj;ij thq;fpNdd;. vd; fz;fspy;
ngUfpa fz;zPu; cUz;L tope;jJ. mz;ilapy; ,Ue;jtu;fs; fupNah J}rpNah
tpOe;jpUe;jjhy; vd; fz;fs; fyq;fp ,Ug;gjhf epidj;jpUg;ghu;fs;. ehNdh> Neu;ikNa
eP ViofsplkhtJ ,d;Dk; tho;fpwhNa vd;W KZKZj;Jf; nfhz;Nl fz;zPiuj;
Jilj;Njd;.
jiyefu;g; gazj;jpd; NghJ ,ilapy; thu;jhtpy; ele;j epfo;r;rpiaf; fl;Liuahsu;
tptupf;fpwhu;. gbg;gtUf;F VNjh rpWfijiag; gbg;gJ Nghd;w czu;it ,f; fl;Liug;
gFjp jUfpwJ. rhtpapd; th~pq;ldpy; jpUkzk; kzpadpd;> ,jak; NgRfpwJ||
Mfpatw;iwAk; ,f; fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuf;fhd jFe;j cjhuzq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;.

fw; g idf; fl; L iu:,y;yhj xd;iw ,Ug;gjhfg; ghtid nra;J nfhz;L / fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLk;
fl;LiuiaNa fw;gidf; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. ehd; gpujkuhdhy;...vd;W jd;idnahU gpujkuhfg;
34

ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufSk; Nfl;fhj> Ngrhj> m/wpizg; nghUl;fisf;

Nfl;Fe NghyTk;> fpsf;Fe NghyTk; fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufSk; ,t;tifAs;
mlq;Fk;. nghJthf kdpjh;fs; NgRtJ tpyq;FfSf;F tpsq;Ftjpy;iy / Nfl;gJ ,y;iy.
,J ,aw;if. Mdhy; tpsq;FtJ NghyTk;> Nfl;gJ NghyTk; fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l
fl;Liuapy; ,Ue;J xU gFjpia ,q;F cjhuzj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vq;fs; vUikf;Fg; Ngrj; njhpANkh?

vq;fs; tPl;by; xU vUik ,Ue;jJ. ,ijg; nghJthf vd; kidtpNa fwe;J tUk;
gof;fk; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. xU jlit mts; vl;L ehisf;F eurpq;fGuj;Jj; Njh;
ghh;f;fg; Nghdhs;. ............. ehNd jPdp fye;J nfhz;L NghNdd; vUikaplk;. '.............
,jw;F mk;khtpd; ifjhd; gof;fk; cq;fSf;Fg; ghy; juhJ. fz;bg;ghf cijj;J
tpLk;" vd;W J}ud; nrhd;dhd;. mg;NghJ xU je;jpuk; nra;Njd;. vd; kidtpapd;
Glitia clk;G KOtJk; Nghj;jpf; nfhz;L vUikapd; Kd;dh; cl;fhh;e;Njd;.
vUik vd; tiyapy; tpOe;jJ. ghy; nfhLj;jJ. ,g;gbNa ehd; Ie;jhW ehl;fs;
mgpet iruj;jphpahf gpz;zhf;F> Nfo;tuF khit kpFjpahfg; Nghl;Lf; fye;J ghy;
fwe;J te;Njd;. vd; kidtp jpUk;Gtjw;F Kd;dhs; ehd; vUikapd; Kd;dhy;
cl;fhh;eJ
; ghy; fwe;J nfhz;bUe;Njd;. mg;NghJ> J}ud;> 'gRtha; ,Ue;jhy; thrid
ghh;j;J cijj;J tpl;bUf;Fk;. ,J vUik [hjp> gprhR khjphpahd ,jw;Fg; Gj;jp
fpilahJ" vd;whd;. ehd; vd; kidtpapd; Fuiyg; Nghy; vd; Fuypy;> ,jw;Fg;
Gj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Nwd;. vUik cijj;Nj tpl;lJ. ,J Nghd;Nw> Ngdhtpd;
tuyhW, goe;Jzpapd; fij> kz;ghidapd; jd; tuyhW> vd;wikAk; fl;LiufSk;
,t;tifAs; mlq;Fk;.

tUzidf; fl; L iu:Gyd;fshy; czh;tdtw;iw my;yJ Gyd;fspd; thapyhf czUk; Gwf; fhl;rpfisr;
nrhw;fspy; nkhop ngah;j;Jf; fhl;LtNj tUzidf; fl;LiuahFk;. Nehf;FNthDf;Fk;
Nehf;fg;gLk; nghUSf;Fk; cs;s cwT Nehf;fp ,f;fl;Liuia ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpg;gh;.

1. Gwepiy tUzid (Gwepiy Nehf;F tUzid)

2. mf epiy tUzid (mfepiy Nehf;F tUzid)

Gwepiy Nehf; F :Gwepiy Nehf;F tUzid vd;gJ nghUspd; Njhw;wj;ijj; jpl;g El;gkhf mwptpf;fpd;wJ.
,jpy; Nehf;FNthdpd; czh;r;rpf; fyg;G ,y;iy. Nehf;FNthd; jd;id xU Gifg;glf;
fUtp Nghyg; ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;L fhl;rpia kdj;Nj gjpT nra;J> mij cs;sthNw

35

jpUk;gp ntspapLfpwhd;. #oNyhL xd;wptplhky; jdpNa tpyfp epw;Fk; ,t;nthJf;f epiyapy;

Nehf;FNthd; Vwj;jho Xh; mwptpay; mwpQd; NghyNt khwptpLthd;.

mfepiy Nehf; F :mfepiy Nehf;F tUzidf; fl;Liu> Nehf;FNthd; nghUis ve;j tifapy;
czh;eJ
; nfhz;lhNdh mt;tz;zNk rpj;jphpf;fpwJ. Nehf;FNthdpd; czh;Tr; rhak; ,iof;F
,io ,jpy; Vwp ,Uf;Fk;. nghUis cs;sthW ntspapLtJ vd;gijtpl czh;e;jthW
ntspapLtJ vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fk;. nghUisj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
Kaw;rpiatplf; Nfl;Nghdpd; czh;r;rpfisj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; vz;zNk ,jpy;
NkNyhq;fp epw;Fk;. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff; fPo;tUk; fl;Liug; gFjpiaf; fhz;f.

Kfpy; f s;
'....... ,e;j Kfpy;fs; xU ehs; te;jijg; Nghy; ,d;ndhU ehspy;iy. xU epkplj;jpy;
,Ue;jijg; Nghy; kw;nwhU epkplj;jpy; ,y;iy. me;j Kfpy;fisg; ghh;j;Jg; ghh;j;J
mtw;wpd; khWjy;fis xl;b vd; czh;r;rpfSk; khwp te;jd. xU rkak; mit
gQ;Rg; nghjp Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. gUj;jp Vd; gaphpl Ntz;Lk;? fhw;wpy; mbj;Jf;
nfhz;L NghFk; ,e;jg; gQ;irg; gpbj;J itj;J E}y; jphpj;J nea;jhy; cyfj;Jf;Nf
Jzpg; gQ;rk; ,uhJ vd;W Njhd;wpaJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; mit tpyq;Ffspd;
cUtq;fisj; jhq;fp tUfpd;wd. vj;jidNah jlit mit jhTk; ntz; Fjpiufshf
vdf;Ff; fhl;rp je;jpUf;fpd;wd. vd; jhahh; nrhy;yp te;j fijfspy; ,wf;iffSila
ntz; Fjpiufs; ,itahfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W Njhd;wpaJ. ehd; Xh; mur
FkhudhfhkNy ehd; Nkff; Fjpiuapd; NkypUe;J cyifnay;yhk; Rw;wpajhf
epidj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ehd; ve;j Kfpiy ,wf;ifAs;s ntz; Fjpiu nad;W epidj;Jf;
nfhz;NlNdh mJ fz;zpypUe;J kiwe;jNghJ kl;Lk; vd; fw;gidapd; ,wf;if
Kwpe;J tpOe;J tpLk;. mg;NghJ rpwpJ tUe;JNtd;. rpy rkaq;fspy; kdJf;Fs;NsNa
mOjpUf;fpNwd; vd;why; ahUk; ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy;> vd; ,sikf;fhyj;J
ez;gh;fshd Kfpy;fs; vd; kd tUj;jj;ij jhq;fhky; ,Ue;jdNth vd;dNth>
clNd kw;nwhU ngUKfpy; vq;Nfh tpiuthf te;J> fhw;wpy; epd;wjhy; vd;ndjphpy;
xa;ahukhf ele;J NghdJ. mJ ngUKfpyy;y; vd;idg; nghWj;jtiu Iuhtjk;.
mijg; ghh;j;Jj; jpUg;jp mile;Njd;. ,wf;ifAs;s Fjpiu Nghdhy; Nghfl;Lk;. mJ
vjw;fhf? mJ vq;NfahtJ vd;idf; nfhz;L Ngha;j; js;sptpl;lhy;! vdf;F IuhtjNk
NghJk;. vt;tsT nts;is> vt;tsT nghpa cly;> ghw; flypd; ghiw xd;iwNa
nrJf;fp itj;jijg; Nghy; vt;tsT ePz;l Jjpf;if. KJfpd; Nky; ntz;ikahd
mk;ghhp NtNw; Jjpf;ifapy; nkd;ikahd G+khiyiaj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L vdf;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;fpwJ. vq;fs; tPl;lUfpy; Iuhtjk; Vwp nkJthfg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;Njd;.
me;j ahidr; rthhpia tUzpf;f vdf;Fr; nrhw;fs; Nghjh. me;jr; rthhp rhKz;b

36

kiyr; rpfuj;jpy; Kbtile;jJ. mq;Nf Iuhtjj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,wq;fpNdd;. clNd

mJ vq;Nfh fz; kiwthfr; nrd;W tpl;lJ. mJ kiwe;j tUj;jj;ijtpl rhKz;b
kiyr; rpfuj;jpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gp tUtJ vg;gb vd;w ftiyNa kpFjp. mg;gbr;
rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,Ue;J tpLNtd;."
,q;F 'Kfpy;fs;" Mrphpahpd; kd Moj;jpy; tpjtpj tbtq;fspy; ntspg;gl;L mtiu
Ml;nfhz;l tpjk; njspthf tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kfpy;fs; ,q;Fg; gQ;rhf> ntz;Fjpiuahf>
Iuhtjkhf vy;yhk; khwpkhwp ntspg;gl;l jd;ikiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,t;tiff; fl;LiufisNa tUzidf; fl;Liufs; vd;fpNwhk;.

eifr; Ritf; fl;Liu:

nrhy;Yfpd;w tp~aj;jpid thrfh;fs; rphpf;fr; rphpf;ff; $WtJjhd; eifr;Ritf;
fl;Liuapd; mbg;gil mk;rk;.
vy;yhf; fl;Liuf;Fk; %yg; nghUis r%fk;jhd; mspf;fpwJ. vOj;jhsDila
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gg; nghUl;fspd; njhpT NtWgLfpwJ.
eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuf;F
eifr;Ritf; fz;Nzhl;lk; Njit. rhjhuzkhdth;fSf;F xd;Wkpy;yhjjhfg;gLk; xU
rk;gtk; eifr;Ritf; fz;Nzhl;l vOj;jhsDf;F mghukhd eifr;Ritf; fsQ;rpakhfg;
glyhk;. vd;whYk;> eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuahsh;fs; %d;W mbg;gil tp~aq;fisf; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;.
1. ahUila kdj;ijAk; Gz;gLj;jf; $lhJ.
2. ahiuAk; ,opT gLj;jf; $lhJ
3. rphpj;j Kfkhf ,Ug;gth;fisf; fLj;j Kfkhf khw;wf; $lhJ.
,e;j mbg;gilfis kdjpy; nfhz;Nl eifr;Rit czh;itg; GFj;jp eifr;Ritf;
fl;Liufs; tiua Ntz;Lk;. eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuahsh;fSs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fth; fy;fp
Mthh;. 'jpUkapiy thjGhPra;ah;" vd;w ,tUila fl;Liu eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuf;Fr;
rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. thjGhPra;ah; tha; nfhQ;rk; nghpJ. ahuhtJ xUth; mfg;gl;L tpl;lhy;
NghJk; tplkhl;lhh;. Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;. mth; tho;tpy; ele;j xU epfo;r;rpiaf; fy;fp
tpthpf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; fhz;f.

jpUkapiy thjGhP r a; a h;
'xU jlit thjGhPra;ah; mtUila rpNefpjh; xUtNuhL kapyhg;G+hpy; ,Ue;J
jpUty;ypf;Nfzpia Nehf;fpf; flw;fiu Xukhf 'thf;fpq;" Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
tof;fk; Nghy thjGhPra;ah; rz;lg; gpurz;lkhfg; Ngrpf; nfhz;L te;jhh;. Ngr;R
Ntfj;ijg; Nghy; eilNtfKk; mtUf;F cz;L. Mjypd; mtUld; te;j ez;gh;
vg;NghJk; Nghy; Xub gpd; jq;fpNa te;jhh;. 'I]; `T];f;Fg;" gf;fj;jpy; te;jJk;
37

me;j ez;gh; mq;Nf fy;Nkilapy; mkh;ej

; pUe;j NtnwhU ez;giug; ghh;jj
; hh;. mtUld;
VNjh NgRtjw;fhf epd;W tpl;lhh;. mth; epd;wJ thjGhPra;aUf;Fj; njhpahJ. vdNt>
mth; iffisg; gykhf Ml;b tof;fk; Nghy Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl Nghdhh;. ,k;khjphp
xU kdpjh; jkf;Fj; jhNk cuj;Jg; gykhfg; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl tUk; Ntbf;ifiag;
'gPrR
; NuhL" topahfg; NghNthh; tUNthnuy;yhk; ghh;jJ
; Mr;rhpag;gl;lhh;fs;. filrpahf
mth; 'NubNah ];Nl~Df;F" mUfpy; te;jJk;> mq;Nf epd;w Fk;gy; mt;tsTk;
jk;ik cw;W Nehf;fpr; rphpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ghh;gg
; ijj; jw;nrayhff; ftdpj;j NghJjhd;>
VNjh tp~ak; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W jpUk;gpr; Rw;W Kw;Wk; ghh;j;jhh;. gpd;NdhL te;j
ez;giuf; fhNzhk;. mjw;Fg; gpwF ,uz;nlhU jlit thjGhPra;ah; flw;fiuAld;
ele;J nfhz;L tUtijg; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNwd;.
,ijg; gbf;fpd;w vy;NyhUf;Fk; rphpg;G tUk; vd;W ek;gyhky;yth? fy;fpapd;
mbr;Rtl;ilg; gpd;gw;wp eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu vOjpah;fSs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fth;fs; 'kfpo;ed;">
'ng. Nfh. Re;juuh[d;"> 'gujd;"> 'Njtd;" MfpNahh; Mthh;fs;.

jUf; f f; fl; L iu:

xU fUj;ij my;yJ xUth; fUj;ij kWj;J kw;nwhU fUj;ij my;yJ jd;Dila
fUj;ij epiyehl;Lk; jd;ikapy; jUf;ff; fl;Liuapd; tbtk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;
fhl;lhf fPNo cs;s fl;Liuiaf; fhz;f.

,e;jp nkhopg; gapw;rp Vw;Gilj;jhFkh?

',e;jpa Njrj;jpd; gw;gy khepyq;fspy; thOk; khe;jh;fs; gw;gy nkhopfisg; NgRgtuha;
,Uj;jypd;> ,e;ehl;ltnuy;yhk; xU nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;L xUq;F $bg; Ngr
Ntz;ba fhyq;fspy; ,e;jpia mtnuy;yhUk; nghJ nkhopahff; ifahSjNy
ed;W vd;W Njrj; njhz;lh; rpyh; $Wfpd;wdh;. ...........,tuJ $w;W nghUe;jhnjd;gijf;
fhl;LNthk;.
,e;jp nkhopahdJ tlf;Nf gw;gy khepyq;fspy; gw;gy khWjy;fNshL Ngrg;gLfpd;wNj
ay;yhky;> m/njq;Fk; xNu tifahfg; Ngrg;gLtjpy;iy. ,q;qdk; gy;tif
khWjy;fSld; Ngrg;gLk; ,e;jp nkhopia Muha;r;rp nra;j Mrphpah;fs; mjid
'Nky; ehl;L ,e;jp"> 'fPo; ehl;L ,e;jp"> 'gpfhhp" vd;Dk; %d;W ngUk; gphpTfshfTk;>
mg;ngUk; gphpTfspd; cs;Ns KiwNa 'gq;fhU"> 'gpu[;gh~h"> 'fNdh~;" 'gj;Njyp">
'cUJ"> 'mtjp"> 'gNfyp"> 'rj;jP];fhp"> 'ikjpyp"> 'Ngh[;Ghp" vd;Dk; gy rpW
gphpTfshfTk; gFj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;Dk; ,e;jp nkhopapd; gphpTfshfg; Ngrg;gLk;
rpW rpW nkhopfs; NkYk; gw;gy cs;sd. ,t;thW ,e;jp nkhopapd; gy gphpTfshf
toq;Fk; gw;gy nkhopfisg; NgRk; gw;gy ehLfspy; cs;shUk; xU khepyj;jth;
nkhopia kw;w khepyj;jth; mwpahuha; caph; tho;eJ
; tUjypd;> ,e;jp mth; vy;yhUf;Fk;

38

njhpe;j nghJ nkhop vd;Wiug;gJ vq;qdk; nghUe;Jk;? ,q;qdk; gw;gy khepyq;fspy;

gw;gy khWjy;fSld; toq;Fk; gy;NtW ,e;jp nkhopfspy; vjid ,j; njd;dhl;lth;
fw;Wj; Njh;tJ? vjid ,th; fw;whYk; mjDjtp nfhz;L ,th; tlehl;bYs;s
vy;yhNuhLk; NgRjy; ,aYkh? ,ayhNj. Nkw;Fwpj;j ,e;jp nkhopfNsad;wp> rpe;jp>
ye;jp> gQ;rhgp> F[uhj;jp> uh[Gjhdp> xhpah> gq;fhsp> kuhl;b> rpzh> fh~;kPhp>
Nfhfp];jdp> LNkhdp> fLthyp> gi~> fyh~h> fth;ght> Neghyp> jpuhfp Kjyhd
,d;Dk; vj;jidNah gy nkhopfSk; tlf;Nf gw;gy khepyq;fspy; thOk; gw;gy
khe;jh;fshYk; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
\\,k;kf;fl; ngUq; $l;lj;Jlndy;yhk; ,e;jp nkhopapy; xd;iw kl;Le; njhpe;J
njd;dhl;lth; ciuahb mstshTjy; $LNkh? rpwpJq; $lhNj. tlehl;lthpNyNa
,e;jp nkhopia mwpahky; gy jpwg;gl;l gd; nkhopfis toq;Fk; kf;fs; $l;lk;
gythapUf;f ,j; njd;dhl;lth; kl;Lk; ,e;jp nkhopiaf; fw;W NgRtjhy; ahJ gad;
tpise;jplf; $Lk;? ,t;tpay;Gfis vy;yhk; eLepd;W vz;zpg; ghh;ff
; ty;y mwpQh;fF
; >
,j; njd;dhl;lth;fs; jkf;F vt;tifapYk; gad;glhjJk;> njhpahjJkhd ,e;jp
nkhopfspy; xd;iwg; nghJ nkhopnad tUe;jpf; fw;wyhy; tPz; fhyf; fopTk;> tPz;
ciog;Gk;> tPz; nryTk; cz;lhFNkay;yhky; Ntnwe;j ed;ikAk; gaDk; cz;lhfhJ
vd;gJ ed;F tpsq;Fk;.
,f;fl;Liu mikg;gpy; ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ nkhopahf ,e;jp mika Ntz;Lk; vd;ghhpd;
fUj;Jf;fhd Mjhuq;fis Kjypy; vLj;Jiuj;J> gpwF mit xt;nthd;Wk; jtW vd;gijj;
jf;f Mjhuq;fSld; kWj;Jiuj;j kiwkiyabfs;> fl;Liuapd; Kbtpy; 'jkpNo ,e;jpahtpd;
nghJ nkhopahFk; jFjpAilaJ" vd;Dk; jd;Dila fUj;ijj; jf;f Mjhuq;fSld;
epWtpAs;shh;. ,j;jF tbt mikg;igj;jhd; jUf;ff; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;.

rpe; j idf; fl; L iu:

xU rk;gtNkh/ fhl;rpNah kdepoy; thh;g;gpy; mfg;Gw mDgtj;ij> Xu; mbg;gilj;
jj;Jt jhprdj;ij> NgUz;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jtij/czh;j;Jtij ehk; czu KbAk;.
,j;jifa jhprdj;ij my;yJ NgUz;ikia gw;wp vOjg;gLtNj rpe;jidf; fl;Liu vdyhk;.
e. gpr;r%h;jj
; papd; 'kdepoy;"> gh.uh.tpd;> 'eilr; rpj;jpuk;"> 'MSf;F Ms;"> rp.R. nry;yg;ghtpd;
'fhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf; nfhs;"> Mfpa fl;Liufs; ,t;tiff;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.

xU tp~aj;ijj; JUtp> Muha;eJ

; > tpthjpj;J vOJtJ rpe;jidf; fl;Liu. murpay;>
nkhop> r%fk;> rkak;> ePjp> xOf;fk; vdg; gy JiwAk; ,jd;ghw; gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd K. t.
tpd; fl;Liufs; ,t;tifiar; rhh;e;J epw;fpd;wd vdyhk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F fPo;f; fhZk;
gFjpiaf; fhz;Nghk;.

39

jho;e;j njhopYf;Fk; kpf cah;e;j njhopYf;Fk; ,g;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; rk;gs

Ntw;Wik kpFjp vd;Wk;> E}W &gha;fF
; Nky; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;Wk; vOJfpwha;.
,J kl;Lk; vspjpy; elf;Fkh mk;kh! NtiyahSf;Fr; rk;gsk; 25 &gha;;
nghpa mjpfhhpf;Fr; rk;gsk; rpy Mapuk; &gha;. kLTk; kiyAk;jhd;. ,ij
khw;WtJ vspa Ntiyah? rk;gsk; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. gQ;rNk tho;thf ,Uf;fpw
MSf;F gQ;rg;gb 18 &gha;. Mdhy; gQ;rNk njhpahj mjpfhhpf;Fg; gQ;rg;gb
,U E}W &gha;f;F Nky;. ,e;epiyikia khw;w KbAkh? ,jpy; xd;Wk;
Gul;rpNah ,uj;jNkh fj;jpNah ,Ug;gjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. chpikAk; mwKk;
epahaKk; ,jpy; cs;sd. ,ijr; nra;a KbAkh? eP tpUk;GtJ Nghy;
nra;tjhf ,Ue;jhy; vdf;Fj; jilapy;iy. Mdhy; rk;gs kl;lj;jhy; xU
fpsh;r;rp cz;lhFk; vd;gJ jtpu> nghJ kf;fspd; tho;f;if mg;gbNajhd;
,Uf;Fk;. coth;fspd; epiyikAk;> njhopyhsh;fspd; epiyikAk; khwhky;
,Uf;Fk;. ,th;fs;jhd; ehl;by; ngUk;ghd;ik. mYtyfq;fspy; ,Ug;gth;fs;
rpWghd;ik. mjdhy; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fNs jf;f top vd;W ,d;dKk; fUJfpNwd;.
rk;gsj; jpl;lk; xOq;Fgl;lhYk; mth;fis ml;ilfshf cwpQ;Rtjw;F
tpahghhpfs; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;.......... ehd; nrhy;tJ Nghy; $l;LwTr;
rq;fq;fs; mike;jhy; ml;il Nghy; cwpQ;Rk; tho;Tf;Nf ,lkpy;iy. fpuhkj;ij
mLj;Js;s rq;fj;jpy; czTg; nghUs; NrUk;; njhopw;rhiyfis mLj;J
cs;s ,lj;jpy; kw;w nghUs;fs; NrUk;. ,e;j ,uz;L rq;fq;fSk; gz;lkhw;W
elj;jp coth;fisAk; njhopyhsh;fisAk; fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
eP nrhy;tJ Nghy; Kjypy; nfhQ;rk; FiwAk; CoYk; ,Ue;Nj jPUk;. mJ
ve;j mikg;gpYk; Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk;. fs;s thzpfk; jiy fhl;Lk;. mij
mlf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w flikia murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ehsiltpy;
tpahghuk; vd;gNj kiwtpYk; xspg;gpYk; ,y;yhjgb nra;J> rq;fq;fis
kf;fs; ek;Gk;gbahfr; nra;ayhk;. FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s Ml;fis vz;zp
mth;fSila Njitfisf; fzf;fpl;Lg; gq;fpl;L toq;FtjpYk; Kjypy;
,lh; ,Uf;Fk;. NtW filfs; ,y;yhky; mope;j gpwF gofg; gof ,e;j
,lu;fs; vy;yhk; jPh;e;J NghFk; my;yth? GjpaJ vd;w kaf;fKk; Ntz;lh>
kw;w ehLfspy; cz;lh vd;W MuhAk; ke;ij czh;rr
; pAk; Ntz;lh> coTf;Fk;
njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Ak; gue;j Nehf;fNk Ntz;Lk;.
tWikia xopg;gJ vg;gb? vd;w tp~ak; K. t. jk; %isiaf; File;J cjph;j;j
rpe;jid kzpfs; ,it vdyhk;.
nghJthfg; nghUs;jhd; / tp~ak;jhd; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiwiaj; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ /
eph;zapf;fpwJ. nghUs; kdj;Js; cUthFk; nghONj mjd; ntspaPl;L KiwAk; cUthfp
tpLfpwJ. mjdhy; tp~aKk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; KiwAk; gphpf;f Kbahjit. ,ij kwe;Jtpl;L>

40

xU Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liuia vOjg; GFe;j xUtd; mij eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuahfj;jhd;

ntspapl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuahfj;jhd; ntspapl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
type;J nraw;gLthNdahdhy; mJNt gpwhpd; eifg;gpw;F ,lkhfptpLk;. mjdhy; jd;Dila
,ay;Gf;Fk; jhd; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUSf;Fk; Gwk;ghd vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiwfis
type;J Nkw;nfhs;sy; $lhJ. tbtj;ijj; jPhk
; hdpf;Fk; nghWg;ig cs;slf;fj;jplNk tpl;Ltpl
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fl;Liuia mikf;Fk; nghOJ njspthf ,J ,d;d fl;Liujhd; vd;W
Gyg;gLk;gb mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khzth; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiwapy; fl;Liufis vj;jid tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;?
2. rpe;jidf; fl;Liuf;Fk; eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
3. tUzidf; fl;Liuapd; mikg;ig tpthpf;f.
4. tUzidf; fl;Liuf;Fk;> fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik
mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
5. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.
6. fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuf;Fk; fw;gidf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik
Ntw;Wikfis tpsf;Ff.
7. eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?
8. fl;Liu tbtk; nghUis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljh? Kiwia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljh? Ma;f.
9. fl;Liu tiffSk;> nghUs;fSk; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
10. fPo;fhZk; jiyg;Gfspy; vitNaDk; ,uz;bidf; fl;Liu tbtpy; mikj;Jg;
goFf.
1. ,e;jpa kf;fSk; Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lKk;.
2. cd; tho;tpy; epfo;e;j eifr;Ritahd rk;gtk;.
3. cdf;Fg; gpbj;j Njrj; jiythpd; tuyhW.
4. tpQ;Qhd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; eyd;fSk; NfLfSk;.

Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:1. fy;ahzRe;judhh;. jpU. tp.

1965 'jkpo;r; Nrhiy my;yJ

fl;Liuj; jpul;L" murp Gf; bg;Ngh>
nrd;id.
2. ,se;jpiuad;> rhiy.
1975 'vq;fs; gazq;fs;>
jkpo;g; Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id.
3. uhkrhkp Iaq;fhh;. Nfh^;
1971 'vq;fs; vUikf;F Ngrj;
njhpANkh?"
'fd;dlf; fl;Liuj; jpul;L"

41

4.
5.
6.
7.

rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp> GJ jpy;yp.

rPjhuhka;ah;. vk;. tp.
'Kfpy;fs;" fd;dl fl;Liuj; jpul;L>
rhfpj;a mfhjkp> GJ jpy;yp
fy;fp
1976 'Mde;j Xtpak;-1 "ghyutp
mz;l; Nfh> nrd;id.
kiwkiyabfs;
1972 'ciukzpf;Nfhit"
fofk;> nrd;id.
tujuhrd;. K.
1963 'md;idf;F"> ghhp epiyak;>
nrd;id.

42

ghlk; : 6

fbjk; vOJjy;
fbjk; vOJtJ xU fiy. Nehpy; fz;L ek; fUj;Jfisf; $wKbahj epiyapy;
ntspa+hpy; my;yJ cs;@hpy; cs;sth;fSf;F vOJtNj fbjk; vdg;gLk;. fbjk;> Xiy
vd;Wk; jpUKfk; vd;Wk; Klq;fy; vd;Wk; fLjhrp vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
khjtp NfhtyDf;F vOjpajhf mike;j fbjk; 'Klq;fy;" vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;wJ. mJ
nghUl;nrwpT kpf;fjha; mike;Js;sJ. tho;fi
; fapy; ngah; ngw;w gyuJ tuyhw;iw vLj;Jg;
ghh;j;jhy; mth;fs; fbjk; vOJtjpy; ty;yth;fshf ,Ue;Js;sij mwpayhk;. NeU jkJ
kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F vOjpa fbjq;fSk;> mwpQh; mz;zh jk;gpf;F vOjpa fbjq;fSk;;
kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa fbjq;fSk;> K. t. tpd; fbjq;fSk;> urpfkzpapd; fbjq;fSk;>
ghujpapd; fbjq;fSk;> fiyQh; fUzhepjp cld;gpwg;Gf;F vOJk; fbjq;fSk; ,yf;fpaq;fshff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
xUtUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJk;NghJ mtuplk; NgRtJNghy vOj Ntz;Lk;. ahUf;Ff;
fbjk; vOJfpNwhNkh mtiu ek; fz;Kd;dhy; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. mtu; kdk; kfpOk;gbahd
nra;jpfis> epfo;r;rpfis epidT $u;e;J ,ay;ghd eilapy; NgRtJ Nghd;W vOj
Ntz;Lk;.

fbjj;jpd; mikg;G:fbjq;fspy; fbjk; vOjpa ,lk;> vOjpa ehs;> tpsp> fbjr; nra;jp> vOjpath;
ifnahg;gk;> Kfthp> ngWeh; Kfthp Mfpad ,lk; ngWk;. ,tw;Ws; 'tpsp" vd;gJ md;GilaPh>;
kjpg;gpw;FhpaPh;> md;Gs;s Iah> kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah> md;Gs;s mk;kh> kjpg;gpw;Fhpa mk;ikaPh;>
Ngud;G rhd;wPh;> Ngud;GilaPh; Kjypa njhlh;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ahUf;Ff; fbjk;
vOJfpd;NwhNkh mjd; mbg;gilapy; 'tpsp" vd;Dk; gFjp mikAk;. ,t;NtO $WfSk;
fbjj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk;. rpyNghJ #oYk; Njitf;Fk; Vw;gr; rpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;glyhk;.

43

fbjj;jpd; mikg;G
fbjk; vOjpa ,lk;
ehs;
Ngud;G rhd;wPh;!

nra;jp (4)

(1)
(2)

fd;dpahFkhp>
8-9-2007.

} - tpsp (3)

eyk;> eyNk ehl;lk;........................................................................................ f b j r ;

.......................................................................................................................................
jq;fs; tUifia nghpJk; vjph;ghu;f;fpNwd;. gpw gpd;.

ifnahg;gk; (5)

jkpo;f;Fby;>
fhkuh[h; njU>
fd;dpahFkhp-629603

ngWeh; Kfthp:
jpU. khzpf;fthrfk; mth;fs;>
112> FwpQ;rpj;njU>
nghs;shr;rp-642 601.

,g;gbf;F>
jq;fs; md;Gs;s>
tp[ad;.

Kfthp (6)

ngWeh; Kfthp (7)

fbjj; j pd; gad; f s; : 1. xUtUf;nfhUth; NeUf;F Neh; ghh;f;fhkYk; NgrhkYk; xU jftiyf; $w

cjTfpd;wJ.
2. fbjj;jpd; %yk; ghh;j;jJ> NgrpaJ Nghd;w kdj;jpUg;jp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
3. xU jftiy epue;jukhd tbtpy; ju cjTfpd;wJ.
4. xUthpd; fUj;ijj; jpl;ltl;lkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sr; rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ.
5. fbjk; mDg;gpajw;fhd mj;jhl;rp efy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s tha;gG
; s;sJ. fbjj;jpd;

tiffs; : jdp kdpjh; f spd; njhlh; G fis> cwTfis tYg; g Lj; j Tk; mYtyfq; f spd;
nray;ghl;il elj;jpr; nry;yTk; thzpfj;ij tsg;gLj;jTk; fbjq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. ,jd;

44

mbg;gilapy; fbjq;fis cwTf; fbjq;fs;> mYty; fbjq;fs;> tzpff; fbjq;fs; vd

%d;W tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. ,k; %d;W tifapYk; gy cl; gphpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd:

cwTf; fbjq;fs;:(i)
(ii)

FLk;gf; fbjk;
el;Gf; fbjk;

mYty; fbjq;fs;:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)

Nkw;Fwpg;G
Fwpg;Gkly;
mYtyf Miz
Neh;Kf kly;
mYty; fbjk;
mYtyfr; nray;Kiw
murhiz
epidT+l;L
jpUk;g epidT+l;L
mwptpg;G
mwptpf;if
murwptpg;G

tzpff; fbjq;fs;:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

jfty; fbjk;
tpw;gidf; fbjk;
gpur;rpidf; fbjk;
ey;nyz;zf; fbjk;

cwTf; fbjq;fs;:cwTf; fbjq;fspy; FLk;gj;jpdh;f;F vOJk; fbjq;fSk; ez;gh;fSf;F vOJk; fbjq;fSk;

mlq;Fk;. ,t;tiff; fbjq;fs; czh;Tg; ghpkhwy;fshf mikfpd;wd. md;Gk;> ghpTk;> ntspg;gLtjw;F
,t;tiff; fbjq;fs; thapyhf mikfpd;wd. ew;nra;jpfSf;F kfpo;r;rp / ghuhl;L njhptpg;gJk;>
Jf;fr; nra;jpfSf;F tUj;jk; njhptpg;gJk; cwTf; fbjq;fspNyNa mikAk;.

45

rhd; W :-

je;ij kfDf;F vOJk; fbjk;

jkpofk;>
10> Ky;iyj; njU>
fk;gd; efh;>
nrd;id-600 001.
8.8.2007

md;G kfd; vopy; nry;tDf;F>

cd; je;ijapd; ey;tho;j;Jfs;. cd;id tpLjpapy; re;jpj;Jj; jpUk;gp ,U thuq;fs;
Mfptpl;ld. ,g;NghJjhd; fbjk; vOJfpd;Nwd;. kJiuapypUe;J ehd; jpUk;Gk; topapy;
mDgtpj;j frg;G+l;Lk; epfo;r;rpfs; vd;idg; ngUk; tUj;jj;jpy; Mo;j;jptpl;ld. mjpypUe;J
kPz;l gpwNf ehd; ,g;NghJ cdf;Ff; fbjk; vOJfpd;Nwd;.
nrd;idf;F ehd; jpUk;gp tUk; topapy; VNjh Ch;tyj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; g]; Rkhh;
ehd;F kzp Neuk; epWj;jg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. Ch;tyj;jpy; VNjh Fog;gk;; td;Kiwr; nray;fs;
ele;jjd; tpisthfg; NgUe;Jfs; nehWf;fg;gl;ld. mjdhy; vd; jiyapy; gyj;j fhak;
Vw;gl;lJ. Ch;jpfSf;Ff; NfL tpistpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; nghUshjhu ,og;Gfs; ,yl;rf;fzf;fpy;
MFk;. mijtpl kfg;Ngw;Wf;fhfr; nry;Yk; kfspu;> capUf;Fg; NghuhLk; Nehahspfs;>
czTg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; md;whl tho;fi
; ff;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis thq;fpr; nry;Nthh;
milAk; ,d;dy;fs; Vuhsk;. ehl;Lf;Fk; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; NfL tpistpf;Fk; ,JNghd;w
,op nray;fisr; nra;a vt;thW kdk; Jzpfpd;whh;fs;? ek;Kila kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy;
ve;j xU nray; my;yJ fUj;jpd;kPJk; Njhd;Wk; vjph;g;ig ntspg;gLj;j chpikAz;L;
mjw;F ey;y topKiwfs; vj;jidNah cs;sNt. mtw;iwnay;yhk; tpLj;J td;Kiwapy;
<LgLjYk; J}z; b tpLjYk; kf; f shl; r p vd; D k; cah; e ; j jj; J tj; j pw; N f ,Of; i f
Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.
,tw;iw cdf;F Xh; mwpTiuahfNt vOJfpd;Nwd;. ,jdhy; vd; cs;sr; RikAk;
FiwAk;. cd; eyj;jpw;Fk; gpw nra;jpfSf;Fk; cd; md;Gf; fbjk; fhz tpiofpd;Nwd;.
ngWeh; Kfthp:
vopy; nry;td;>
rp. tpLjp>
fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
kJiu-625 021.

,g;gbf;F> j p U .
cd; md;Gj; je;ij> t. c.
jpUehTf;fuR. k J i u

46

ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;
kUjk;>
,stofd; njU>
ehfh; Nfhtpy;>
8.8.2007.
,dpa ez;g>
tzf;fk;. eyk;> eyNk ehl;lk;. gp. ,. kpd;dpay; Jiwapy; jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpNyNa Kjy; khztdhf Njh;r;rp ngw;w nra;jp mwpe;J kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rp mile;Njd;.
vd; md;G epiwe;j ghuhl;Lfisj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. cd;id ez;gdhf mile;jikia
vz;zpg; ngUikg;gLfpNwd;. gbg;gpy; eP fhl;ba Mh;tKk; tplh Kaw;rpAk; fLk; ciog;Gk;
cdf;F ,g;ngUQ; rpwg;gpidj; je;jpUf;fpd;wd. cd; vjph;fhyj; jpl;lk; vd;d? eP fz;bg;ghf
Nkw;gbg;gpy; Nrh;e;J gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd; vz;zk;. cd; ngw;NwhUld; fye;J Ngrp
ey;y KbT nra;tha; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. cd; ngw;Nwhh;f;F vd; tzf;fk; njhptpf;fTk;.

cd; md;Gf; fbjj;ij MtNyhL vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd;.

.
cd; md;Gf;Fhpa>
,sQ; n ropad; .

ngWeh; Kfthp:
nry;td; khzpf;fthrfd;>
'FwpQ;rp ,y;yk;">
fgpyh; njU>
fd;dpahFkhp.

47

ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;
18 - mjq;Nfhl;lhrhd; njU>
FyNrfuk
8.8.2007
md;Gs;s njhy;fhg;gpad;>
cd; je;ij fhykhfptpl;lhh; vd;W mwpe;Njd;. eP vj;jifa Nrhfj;jpy; ,Ug;gha;
vd;W vdf;Fg; GhpfpwJ. ehd; vd;d nrhy;ypAk; cdJ tUj;jj;ij khw;w KbahJ. fhyk;
kl;LNk cd; ftiyia khw;wty;yJ. vdpDk; cd; je;ij KOikahf tho;e;jhh;. mtuJ
flikfis vy;yhk; Kbj;J tpl;lhh; vd;W vz;zpj;jhd; eP kdk; Njw;w Ntz;Lk;; Njwpj;jhd;
Mf Ntz;Lk;.
ehd; VjhtJ cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lkh? mg;gbnad;why; jaq;fhJ clNd $W. cd;
gjpiy vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd;.

kpf;f md;Gld;>
fgpyd;.
ngWeh; Kfthp:
njhy;fhg;gpad;>
75> FwpQ;rpj; njU>
kJiu-625 017.

48

mYty; fbjq;fs;
mYtyfq;fspy; xU JiwapypUe;J NtnwhU Jiwf;Nfh> xU mYtyfj;jpypUe;J
kw;nwhU mYtyfj;jpw;Nfh> jdpahh;fSf;Nfh vOjp mDg;gg;gLk; fbjq;fs; mYty; fbjq;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
mYtyfq;fspy; xU mYtyfj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU mYtyfj;jpw;F fbjk; vOJk;
NghJ Kjypy; cjtpahsh; mf;fbfj;ij vOjp mjpfhhpaplk; xg;Gjy; ngWthh;. ,jid.
'tiuT" (Draft) vdyhk;.
tiuTfs; xg;Gjy; ngw;wgpd;dNu fbjkhf vOjg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fbjq;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;G>
mYtyf Miz> Neh;Kff; fbjk;> mYty; fbjk;> mYty; nray;Kiw> murhiz>
epidT+lL
; > jpUk;g epidT+lL
; > mwptpg;G> mwptpf;if> murwptpg;G vdg; gytif fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;Fwpg;G:xU fbjj;jpd; Nky; vOjg;gLk; Fwpg;G Nkw;Fwpg;G vdg;gLk;. xU fbjj;jpw;Fj;

Njitahd juTfs; NtNwhh; mYtyfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJk; mf;fbjj;jpw;fhd eltbf;ifia
vLf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G kw;Nwhh; mYtyfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJk; mf;fbjj;jpy; Nkw;Fwpg;G
vOjp mDg;Gth;.

rhd;W:$l;LwTj; Jiw
$l;LwTj;Jiw mYtyfk;>
ehfh; Nfhtpy;.

Nkw;Fwpg;G vz;: 124/951/M/Njjp : 1.8.2007

jf;f eltbf;if vLg;gjw;fhf> jpUney;Ntyp rhh;gjpthsUf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
fz;zg;gd;
gjpthsh;.

ngWeh;:
rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;>
$l;LwTj; Jiw>
jpUney;Ntyp-1.

49

Fwpg; G kly; : Fwpg;Gkly; vOJk;NghJ 'tpsp" vd;Dk; gFjp vOJtjpy;iy. Fwpg;G NghyNt
fhzg;gLk; Xh; mYtyfj;jpd;fo
P ; ,aq;Fk; mYtyfq;fSf;F kl;LNk Fwpg;Gkly; vOjg;gLk;.

rhd;W:elg;G kly; vz;: 16/07

$l;LwTj; Jiw mYtyfk;>

1.8.2007.

Fwpg;G kly;
nghUs;: epidT+l;Ljy; - njhlu;ghf.
ghh;it: kly; vz;: 10/ 07 Njjp: 15.7.07
gyjlit epidT+l;bAk; ,sepiy mYtyh; gyh; jq;fsJ mwptpf;iffis ,d;Dk;
mDg;gtpy;iy. cldbahff; ftdpj;Jj; jhkjkpd;wp mDg;g Ntz;baJ.
(Mizg;gb)
ifnaOj;J
rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;.
ngWeh;:

,sepiy mYtyh;fs;

50

mYtyf Miz
Xh; mYtyfj;jpw;Fs;NsNa gzpahsh;fis mkh;j;Jjy;> khw;Wjy;> tpLg;gspj;jy;
Kjypadtw;wpw;F mYtyf Miz gad;gLfpwJ. mYtyf MizAk; Fwpg;G NghyNt
vOjg;gLfpwJ.

rhd;W:-

$l;LwTj; Jiw>
1.8.2007
mYtyf Miz vz;: 32/12/07
nghUs;: khw;Wf; fzf;fu; epakpj;jy; - njhlu;ghf.
ghh;it: cq;fs; fbj vz;: 45/ 12/ 07 Njjp 1.7. 07.
fzf;fh; jpU. nghd;dd; tpLg;gpypUe;J gzpf;Fj; jpUk;gpajhy; khw;Wf; fzf;fh; jpU.
fz;zd; 15-08-2008 Kjy; vOj;jh; gzpf;Fj; jpUg;gg;gLfpwhh;.
(ifnahg;gk;)
rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;.

51

Neh;Kff; fbjk;
Neh;Kff; fbjk; mYty; Kiwf; fbjk; NghyNt mikAk;. ,f;fbjk; 'tpsp" Ald;
njhlq;Fk;. NeUf;F Neh; ciuahLtJNghy; ,J mikAk;. ,f; fbjj;jpy; ngWeh; Kfthp
ifnahg;gj;jpw;Ff; fPNo ,lk;ngWk;. NkNy vOjg;gLtjpy;iy. Neh;Kff; fbjk; Xh; mjpfhhpapd;
Nky; mjpfhhpapd; mYtyfj;jpw;Fk;> fPo; cs;s mjpfhhpapd; mYtyfj;jpw;Fk; vOjg;gLk;.
mDg;Geh;:
jpU. mjpad;>
rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;>
Ne.K.k.vz;. 36/11/M/07

$l;LwTj; Jiw mYtyfk;>

ehfh; Nfhtpy;>
1.8.2007

nghUs;: jzpf;if mwpf;if - njhlu;ghf.

ghh;it: Ne. K. k. vz; 30/ 10/ M/ 07 Njjp: 15.7.07
md;Gs;s ghz;bad;>
2006-07 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd gftjp $l;LwT Nguq;fhbapd; jzpf;if mwpf;if ,Jtiu
te;J Nrutpy;iy. mJ ve;epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,d;Dk; gj;J jpdq;fSf;Fs; gjpthsh; ek;
mYtyfj;jpw;F tUif ju cs;shh;. vdNt mjw;F Kd;G jzpf;if mwpf;ifia
xg;gilf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
cz;ikAs;s>
(ifnahg;gk;)
mjpad;.
ngWeh;:
jpU. ghz;bad;>
$l;LwT ,izg; gjpthsh;>
fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;.

52

mYty; fbjk;
Xh; mYtyfj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhh; mYtyfj;jpw;Ff; fbj tbtpy; vOjg;gLtJ mYty;
fbjk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; mDg;Geh;> ngWeh; Kfthpfs; fbjj;jpd; njhlf;fg; gFjpapNyNa
mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjd; gpd;dh; 'tpsp" mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjw;Fg;gpd; nghUs;> ghh;it vd;Dk;
tptuq;fs; jug;gLk;. gpd;dh; fbjj;jpd; nra;jp $wg;gLk; filrpahf cz;ikAs;s vd
KbAk;.
mYty; fbjj;jpd; mDg;Geh; gFjpapy; mDg;Ggthpd; ngah;> gjtp> Kfthp Mfpad
mlq;Fk;. ngWeh; gFjpapy; gjtpapd; ngaUk; KfthpAk; kl;LNk Fwpf;fg;gLk;. ngah;
vOjg;gLtjpy;iy. rpyNghJ fbjq;fs; nrd;W NrUk;NghJ gjtpapy; ,Ug;gth; khw;wyhff;
$Lk;. vdNt> ngah; vOjg;gLtjpy;iy.
$l;LwTj; Jiw
8.8.2007
kly; vz;: 635 m-1/07/02
mDg;Geh;:
fz;zg;gd;>
gjpthsh;> $l;LwTj; Jiw>
nrd;id-1.
ngWeh;:
,izg;gjpthsh;>
$l;lwTj; Jiw>
jpUney;Ntyp.
nghUs;: Ma;Tf; $l;lk; - njhlu;ghf.
ghh;it: kly; vz;: 630/ m-1/ 078/ 02 Njjp: 20.7.07.
20.8.2007 md;W fhiy 11.30 kzpf;F eilngwtpUe;j Ma;Tf; FOf; $l;lk; 25.8.2007
md;W khiy 3.30 kzpf;F xj;jp Nghlg;gl;ls;sJ vd;gij Mizg;gb njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>
(ifnahg;gk;)

fz;zd;.
gjpthsh;.

53

mYtyfr; nray;Kiw
mYtyfj;jpd; nray; KiwfSf;F ,f;fbjk; vOjg;gLfpwJ. ,J Nkyjpfhhp Miz
,LtjhfNth> Vw;fdNt vLj;j eltbf;ifia cWjp nra;tjhfNth mikAk;. ,jpy; 'tpsp"
,lk; ngwhJ. ngWeh; Kfthp ,Wjpapy; mikAk;.

rhd;W:
khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mYtyfr; nray;Kiw Kd;dpiy:
jpU. Kj;Jf;fUg;gd;> ,.M.g.
nghUs;: ePu;j; Njf;fj; njhl;b mikj;jy; - njhlu;ghf.
ghh;it: kly; vz;: 200/ 07 Njjp 25.5.07.
Miz:
kJiu khtl;lk;> $ly; efh;> rQ;rPtp efhpy; muR Miz vz; 105/3-y; xU Nky;epiy
ePhj
; N
; jf;fj; njhl;b mikf;f jpU. fUzhfuDf;F ,irtspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nky;epiy ePhj
; N
; jf;fj;
njhl;b 50 ,yl;rk; ypl;lh; nfhs;ssT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(ifnahg;gk;)
Kj;Jf;fUg;gd;>
Ml;rpahsh;>
kJiu khtl;lk;.
ngWeh;:
jiyikg; nghwpahsh;>
kJiu.

54

epidT+l; L f; fbjk;
Xh; mjpfhhpapd; Nkyjpfhhp mYtyfj;jpw;F mYty; fbj tbtpYk; fPo; cs;s
mYtyfq;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;G kly; tbtpYk; ,e; epidT+l;Lf; fbjk; vOjg;gLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l
mYtyhpd; Neh;Kff; ftdj;ij <h;ff
; Ntz;ba epiyapy; Neh;Kff; fbj tbtpYk; vOjg;gLk;.

tpiljU epidT+l; L
epidT+lL
; f; fbjk; vOjg;gLk; jhspNyNa mjw;F tpilaspf;f ,lk; xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
,j;jifa gbtk; jpUk;g epidT+l;L my;yJ tpiljU epidT+l;L vdg;gLk;.
$l;LwTj; Jiw>
1.8.2007
epidT+l; L g; gFjp:
nghUs; :

tpilg; g Fjp:
nghUs; :

vd;d epiyapy; cs;sJ?

tpil vg;NghJ tUk;?

KbAk; epiyapy; cs;sJ.

tpil 25.8.2007y; tUk;

mYtyfk;
(ifnahg;gk;)
gjtpapd; ngah;

mYtyfk;
(ifnahg;gk;)
gjtpapd; ngah;

55

mwptpg; G :xUtUf;Nfh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU tifahdtUf;Nfh xU nra;jpiaj; njhptpg;gJ

mwptpg;G vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W:-

Vy mwptpg;G
jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYs;s gOJgl;l ehw;fhypfs;> Nkirfs;> jl;lr;R ve;jpuq;fs;
Mfpad 1.8.2007 Mk;
Njjp khiy ehd;F kzpf;Fg; gy;fiyf; fof tshfj;jpDs;
vy;NyhUk; mwpa Vyk; tplg;gLk;. Vyk; Nfl;f tpUk;GNthu; &gha; 100 Kd; gzk; nrYj;jpj;
jq;fs; ngaiug; gjpT nra;J nfhs;sTk;. cr;r Nfs;tp Nfl;gtUf;F Vyk; tplg;ngw;wJk;
mtu; KOj; njhifAk; nrYj;jpg; nghUl;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
Vyk; tplg; g Lk; nghUs; f s; : 1. Nkirfs;
2. ehw;fhypfs;
3. jl;lr;Rg; nghwpfs;

- 150 vz;zpf;if
- 600 vz;zpf;if
- 120 vz;zpf;if

mYtyfg; ngau; : jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofk;

,lk;
: jpy;yp - 7
ehs;
: 20-8-2007
(ifnahg;gk;)
gjpthsh;.

56

mwptpf; i f:xU nra;jpiag; gyUk; mwpe;J nfhs;SkhW ntspapLtJ mwptpf;if vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W:-

khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mwptpf;if

2007-y; KbAk; fhyhz;by;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; epytpa jhdpa mq;fhb
ruhrhp tpiyg;gl;bay;.
jkpo;ehL> gaphpLk; tptrhapfs; gw;wpa rl;lk; 1956-12(1) gphptpd;gb> jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lj;jpy; 2007-y; KbAk; fhyhz;L fhyj;jpy; gpd;tUk; czTj; jhdpaq;fspd; tpiy
mwptpf;fg; ngwyhfpwJ.

3.

vz;

jhdpak;

vil

tpiy

1.
2.

ney;
NfhJik

gUj;jp

jfty; fbjq;fs;:Ntiy fpilf;fhj gl;ljhhpfs; mbf;fb vOJfpd;w tpz;zg;gq;fs; ,t; tifiar;

rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,t;tiff; fbjq;fspy; rpy tptuq;fs; ftdpf;f Ntz;baitahFk;.
epWtd chpikahsNuhL xU njhlh;ig epiyehl;l Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ,e;j Ntiyiag;
gw;wp ePq;fs; vt;thW njhpa te;jPh;fs; vd;gijf; $w ntz;Lk;. tpsk;guk; ghh;j;Jj; njhpe;J
nfhz;Bh;fsh my;yJ ahh; %ykhtJ Nfs;tpg;gl;Bh;fsh? vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
chpikahshpd; Mtiyj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ jq;fs; taJ> jFjp> mDgtk;
Mfpa tptuq;fisj; juNtz;Lk;.
chpikahsiu ePq;fs; jFjp cilath; vd;W ek;gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ
cq;fs; jFjp jw;Nghija Ntiyf;Fg; nghUe;jpapUg;gij tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rhd; W :
mDg;Geh;:
K. fgpyd;>
5> kh%ydhh; njU>
fhNthpg; ghf;fk;>
nrd;id - 55.

57

ngWeh;:
jghy; ngl;b vz; : 1015>
,e;J];jhd; ilk;];>
jpy;yp-110 002.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>
',e; J ]; j hd; ilk; ] ; " ,jopy; 1.8.2007 md; W ntspahd tpsk; g uk; fz; L
,t;tpz;zg;gj;ij mDg;GfpNwd;. jhq;fs; Nfl;Ls;s tpw;gid NkyhsUf;Fs;s jFjpfs;
vdf;F ,Ug;gjhf ek;GfpNwd;.
vdf;F ,g;NghJ taJ 23. %d;W Mz;Lfs; gy;NtW tpw;gidg; gphpTfspy; gzpahw;wpa
mDgtk; cz;L.
ehd; jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; mQ;ry; topf; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; 2004 Mk; Mz;L
gp.fhk;. gl;lk; ngw;wTld; gp.gp.vy;. epWtdj;jpy; tpw;gidg; gphptpy; Ntiyf;Fr; Nrh;e;J
gzpahw;wp tUfpNwd;.
vdJ ,e;j %d;whz;L fhy mDgtk; jq;fsJ epWtdj;jpy; tpw;gid Nkyhsuhfg;
gzpahw;wj; Jiz GhpAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
jq;fis Nehpy; re;jpf;f tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jhy; vdJ jFjpfis NkYk; tpsf;fpf; $w
KbAk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.
jq;fsJ rhjfkhd fbjj;ij vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd;.

nrd;id-55
8.8.2007.

jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>
fgpyd;.

,t; tpz;zg;gf; fbjj;ij NtW tpjkhfTk; vOjyk;. mf; ;fbjk;

gpd; t UkhW mikAk; .
mDg;Geh;:
K. fgpyd;
5> kh%ydhh; njU>
fhNthpg; ghf;fk;>
nrd;id-55.
ngWeh;:
jghy; ngl;b vz;: 1015>
,e;J];jhd; ilk;];>
jpy;yp-110 002.

58

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>
,e;J];jhd; ,jopy; 1.8.2007 md;W ntspahd jq;fs; tpsk;guj;ijf; fz;L
,t;tpz;zg;gj;ij mDg;GfpNwd;. jhq;fs; Nfl;Ls;s tpw;gid NkyhsUf;fhd jFjpfs;
vdf;F ,Ug;gjhf ek;GfpNwd;. vdJ jFjpfs; jq;fSf;Fj; jpUg;jpaspj;jhy; jq;fis
Nehpy; re;jpf;f tha;g;G mspf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
,j;Jld; vd;idg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis ,izj;Js;Nsd;.
ed;wp.
jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>
fgpyd;.

vd;idg; gw;wpa tpguk;

ngah;
Kfthp
taJ
fy;tpj; jFjp
mDgtk;
mwpe;jth;fs; (References)

:
:
:
:
:
:

ifnahg;gk;

59

tpw; g idf; fbjq; f s; : xU nghUis my;yJ xU fUj;ijg; gpur;rhuk; nra;tdthf tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;
miktjhy; kf;fs; vjph;g;G kdg;ghd;ikNahLjhd; fbjj;ijg; gbg;ghh;fs;. ,e;j thrf
vjph;g;igr; rkhspj;Jg; nghUis tpiyNghf itg;gJjhd; ,f;fbjj;jpd; Ntiy. vdNt
mf;fbjj;jpd; eilAk; mikg;Gk; mjw;Nfw;g mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhd; W fs; : 1. cq;fsJ vhpthA rpypz;lh; ,UgNj ehspy; fhypahfp tpLfpwJ vd;W
ftiyg;gLfpwPh;fsh? mg;gbahdhy; ,ijg; gbAq;fs;.
2. ePq;fs; xU rpW $l;lj;jpy; Ngr Ntz;Lnkd;why; jaq;FtPh;fsh? jg;gpj;Jf;
nfhs;tPh;fsh? mg;gbahdhy; cq;fSf;fhfNt ,f;fbjk;.
,uf;fk;> mr;rk;> md;G Nghd;w czh;Tfisj; J}z;LkhW njhlq;FtJ ,d;ndhU
tif.
1. cq;fs; md;Gf; Foe;ij rhpahfr; rhg;gpltpy;iy vd;W tUj;jg;gLfpwPh;fsh?
cq;fs; ftiy ,Njh jPh;e;jJ.
2. jha;g;ghy; ,y;iynad;wh ftiyg;gLfpwPh;fs;? Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;. cq;fs;
Foe;ijf;fhfNt jahh; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW thrfh;fisj; jk; gf;fk; <h;f;Fk; tpjkhf tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs; mika
Ntz;Lk;.

gpur; r pidf; fbjq; f s; : fbjq;fs; vOJgth; mijg; ngWgtUf;Fg; gpbf;fhj jfty;fisf; $Wk; fbjq;fisg;
gpur;rpidf; fbjq;fs; vdyhk;. ,f;fbjq;fs; KiwaPL> rYif> fld; vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
mikfpd;wd. ,j;jifa fbjq;fspy; kiwKf mZFKiw Njit.
rhd; W :'gpr;ir" vd;gth; xU fofk; mikf;f Ntz;b jkpohrphpah;fsplk; gzk; Nfl;Lg;
ngw;whh;. VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; fofk; mikg;gJ jilgl;Ltpl;lJ. rpyUf;Fg; gzk; jpUk;gp
mDg;gg;gl;ld. gyUf;F mth; vOjpa E}y;fs; mj;njhiff;F <lhf mDg;gg;gl;ld. E}y;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;l xUth; gjpy; fbjk; vOjpdhh;. 'jhq;fs; nray; ngah;j;jdkhf ,Ue;jJ".
,t;thf;fpak; E}y; mDg;gpatiu ntFthfg; ghjpf;fyhk;. mth; ngah; gpr;ir vd;wpUg;gjhy;
ngah;j;jdk; vd;w nrhy; gpr;irf;fhuj;jdk; vd;W ,q;Fg; nghUs;gLfpd;wJ.

60

xUth; xU E}iy ntspapl Ntz;b mth;jk; ifnaOj;Jg; gbiag; gjpg;gfk;

xd;wpw;F mDg;Gfpd;whh;. gjpg;gfj;jhh; mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. mjw;F ,Utpjkhfg;
gjpy; vOjyhk;.
1. cq;fs; ifnaOj;Jg; gbiag; gbj;Njd;. gaDs;s nra;jpiar; Ritglj;
je;Js;sPh;fs;. Mapd; mz;ikapy; ,Nj E}iy ehq;fs; ntspapl;Ls;Nshk;. mjdhy; jq;fs;
ifnaOj;Jg; gbiag; gpuRuj;jpw;F Vw;f ,ayhky; jpUg;gp mDg;GfpNwhk;.
2. jq;fs; ifnaOj;Jg; gbia ntspaPl;bw;F Vw;f ,ayhikf;F tUe;JfpNwhk;.
,tw;Ws; Kjy; fbjk; thrfhplk; jftiyg; gf;Ftkhfj; njhptpf;fpwJ.

ey; n yz; z f; fbjq; f s; : ey;nyz;zj;ij tsh;g;gjw;fhf vOjg;gLk; fbjk; ey;nyz;zf; fbjk; vdg;gLk;.
ed;wp $Wk; fbjk;> ghuhl;Lf; fbjk; Mfpad ,t;tifapd.

rhd; W :md;Gs;s jpU. ghz;Luq;fd;>

vq;fsJ jiyik Nkyhsh; fle;j thuk; jq;fs; CUf;F te;jpUe;jNghJ mtUf;F
vy;yh trjpfSk; nra;J nfhLj;J md;NghL cgrhpj;jjw;F vdJ kdkhh;e;j ed;wpiaj;
njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. mg;NghJ ePq;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Jitj;j njhopyjpgh;fSld;
vq;fSf;F tpahghuj; njhlh;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Fk; ed;wp $WfpNwd;.
jq;fsJ gzpfSf;fpilNa Neuk; xJf;fp> rpukk; ghuhky; mtiuf; ftdpj;Jf;
nfhz;likf;F kpf;f ed;wp.
kpf;f md;Gld;>
fz;zg;gd;
,t;thwhf ey;nyz;zf; fbjq;fs; mikAk;. nghJthff; fbjq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
gFjpfs; ,tw;wpYk; mikAk;.
Nkw;fz;l fbj tifiaj; jtpu xd;iwf; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gk; nra;Ak; Nfhhpf;iff;
fbjq;fSk; cs;sd.
1. E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.
2. rhiy rPuikg;G Fwpj;J tpz;zg;gpj;jy;

61

- Kjyhdit ,t;tifapy; miktd.

E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;

mDg;Geh;:
njhy;fhg;gpad;>
nrayh;> kf;fs; kd;wk;>
#ud;Fb>
ehfh; Nfhtpy; - 629 001.
ngWeh;:
jiyth;>
khtl;l E}yf Mizf;FO>
ehfh; Nfhtpy;>
fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>
nghUs;: E}yfk; Ntz;b tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.
fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; jq;fs; Mizf;Fl;gl;l mf];j]
P t
; uk;> #ud;Fb fpuhkj;jpy;
mike;Js;s kf;fs; kd;wk; rhh;gpy; ,e;j Ntz;LNfhisj; jq;fs; Nkyhd ghh;itf;F
mDg;gp itf;fpNwhk;.
vq;fs; Chpy; Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. 750f;Fk; Nkw;gl;lth;fs;
gl;ljhhpfs; cs;sdh;. Xh; cah;epiyg; gs;spAk; ,uz;L njhlf;fg; gs;spfSk; cs;sd.
vq;fs; Ciur;Rw;wpg; gy rpw;W}h;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; 15 fp. kP. njhiytpy; ve;j ChpYk;
E}yfk; ,y;iy. vdNt khiy Neuq;fspYk; tpLKiw ehl;fspYk; nghOJ Nghf;Ftjw;Fk;
mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Iag;ghLfisg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; E}iyg; gbj;Jg;
gad;ngw tha;gg
; py;iy. nrhe;jkhf E}y;fis thq;fpg; gbf;f ,g;gFjp kf;fSf;Fg; nghUshjhu
trjpAk; ,y;iy. cyfpay; mwpT ngw Mh;tkpUe;Jk; tha;g;gpy;yhjjhy; Ntiyaw;w
gl;ljhhpfSk; Xa;T ngw;w Kjpath;fSk; gbj;j ngz;fSk; tPl;bNyNa nghOijf; fopf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ. mUs;$h;e;J ,j;Jd;gq;fs; ePq;Fk; tifapy; E}yfk; xd;W mikj;Jj;ju
Kd; tUtPh;fNsahdhy; mjw;F Ntz;ba fl;ll trjpAk;> cWg;gpdh; fl;lzj;Jld; $ba
Mapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l thrfh;fisAk; Nrh;j;Jj; jUfpNwhk;. vq;fs; Fiwghl;bidg; Nghf;f
tpiutpy; Miz gpwg;gpj;J E}yfk; xd;W mikj;Jj; jUtPhf
; s; vd cWjpAld; ek;GfpNwhk;.

62

,j;Jld; ,t;T+h; kf;fs; kd;wj; jPh;khdk; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,q;qdk;>
njhy;fhg;gpad;>
#ud;Fb>
nrayh;>
8.8.2007

kf;fs; kd;wk;.

63

ghlk; - 7

tzpff; fbjk;
fbjk; vOJtJ vd;gJ njhd;W njhl;L ,Ue;J tUk; gof;fk;. ,J kf;fspd;
njhlh;G fhuzkhfg; gd;Kiwg;gl;ljhf ,d;W tsh;ej
; pUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. cwtpdh;fSf;Fs;
xUtUf;nfhUth; vOJk; fbjq;fis cwTKiwf; fbjq;fs; vdTk;> mYtypd; fhuzkhf
/ Ml;rpapd; fhuzkhf vOJk; fbjq;fis mYty; Kiwf; fbjq;fs; / Ml;rp newpf;
fbjq;fs; vdTk; fbjq;fis tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd;W ghh;j;Njhk;. ,t;thNw tzpfj;jpd;
fhuzkhf vOJk; fbjq;fis tzpff; fbjq;fs; vd;W $WfpNwhk;. ,t;thW vOjg;gLk;
fbjq;fs; vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; gy E}y;fs; ntspte;jpUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;. Mdhy; jkpopy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $ba mstpy; xd;W$l ntsp tutpy;iy
vd;gJ tUe;jj; jf;fJ.
vdNt> Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;ij xl;b gp.V. gapYk; khzth;fSf;nfd tzpff; fbjq;fs;
- mtw;wpd; tiffs;> mtw;wpid vg;gb vOJtJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;ba
Njitapd; fhuzkhf vOjg; ngw;wJ ,g;ghlk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ntspahd
E}y;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L vOjg; ngw;wJ.
1. Effective letter in Business - Robert Shurter.
2. Modern English Business letters - F.W. King & D. Anncree.
3. Manual of Commercial Correspondence - G. Hume & J.E. Bayley
4. Principles and practice of Commercial Correspondence - J. Stephenson.

Kjyhd E}y;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L vOjg; ngw;wJ ,g;ghlk;. ,jpy; nrhy;yg;ngw;Ws;s

fbjq;fspd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; mit vOjg;gLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; NkYk; njhpe;J nfhs;Stjw;F
,e;E}y;fisj; jtwhJ gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gbg;gpd; njspT ngWth; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
mLj;J> tzpff; fbjq;fspd; cWg;Gfs;> tiffs;> vOJk; Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iwg;
gw;wpj; njspthff; fhz;Nghk;.
tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; cWg;GfSk;:
fbjk; vOJtJ vd;gJ tpahghuj;jpd;> tzpf cyfpd; kpf ,d;wpaikahj xd;whf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. njhiyNgrp> je;jp Kjyhd njhlh;Gr; rhjd trjpfs; ngUfp ,Ue;jhYk;
tpahghur; #oypy; fbjk; vOJtJ vd;gJ jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. tzpfj;jpd;
epkpj;jkhf vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fspd; jiyaha Nehf;fkhf ,Ug;gJ> nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; nra;jpiaj;
64

njspTglr; nrhy;YtjhFk;. nra;jpiar; nrhy;y> xU nraiyr; nra;J Kbf;f> tpahghuj;jpy;

<Lgl;Ls;NshUf;fpilNa xU ey;nyz;zj;ij cUthf;fj; Jiz GhptNj tzpff; fbjj;jpd;
Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;Nehf;fpy; vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; rpwe;jdthf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkdpy; ,f;fbjq;fis vOJfpd;w xt;nthUtUk; jq;fSf;Fs;shf ,uz;L epiyfspy;
rpe;jpj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU fbjj;jpd;NghJk; jq;fSf;Fj; jhq;fNs ,uz;L Nfs;tpfisf;
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1. ehd; nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; nra;jpiar; rhpahfr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwdh?
2. mg;gbr; nrhy;ypapUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mjw;Fhpa njspTld; gzpTld;
nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwdh?
vd;Dk; ,uz;L epiyfspy; fbjk; vOJKd; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gh; uhgh;l; vy;. ~h;l;lh;.
,t;tifapy; xUtd; fbjj;ijr; rpe;jpj;J vOJthdhapd; mf;fbjk; mtd; cs;sf; fplf;ifia>
mtDila MSikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;. ,t;thW vOjg;ngWk; fbjj;jpy; fPo;f; fhZk; vz;
tif cWg;Gfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;LtJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.
1.
2.
3.
4.

vOJgthpd; Kfthp
Njjp
ngWehpd; Kfthp
tpsp kuG

5.
6.
7.
8.

cs;Siw/ nghUs;
KbTiu
vOJgthpd; ifnahg;gk;
fbjTiuapd; NkYs;s Kfthp

xU fbjj;jpd; khjphp tbt mikg;G

(1) vOJgthpd; Kfthp
(2) Njjp
(3) ngWehpd; Kfthp
(4) tpsp kuG
(5) cs;Siw nghUs;
(6) KbTiu
(7) vOJgthpd;
ifnahg;gk;
(8) fbjTiwapd; NkYs;s
Kfthp

65

tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tbtikg;Gk;:

xU fbjj;jpd; tbtikg;G ,t;thWjhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; tiuaiw fpilahJ.
Mdhy; tzpfj;jpd; nghUl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fSf;nfd VjhtJ xU tbtikg;ig Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. ,Jtiu gof;fj;jpy; cs;s 'Indented form' vdg;gLk; tbtk; (NkNy
nfhLf;fg;ngw;Ws;s tbtk;) nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf kiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ. mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf 'Black form' vdg;gLk; tbtk; tzpff; fbjj;jpy; ,d;W ngUk;ghYk; Nkiy ehLfspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwf;F te;Js;sJ. ,ijg; Nghd;W 'Semi block form', 'the complete
block form', the hanging indention form' Kjyhd tbtq;fs; tzpff; fbjq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;
ngWfpd;wd vd;gh; uhgh;l; ~h;l;lh;. ,t; tbtq;fSs; Kf;fpakhf ,uz;L tbtq;fisg; gw;wp
khzth;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. 'Indent form' vdg;gLk; gioa tbtj;jpy; fbjk;
vOJgthpd; Kfthp> Njjp Kjyhdit jhspd; ,lJ %iyapYk;> ngWehpd; Kfthp> tpsp
Kjyhdit jhspd; ikaj;jpYk; njhlq;fg; ngWk;. KbTiuAk; vOJgthpd; ifnahg;gKk;
fbjj;jpd; fPo;g; gFjpapy; ,lJ gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;.
'Block form' vdg;gLk; tbtj;jpy; fbjk; vOJgthpd; Kfthp> Njjp> ngWehpd; Kfthp>
tpsp> fbjj;jpd; nghUs;> KbTiu> vOJgthpd; ifnahg;gk; vy;yhNk fbjj;jpd; tyJ
gf;fj;jpy; jhspd; kbg;ig (Margin) xl;bNa ,Uf;Fk;. tpahghuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg; ngWk;
fbjq;fspy; Nkw;nrhd;d epajp ,y;iy. ,Ue;jhYk; vOjg; ngWk; fbjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;>
nra;jp> mJ czh;j;Jk; Fwpg;G> mjd; nkhop eil> MSik Kjyhdit mf;fbjj;ij
thrpf;Fk; xt;nthUthplKk; Mo;ej
; ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. tzpfj;jpy;
<Lgl;Ls;Nshh;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifia> ehzaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> xUtUf;nfhUth;
kjpf;Fk; tifapy; vOjg; ngWk; fbjq;fshy;jhd; tzpfk; rpwg;GWk; vdyhk;.

tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tiffSk;:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fs;
jfty; mwptpg;Gf; fbjq;fs;
cj;juTf; fbjq;fs;
tzpf cWjpf; fbjq;fs;

5.
6.
7.
8.

tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;
<l;lw; fbjq;fs;
xg;gPl;Lf; fbjq;fs;
tpz;zg;gf; fbjq;fs;

vd tzpff; fbjk; gytifg;gLk;. ,t;tiffSs; gy cl;gphpTfs; cz;L. ,q;Fr; nrhy;yhj

gytifahd fbj tiffSk; tzpf cyfpd; eilKiwg; gof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. ,it gw;wp
NkYk; khzth;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. ,it gw;wpa tphpthd tptuq;fis Kd;
nrhy;yg; ngw;Ws;s Mq;fpy E}y;fSs; VNjDk; xd;wpy; fhzyhk;.
,dp tzpff; fbjq;fspd; tiffisf; fhzyhk;. KjyhtJ xU nghUs; Fwpj;J
my;yJ mg;nghUspd; tpiy Nfl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fs; (inquiries)
66

vd miof;fyhk;. ,f;fbjq;fSf;F kW nkhopahf vOjg; ngWk; fbjq;fisAk; ,q;Fr;

nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;LNfhs; fbjj;ij ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpg;gh;. tpsk;guj;ijg; ghh;j;J
xU nghUisg; gw;wp tptuk; njhptjw;fhf vOjg;gLk; fbjk; vdTk;> jd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy;
thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUs; Fwpj;J xU tpw;gid epiyaj;Jf;F vOjg;gLk; fbjk; vdTk;
,uz;L tifg;gLk;. ,f;fbjq;fSf;F kW nkhopahf epWtdk;/ tpw;gid epiyak; vOJk;
fbjq;fs; gy tifg;gLk;. Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fis xl;b vOjg;gLk; gjpy;fs; tpiyiag;
gw;wpAk; nghUspd; juk; / jFjp gw;wpAk;> tpiy eph;zak; gw;wpAk;> nghUspd; jahhpg;Gf;F
Vw;gg; nghUis tpepNahfpf;Fk; msT gw;wpAk; (Supply & Demand) nghJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
,jd; gpwF> jhd; thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUl;fis mDg;GkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLk;
cj;juTf; fbjq;fs; gw;wpAk; khzth;fs; njhpj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ekf;F vt;tsT
Njit vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; tpiyapy; vt;tsT fopT ju Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;>
mg;nghUl;fis vt;thW mDg;g Ntz;Lk; (jghypy;> uapypy; Kjyhd Fwpg;Gfs;) vd;gJ
gw;wpAk;> cj;juTf; fbjq;fspy; jtwhJ Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; vOjg;gLk;
fbjq;fspd; tiffis khzth;fs; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; / tpw;gidahsh;fs; thbf;ifahsh;fs; Nfl;l nghUis
mDg;Gjy; njhlh;ghf vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fisg; gy tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. nghUl;fis
mDg;gpaJ Fwpj;Jk; nghUl;fis mDg;gpajw;fhd ifr;rhj;J> mDg;gpa tpjk; Fwpj;Jk;
gy epiyfspy; fbjq;fs; vOjg; ngwyhk;.
,uz;lhtjhf> nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsh; tpw;gidahsUf;Fk; thbf;ifahsUf;Fk;
,ilNa tpw;gid njhlh;ghf Vw;gl;l nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Fwpj;J vOjg;gLk; tzpf cWjpf;
fbjq;fisg; gw;wpr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F tpw;gidahsUf;F / thbf;ifahsUf;F
,t; t sTjhd; nghUl; f is tpepNahfk; nra; a KbAk; vd; W cw; g j; j pahsh; vOJk;
fbjq;fisAk;> xUtUf;F ,t;tsT &gha; kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fis mtuJ cWjpapd;
Nghpy; mDg;g KbAk; vd;W njhptpj;J vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fisAk; nrhy;yyhk;. jhk; mDg;gpa
nghUSf;F ,t;tsT njhif nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,jw;F Kd; mDg;gpajw;fhd
njhif ,d;Dk; tutpy;iy vd;Wk;> jhk; ,t;tsT njhif mDg;gpapUf;fpNwd; vd;Wk;>
mijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljw;fhd gjpy; vOJq;fs; vd;Wk; <l;lw; fbjq;fs; mikAk;. <l;lw;
fbjq;fs; vOJk; nghOJ kpfTk; ftdj;Jld; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
%d;whtJ> jhk; thq;fpa nghUspd; juk; jpUg;jpahf ,y;iy my;yJ jhk; Nfl;l
nghUs; jhkjkhf te;J Nrh;e;jJ vd;Wk;> nghUl;fspd; tpiyg; gl;baypy; jtW ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;Wk;> nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nfhLf;Fk; tpw;gidahsdpd; elj;ij gw;wpAk; gytpjq;fspy;
vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fis KiwaPlL
; f; fbjq;fs; vd;gh;. ,k;KiwaPlL
; f;fspd; Fw;wq; Fiwfis
67

epth;j;jp nra;jJ gw;wpAk;> mit gw;wp tUj;jk; njhptpj;Jk; vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fis ,q;Fr;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. KiwaPl;Lf; fbjq;fisAk;> mtw;wpw;F kWnkhopahf vOjg;gLk;
fbjq;fisAk;> tpw;gidapy; Vw;gl;l jtw;wpidj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; fhuzkhf vOjg;gLk;
fbjq;fisAk; nghJthf xg;gpl;Lf; fbjq;fs; vd;gh; uhgh;l; ~u;l;lh;.
ehd;fhtJ> tpw;gid epiyaq;fSf;F> nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F> epWtdq;fSf;F
Ntiy Nfl;L tpz;zg;gk; nra;Ak; fbjq;fis tpz;zg;gf; fbjq;fs; vd;Dk; tifapDs;
mlf;fyhk;. ,t;thW vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; RUf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f; fbjk; ,uz;L
gFjpahf ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.
1. ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W gj;jpfspy; xU RUf;fkhd fbjk;.
2.. fbjj;jpd; gpd;dpizg;ghfg; gbg;G> jFjp> mDgtk;> jdf;Fj; njhpe;jth;
gw;wpa mwpKff; Fwpg;Gld; $ba Xh; mwpKfk;.
tzpff; fbjq;fspy; ,yf;fzg; gpio> vOj;Jg; gpio Kjyhditapd;wp chpa
epWj;jf; FwpaPLfSld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tzpfj;Jf;nfdj; jdpNa xU nkhop cz;L.
tzpff; fbjq;fSs; fhzg;gLk; vOj;Jg; gpiofs;> ,yf;fzg; gpiofs; mf;fbjq;fs;
vOjp mDg;Gk; epWtdq;fspd; ngaUf;F ,Of;ifj; Njbj; je;J tpLk;. vdNt gpiofspd;wpf;
fbjk; vOj Ntz;LtJ kpf ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;. ,jw;F Nkyhf nkhopeil gw;wpr;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhlh;ej
; vOj;Jg; gapw;rpapdhy; tUtjhFk;. tzpfj;jpd; / tpahghuj;jpd;
nghUl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fspYs;s nkhop eilahdJ nrhy;yNtz;batw;iwj; njspTglr;
nrhy;Yk; ghq;fpdjhfTk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; RUf;fkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,JfhWk; nrhy;yg;gl;lit vy;yhk; XusT khzth;fSf;Ff; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LtdNt.
,it tpahghu cyfpy; / tzpf cyfpy; fbjq;fs; vOJtjw;fhd #oiyr; Rl;bf;
fhl;LtdNt. tzpfj;jpd; nghUl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; vy;yhk; vOJgtdpd; kNdhepiyia
xl;b miktd. vOjg;gLk; nghUs; Fwpj;Jj; njspT Vw;gLkhapd; vOj;jpNy njspT
Vw;gLk;. vdNt> ,r; #oiy kdjpy; fw;gidahff; nfhz;L khzth;fs; fbjq;fs; vOjpg;
gof Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; jtWfspd;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kpfkpf
Kf;fpak;. ,jid khzth;fs; czu Ntz;Lk;.
fPNo nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s #oYf;F Vw;g khjphpf; fbjq;fs; vOjpg; goFf:
1. xU epWtdk; jahhpf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; tpiyg;gl;bay; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.
2. epWtdj;jpd; nghUs; ml;ltizia / xU Gj;jf epiyaj;jpd; nghUs;
ml;ltiziaf; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.
3. nra;jpj; jhspy; ghh;j;j tpsk;guj;jpd; Nghpy; thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUisg;
gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.
68

4. xU nghUspd; juk; my;yJ toq;Fk; tpjk; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.

5. xU epWtdk; jahhpf;Fk; nghUspd; juj;ij mwpAk; nghUl;L khjphpf;Ff;
nfhQ;rk; mg;nghUspid mDg;GkhW Nfl;L xU fbjk;.
6. jkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwj; njhlh;e;J nfhLf;f KbAkh? vd;W xU fbjk;.
7. jhk; thq;f ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fis ve;j tpiyf;Ff; Fiwj;Jf; nfhLf;f
KbAk; vd tpiy eph;zag; gl;bay; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.
8. NkNy nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fSf;F Vw;g xU gjpy;.
9. tpw;gidf;Fj; jahuhAs;s nghUl;fspd; tptuk; Fwpj;J xU fbjk;.
10. Ntz;LNfhs; fbjj;jpy; Nfl;l nghUl;fs; iftrk; ,y;iy vd;gijj;
njhptpj;J xU fbjk;.
11. Nfl;l nghUl;fis nkhj;jkhf mDg;g Kbahj epiyiaj; njhptpj;J
xU fbjk;.
12. thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUl;fis vt;tpjk; mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;L xU
fbjk;.
13. Nkw;gb fbjj;jpw;Fg; gjpy;.
14. mDg;gpa nghUl;fspd; tpiyf;fhd njhifia mDg;GkhW xU fbjk;.
15. mDg;gpa nghUSf;fhd tpiyg;gl;baypy; fhzg;gLk; jtiwr; Rl;bf;
fhl;b xU fbjk;.
16. mDg;gpa nghUl;fs; jhkjkhf te;J Nrh;e;jd / nfl;Lg; Nghdit vd;W
Gfhh; nra;J xU fbjk;.
17. ,jw;fhd kWnkhopf; fbjk;.
18. gioa ghf;fp ,t;tsT vd;W xU tpahghhpf;F / tpw;gid epiyaj;jpw;F
vOJk; fbjk;.
19. thbf;ifahsUf;F tpiyNaw;wj;ijj; njhptpj;J ,dpg; nghUl;fis ,d;d
tpiyapy; tpw;f Ntz;Lk; vd xU fbjk;.
20. xU fk;ngdpapd; tpw;gidahsdpd; elj;ij Fwpj;J mf; fk;ngdpf;F xU
fbjk;.
21. xU epWtdk; jahhpf;Fk; nghUl;fis tpw;Fk; chpik Nfl;L xU fbjk;.
22. xU epWtdj;jpy; / tpw;gid epiyaj;jpy; tpw;gidahsdhfg; gzpGhptjw;F
tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.
Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:
1. ypg;Nfhtpd; fbjk; vOJtJ vg;gb?

ypl;by; g;sth; fk;ngdp>

nrd;id-17> %d;whk; gjpg;G - 1960.

2. Gorden Humphreys M.A.

Letter Writer
The English Universities Press Ltd.

69

102, New Gate Street, London-1950

3. Robert S. Shurter

Effective Letters in Business.

Mchrow - Hill Book Company,
New York, Second Ed. 1954.

4. F.W. King & D. Ann Gee

Modern English Business Letters,

Longman Group Ltd.
London, First Published, 1962.

5. Hume and Bayley

:
Manual of Commercial Correspon
dence, Wheeler Publishing
Allahabad, 7th Indiand Edition 1978.

6. J. Stephenson

Principles and practices of

Commercial Correspondence,
Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad,
First Indian Edition - 1978.

70

ghlk; - 8

nkhopg;gapw;rp - 1
(njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr;nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr; nrhy;)

Fiwthd KjyPl;ilg; Nghl;L mjpfkhf ,yhgk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gJ kdpjh;fspd;

Nguhirfspy; xd;W. Kaw;rp Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gad; mjpfkhfg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
,ijg; Nghd;wNj njhifr; nrhy;ypd; gad;ghLk; MFk;.
epWj;jhky; Njitaw;W Ngrpf; nfhz;bUg;gtid> 'mjpfg; gpurq;fp" vd;fpNwhk;.
fhuzfhhpaj;NjhL njspthf> RUf;fkhfg; NgRgtid 'ehTf;furd;" vd;fpNwhk;. jkpopy;
RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;f> njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr; nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr;
nrhy; Mfpad ,d;wpaikahJ Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
njhif vd;why; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;W nghUs;. RUf;fpr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;Wk;
$Wth;. ,yf;fz E}yhh;> 'xU njhlhpy; epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; Nrh;fpw NghJ ,uz;Lf;Fk;
,ilapy; Ntw;Wik cUGfNsh> gz;G> tpid> ctik Kjypadtw;wpd; cUGfNsh kiwe;J
epw;Fkhdhy; mj;njhlh; njhif epiyj; njhlh;|| vd;W $Wth;. njhif epiyj; njhlh;
Ntw;Wikj; njhif> gz;Gj; njhif> tpidj; njhif> ctikj; njhif> ck;ikj; njhif>
md;nkhopj; njhif vd MW tifg;gLk;. ,tw;Ws; VjhtJ xd;W kiwe;J tUtjhy;
njhif vd toq;fyhapw;W. 'ghiyf; Fbj;jhd;" vd;gJ ghy; Fbj;jhd; vd tUtjhy;
Ntw;Wikj; njhifahapw;W. ,jpy; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUghd 'I" kiwe;J tUfpd;wJ.
CWfha; vd;gJ Cwpafha;> CWfpd;w fha;> CWk; fha; vd %d;W fhyq;fspYk;
tphpAk;. ,t;thW %d;W fhyq;fisAk; fhl;Lk; njhlh; 'CWfha;" vd te;Js;sjhy; 'tpidj;
njhif" ahapw;W.
tl;lkhfpa gyif vd;gJ tl;lg;gyif vdr; RUq;fp tUtjhy; gz;Gj; njhifahapw;W.
gtsk; Nghd;w tha; vd;gJ gtstha; vd te;Js;sjhy; ctikj; njhifahapw;W.
ntw;wpiyAk; ghf;Fk; vd;gJ ntw;wpiyg;ghf;F vdr; RUq;fp ck;ij; njhifahf
te;Js;sJ.
G+itr; #ba $e;jiy cila ngz; te;jhs; vd;gJ 'G+q;Foy; te;jhs;"
vdj; njhifahf te;Js;sjhy; md;nkhopj;njhif vdg;gl;lJ.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif> tpidj; njhif> gz;Gj; njhif> ctikj; njhif> ck;ikj;
71

njhif vd;Dk; Ie;J njhif epiyj; njhlh; nkhopfSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj> mitay;yhj

gpwnrhw;fs; njhf;fp tUtd (my; + nkhop + njhif) md;nkhopj;njhif vd;gLfpd;wJ.
NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s njhif Nghd;W gy nghUs;fis cs;slf;fpa nrhy;iyr;
nrhy; vd;fpNwhk;. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> rPtf rpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp>
vd;Dk; Ie;J fhg;gpaq;fisAk; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;Nwhk;. ,tw;iwr; RUf;fkhf
'Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fs;" vd;W miog;gh;. Ie;J fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngah;fSk; RUf;fkhf
'Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fs;" vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; mlq;fpAs;sjhy; ,r;nrhy; njhifr; nrhy;
vdg;gLk;. ,JNghd;W etjhdpaq;fs;> etuj;jpdq;fs;> vdg; gy njhifr; nrhw;fs; cs;sd.
khzth;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf xU rpy ,q;Fj; jug;gLfpd;wd.
,URlh;
,UKJ Futh;
%Nte;jh;
%g;gpzp
Kg;Guk;
Kf;fdp
Kg;gpwg;G
Kf;fhyk;
Kj;njhopy;
%tplk;
Kj;jkpo;
ehw;nghUs;
ehw; G+
ehd;F cghak;
ehw;ftp
ehw;fjp
ehy;Ntjk;
Ik;G+jk;
Ie;njhopy;

Ik;ngUq;FO
Iq;Futh;
Ik;ghy;
gQ;rhq;fk;
gQ;rkh ghjfk;

#hpad;> re;jpud;
jha;> je;ij
Nrud;> Nrhod;> ghz;bad;
thjk;> gpj;jk;> Nrj;Jkk;
nghd;kjpy;> nts;spkjpy;> ,Uk;Gkjpy;
kh> gyh> thio
ck;ik> ,k;ik> kWik
,we;j fhyk;> vjph; fhyk;> epfo; fhyk;
gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if
,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL
nfhbg; G+> Nfhl;Lg; G+> ePh;g; G+> Gjw; G+
rhkk;> Ngjk;> jhdk;> jz;lk;
MR ftp> kJu ftp> rpj;jpuf; ftp> tpj;jhuf; ftp
Njth;> khDlh;> tpyq;F> eufh;
Uf;F> a#h;> rhkk;> mjh;tzk;
epyk;> ePh>; jP> fhw;W> Mfhak;
vz;zy;> vOjy;> ,iyfps;sy;> G+j;njhLj;jy;>
aho; thrpj;jy;.
ke;jphp> GNuhfpjd;> J}jd;> xw;wd;> Nrdhjpgjp
murd;> Mrphpad;> jha;> je;ij> jikad;
Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyh;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;.
jpjp> thuk;> el;rj;jpuk;> Nahfk;> fuzk;
nfhiy> fsT> ngha;> fs;Sz;zy;> FU epe;ij
72

Itif cz;b
mWnjhopy;

fbj;jy;> ef;fy;> gUfy;> tpOq;fy;> Ritj;jy;.

me;jzh;f; Fhpad:
Xjy; - XJtpj;jy;>
Ntl;ly; - Ntl;gpj;jy;
<jy; - Vw;wy;
murh;f; Fhpad:
Xjy;> Ntl;ly;> <jy;> cyNfhk;gy;> gilf;fyk;
gapyy;> Nghh; nra;jply;>
itrpah;f; Fhpad:
Xjy;> Ntl;ly;> Ntshz;ik> thzpfk;>
ghJfhj;jy;> coT.
#j;jpuh;f; Fhpad:
gR fhj;jy;> nghUsPl;ly;> gaphply;>
Guhzq;fis Xjy;> <jy;> me;jzh;f;F cjTjy;. MW mq;fk;
gil> Fb> $o;> mikr;R> el;G> muz;
mW gilfs;
%iyg;gil> fhl;Lg;gil> $ypg;gil> Jizg;gil>
gifg;gil> ehl;Lg;gil.
mW Ritfs;
,dpg;G> Gspg;G> cth;g;G> Jth;g;G> frg;G> ifg;G. mW
rpwg;G
nry;tk;> tpisT> gy;tsk;> nrq;Nfhd;ik
Nehapd;ik> FWk;gpd;ik
mW kjk;
itztk;> irtk;> Gj;jk;> mUfk;> rkzk;> JUf;fk;.
tUlq;fs; VO
ghuj tUlk;> fpk;GUl tUlk;>
mhp tUlk;>
,shtpUj tUlk;> ,uhkpa tUlk;> Iud;tj tUlk;>
FU tUlk;.
Kj;jp efh; VO
mNahj;jp> kJiu> khia> fhrp> fhQ;rp> mte;jp>
Jthuif.
khjh;fs; VO
fThp> mgpuhkp> kNf];thp> ehuhazp> tuhfp>
,e;jpuhzp> fhsp.
gUtq;fs; VO
Ngij> ngJk;ig kq;if> kle;ij. mupit> njupit>
Ngupsk; ngz;.
fly;fs; VO
cg;G> fUg;gQ;rhW> fs;S> nea;> japu;> ghy;> ey;y
ePu.;
jPTfs; VO
rk;Gj jPT> gpyf;r jPT> Firj; jPT> fpnusQ;rj; jPT>
rhfj; jPT> rhd;gypj; jPT> Gl;fuj; jPT.
NkYyfk; VO
G+Nyhfk;> Gtu; Nyhfk;> RtNyhfk;> rdNyhfk;> jNgh
Nyhfk;> kfh Nyhfk;> rj;jpa Nyhfk;.
73

fPOyfk; VO

mjyk;> tpjyk;> Rjyk;> juhjyk;> urhjyk;> kfhjyk;>

ghjhyk;.
jpf;F vl;L
fpof;F> njd;fpof;F> njw;F> njd;Nkw;F> Nkw;F>
tlNkw;F> tlf;F> tlfpof;F.
jpf;F ghyfu; vl;L (vl;Lj; jpf;Fg; ghyfu;) ,e;jpud;> mf;fpdp> vkd;>
epUjp> tUzd;> thA> FNgud;> <rhdd;.
thfdq;fs; vl;L
nts;is ahid> Ml;Lf;flh> vUikf;flh> jz;bif>
Kjiy> fiykhd;> Fjpiu> up~gk; (fhis) MAjq;fs; vl;L tr;rpuk;> rj;jp> jz;lk;> Kryk;> ghrk;> Jrk;> flfk;>
#yk;.
ehfq;fs; vl;L
mde;jd;> Fspfd;> thRfp> rq;fghyd;> jf;fd;>
kfhgJkd;> gJkd;> fhu;f;Nfhlfk;.
vl;Lj; jpf;F ahidfs; - Iuhtjk;> Gz;luPfk;> thkdk;> FKjk;> mQ;rdk;>
Gl;gje;jk;> rhUt G+kk;> Rg;ujPgk;.
etf;fpufk;
#upad;> re;jpud;> nrt;tha;> Gjd;> tpahod;> Rf;fpud;>
rdp> uhF> NfJ.
et jhdpak;
NfhJik> ney;> Jtiu> rpWgapW> fliy> nkhr;ir>
vs;> cSe;J> fhzk;.
et tpUl;rk;
vUf;F> gyh> fUq;fhyp> ehAUtp> muR> mj;jp> td;dp>
mWF> jUg;ig.
et jPu;j;jk;
fq;if> aKid> ruRtjp> eUkij> rpe;J> fhNtup>
Nfhjhtup> Nrhiz> Jq;f gj;jpiu.
etuj;jpdk;
khzpf;fk;> Kj;J> gtsk;> gr;ir> Gl;guhfk;> tapuk;>
ePyk;> NfhNkjfk;> it^upak;.
et Gl;gk;
nre;jhkiu> ntz;zy;yp> nrz;gfk;> ntz; fhe;js;>
Ky;iy> ntz;lhkiu> fUq;Ftis> kUke;jhiu>
nrt;ty;yp.
et tPuu;
tPuthF> tPuNfrup> tPukNfe;jpud;> tPukNfRtud;> tPu
Gue;jpud;> tPukhu;j;jhz;ld;> tPuuhl;rjd;> tPuhe;jfd;>
tPujPud;.
gjpdhW nry;tq;fs; Gfo;> fy;tp> typ> ntw;wp> ed;kf;fs;> nghd;> ney;>
ey;Y}o;> Efu;r;rp> mwpT> moF> ngUik> ,sik>
JzpT> Nehapd;ik> tho;ehs;.
gjpdhW cgrhuq;fs; Mthfdk;> Mrdk;> ghj;jpak;> mUf;fpak;> MrkdPak;>
];ehdk;> t];jpuk;> vf;NQhgtPjk;> fe;jk;> G~;gk;>
J}gk;> ieNtj;jpak;> jhk;G+yk;> ek];fhuk;>
cj;thfdk;> jPgk;.

74

Nkw;fz;l njhifr; nrhw;fs; ahTk; gid Nahiyr; Rtbfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

khztu;fs; ,lkwpe;J njhifr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;lhy; nkhopeil moF ngWk;. jpUk;gj;
jpUk;gf; $wp Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhfNt njhifr; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
vd;gij czu;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,izr; nrhy;:,U NtWgl;l nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; ,ize;J Gjpajhf NtnwhU nghUisj;
jUkhdhy; mJ ,izr; nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
,uz;L ntt;NtW epwq;fisf; fye;J Gjpajhf xU epwj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ Nghy
,izr; nrhw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
fz;l Jz;lk; vd;gJ Xu; ,izr; nrhy;. fz;lk; vd;gJ fOj;J> Jz;lk; vd;gJ
vQ;rpAs;s clk;Gg; gFjp vd;gJ nghUs;. mjhtJ jiyNtW cly;NtW vd;gJ nghUs;
MFk;. Mdhy; ,uz;L nrhy;Yk; ,ize;J gyg;gy Jz;Lfs; vdg; nghUs;jUk;. fz;l
Jz;lkhf ntl;bdhd; vd;why; gyg;gy Jz;Lfshf ntl;bdhd; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,t;thW
tUtJ ,izr;nrhy; MFk;.
fz;Zk; fUj;Jk; vd;gJ Xu; ,izr; nrhy;. fz; vd;gJ fz;. fUj;J vd;gJ Nehf;fk;>
ftdk;> nfhs;if vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk; ,ize;J mf;fiw vdg; nghUs;
jUk;. xU khztd; mf;fiwNahL gbg;gij ,t;tpizr; nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fyhk;. xt;nthU
ehSk; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha;g; gbf;Fk; khztu;fs; Nju;Tf;F mQ;rkhl;lhu;fs; vd te;J
,izr; nrhy; Mfpd;wJ.
,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;Fk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fspd; nghUis ed;F
czu;e;J njspe;j gpd;dNu thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fspd; ed;ik fUjp xU rpy ,izr; nrhw;fs; ,q;F thf;fpaj;jpy;; mikj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
,izr; nrhy; thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:1. ifAk; fsTk; (if jpUl;L)
rpyk;G jpUba fs;td; ifAk; fsTkha; mfg;gl;Lf; nfhz;lhd; vd;W
nghw;nfhy;yd; ghz;ba kd;ddplk; $wpdhd;.
2. fz;zPUk; fk;giyAk; (fz;zPu; - Muthuk;)
Nfhtyd; jd;id ntWj;Jr; nrd;wij czu;e;j khjtp fz;zPUk;
fk;giyAkhf tUe;jpdhs;.
3. Mw mku (MWjy; - cl;fhUjy;)
,e;jpag; gpujku; ve;jf; fhupaj;ijAk; Mw mkur; rpe;jpj;Jr; nra;tjpy;
ty;ytu;.

75

4. ,d;dhu; ,dpahu; (Ntz;lhjtu; - Ntz;batu;)

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,d;dhu; ,dpahu; vd;W ghuhky; eLTepiyNahL ePjp
toq;FjNy ePjpgjpapd; flik.
5. cw;whu; cwtpdu; (Rw;wj;jhu;- cwtpdu;)
nry;tu;fSf;Fr; rpwg;G cw;whu; cwtpdu;fSf;F cjtp nra;J tho;jy;
MFk;.
6. njs;sj; njspa (Muha;jy; - njspthjy;)
jd; fztd; Nfhtyd; fs;td; my;yd; vd;gijj; njs;sj; njspthff;
fz;zfp tpsf;fpdhs;.
7. CUk; NgUk;. (Cu; - ngau;)
CUk; NgUk; njupahjtu;fs; vy;NyhUk; ,d;W cau;thf tho;fpd;whu;fs;.

8. rukhupaha; (mk;G kio)

,e;jpa ghfp];jhd; Nghupd;NghJ ghfp];jhd; kPJ ,e;jpa tPuu;fs; rukhupaha;f;
Fz;Lfis tPrpdu;.
9. rl;l jpl;lk; (rl;lk; - jpl;lk;)
rl;l jpl;lj;Jf;F mlq;fp elf;fhjtiu muR jz;bf;Fk;.
10. tpUg;G ntWg;G (tpUk;Gjy; - ntWj;jy;)
xU nghUis tpUg;G ntWg;G ,y;yhky; Muha;e;J cz;ik fhz;gtNd
rpwe;j mwpthspahthd;.
11. Vwj;jho (VWjy; - ,wq;Fjy;> NkNy - fPNo)
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fhyk; Vwj;jho %thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ
vd;gu;.
12. my;Yk; gfYk; (,uT - gfy;)
khztu;fs; my;Yk; gfYk; gbj;jhy; Nju;tpy; ntw;wpailayhk;.
13. mb jb (mb - fk;G)
,UtUf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l tha;g;Ngr;R Kw;wp mbjbapy; Kbe;jJ.
14. <L vLg;G (xg;G - msT)
mwpQu; mz;zh <L vLg;gw;w jk; Ngr;Rj; jpwikahy; mopahg; Gfo;
ngw;whu;.
15. mupj;Jf; Fiyj;J (mupj;jy; - Fiyj;jy;)
fz;%bj;jdkhd jPa gof;f tof;fq;fs; ek; ehl;il mupj;Jf; Fiyj;J
tUfpd;wd.

76

16. tk;G Jk;G (rz;il Edp)

fhupaj;jpy; fz;zhf ,Ug;gtu; gpwNuhL tk;G Jk;Gf;Fr; nry;ykhl;lhu;
17. nts;isAk; nrhs;isAk; (ntz;ik - nrhj;ij)
nts;isAk; nrhs;isAkha; cil cLj;jpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.
cs;sj;jpYk; J}a;ik Ntz;Lk;.
18. ,y;yhjJk; nghy;yhjJk; (,y;yhjJ Fw;wkhdJ)
Nju;jy; Neuj;jpy; fl;rpf;fhuu;fs; xUtiunahUtu; ,y;yhjJk;
nghy;yhjJkhff; $Wtu;.
,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:1. mUik ngUik
2. mfKk; KfKk;
3. Mly; ghly;
4. cz;Lk; cLj;Jk;
5. fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk;
6. fy;tpAk; Nfs;tpAk;
7. rpd;dh gpd;dk;
8. rPUk; rpwg;Gk;
9. Rw;W Kw;Wk;
10. jpl;ltl;lk;

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

eiuAk; jpiuAk;
ey;yJ nfl;lJ
ehAk; NgAk;
ehSk; fpoikAk;
Neha; nehb
gl;b njhl;b
gapu; gr;;ir
gof;f tof;fk;
Kl;b Nkhjp
te;jtd; Nghdtd;

mLf; F r; nrhw; f s; : xNu nrhy; gyKiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj; njhlu; vdg;gLk;. ,j;njhlupy; xU
nrhy; ,uz;bypUe;J ehd;F Kiw tiu mLf;fp tUk;;. mLf;Fj; njhlupy; tUk; xt;nthU
nrhy;Yk; xNu nghUs; cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;.
ghk;G ghk;G
tUf tUf
neUg;G neUg;G
tho;f tho;f
NkNy Fwpj;Js;s njhlu;fisf; ftdpj;jhy; xNu nrhy; gy Kiw mLf;fp te;Js;sijf;
fhzyhk;. ,r;nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gpupj;Jg; ghu;jj
; hy; nghUs; jUfpd;wd. ,j;njhlu;fspy;
cs;s xNu nrhy;iyf; nfhz;Lk; thf;fpak; mikAk;. mLf;Fj; njhliuf; nfhz;L thf;fpak;
mikAk;NghJ nkhop eil rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;. ekJ fy;Y}upf;F ,yf;fpar; nry;tu; te;jNghJ
khztu;fs; mtiu tUf tUf ntd;W tuNtw;wdu;. ,t;thW thf;fpaj;jpy; mLf;Fj; njhlu;
gapd;W te;J nkhopf;F mo$l;Lk;.
Mrpupau; tFg;giwapDs; EioAk;NghJ khztu;fs; mtiu tUfntd;W mioj;jdu;.
,J mLf;Fj;
njhlupy; cs;s xU nrhy; kl;Lk; nghUSld; thf;fpaj;jpy; mikAk;
vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
77

xU FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfisg; ghu;jj

; hy; xd;W NghyNt fhzg;gLtu;.
mtu;fs; ,ul;ilauhfg; gpwe;jhYk; jdpj;jdpf; Fzeyd;fSld; ,Ug;gu;. mJNghd;W ,uz;L
nrhw;fs; mLf;fp te;J gpupj;jhy; nghUs; je;J mLf;Fj; njhlu; Mfpd;wJ.
mir epiy> nghUs; epiy ,ir epiwf;F xU nrhy;
,uz;L %d;W ehd;nfy;iy Kiw mLf;Fk;
(ed;D}y; : 395)
vd;W ed;D}y; $WfpwJ.
tpiuT> ntFsp> kfpo;rr
; p> mr;rk;> Jd;gk; Kjypa nghUs;fis czu;jJ
; tjw;fhfTk;>
mir epiyahfTk; nra;Aspy; ,ir epiwj;jw;fhfTk; xU nrhy; ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F
Kiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj; njhlu; MFk;.
rhd; W fs
fs;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XL XL XL
fhzPu; fhzPu;
jP jP
gpb gpb
tho;f tho;f tho;f tho;f

,ul; i lr; nrhw; f s; : ,ul;ilr; nrhy;iy ,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;Wk; $Wtu;. fpstp vd;gJ nrhy; vdg;
nghUs;gLk;. ,ul;ilr; nrhw;fshfNt epd;W> gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhky;> tpidfis mLj;J
mtw;wpd; milnkhopfshfp tUtd ,ul;ilf; fpstp vdg;gLk;.
fyfyntdr; rpupj;jhs;.
jkpo;r; nry;tp fyfy
Fjpiu jljl
jljlntd Xbw;W.
tz;b flfl
flflntd Xbw;W.
kio ePu; ryry
ryryntd XbaJ.
NkNy Fwpj;Js;s njhlu;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fyfy> jljl> flfl> ryry vd;Dk;
nrhw;fisf; ftdpAq;fs;. fyfyntdr; rpupj;jhs; - ,jpy; fyfy vd;gJ rpupj;jhs; vd;Dk;
tpidr; nrhy;Yf;F Kd;dhy; milnkhopahf te;Js;sJ. ,uz;L nrhw;fisg; Nghy;
Njhd;Wk; fyfy xNu nrhy;yhFk;. ,r;nrhy;iy fy - fy vdg; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ.
fy fy vd;Dk; nrhy; Nru;e;Nj thf;fpaj;jpy; mike;J nkhop eilf;F mo$l;Lk;.
fyfy vd;Dk; ,ul;ilr; nrhy; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;yhfNt tUk;. ,r;nrhy;iyg; gpupj;J
mij thf;fpaj;jp;y; mikj;jhy; nghUsw;w thf;fpakhfTk;> epiwTwhj thf;fpakhfTk;
mikAk;.
nry;tp fyfy ntdr; rpupj;jhs;. vd;Dk;NghJ thf;fpak; moF ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

78

nry; t p fyntdr; rpupj; j hs; vd; W $Wk; N ghJ thf; f paj; j py; VNjh Fiw
fhzg;gLtJNghy; Klkhd thf;fpakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rhd;Wfs;:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

klklntd Kwpe;jJ.
kuk; klkl
fzfzntd xypj;jJ.
fy;Y}upapy; kzp fzfz
fpotd; FLFL
FLFLntd Xbdhd;.
guj ehl;bak; Mba ngz;zpd; fhw; ryq;if fyPu;fyPu; vd;W xypj;jJ.
khztu;fspd; rl;il njhsnjhs ntd;W ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
kio Neuj;jpy; kpd;dy; gspr;gspr
spr; vd kpd;Dk;
glglntd mbf;Fk;.
nfhiyfhudpd; neQ;R glgl
New;W ksks
ksksntd;W tPLfl;Lk; Ntiy ele;jJ.
FSFSntd;W ,Ue;jJ
Fw;whyj;jpy; fhyepiy FSFS
ewewntd;W fbj;jhd;.
vjpup gy;iy ewew

,ul;ilf; fpstpapYk; mLf;Fj; njhlupYk; kaf;fk; jUk; rpy nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,it ,ul;ilf; fpstpah? mLf;Fj; njhluh? vd;W KbT nra;tjpy; rpy Fog;gq;fSk;
cs;sd.
khjh Nfhtpypd; kzpNahir fzPu; fzPu; vd xypj;jJ.
gshnud;W miwe;jhu;.
vd; je;ij vd;idg; gshu; gshnu
kio Neuj;jpy; kpd;dy; gsPu; gsPu; vd kpd;dpaJ.
Nkw;fz;l ,t; thf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fzPu; fzPu;> gshu; gshu;> gsPu; gsPu;
vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; mLf;Fj;
njhluh ,ul;ilf; fpstpah vd;gjpy; kaf;fkhf cs;sJ.
Vndd;why; khjh Nfhtpypd; kzpNahir fzPnudf; Nfl;lJ vd;Wk; vd; je;ij vd;idg;
gshnud miwe;jhu; vd;Wk; kpd;dy; gsPnud kpd;dpaJ vd;Wk; ,r; nrhw;fis mLf;Fj;
njhlu; Nghd;W thf;fpaj;jpy; mikf;fyhk;.
fzPu; fzPu>; gshu; gshu;> gsPu; gsPu; vd;gd xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs; Nghy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Mapd; ,it ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;Dk; tifapy; mlq;Fk;.
mLf;Fj; njhlUk; ,ul;ilf;fpstpAk; Nkw;;Nghf;fhfg; ghu;j;jhy; xd;W NghyNt
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,it ,uz;bw;Fk; rpW NtWghLfs; cs;sd.

mLf;Fj; njhlu;
1. xU nrhy; ,uz;L %d;W ehd;F
Kiw tiu mLf;fp tUk;.
2. xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk; jdpj; jdpNa
gpupj;jhYk; nghUs; jUk;.
3. kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;. tpiuT.> ntFsp
Kjypa gy nghUs;fspy; tUk;.

,ul; i lf; f pstp

79

1. ,ul;ilr; nrhy;yhfNt tUk;.

,uz;Lf;F Nky; tuhJ.
2. jdpj;jdpNa
gpupj;jhy;
nghUs; juhJ.
3. tpidfSf;F milnkhopfshfp
xypf; Fwpg;G Kjypad gw;wp
tUk;.

khztu;fs; kdk; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:1. njhifr; nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
2. ,URlu;> Kg;gpzp> Kg;gpwg;G> ehw;fyp> ehy; Ntjk;> Ik;ngUq; FO> Ik; ghy;> mW
Rit> mW rpwg;G> VO tUlq;fs;> VO gUtq;fs;> vl;Lj; jpirfs;> Mfpa
njhifr; nrhw;fis tpupj;J vOJf.
3. ,izr; nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
4. ,izr; nrhy; gFjpapd; ,Wjpapy; jug;gl;bUf;Fk; ,izr; nrhw;fis
thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f.
5. mLf;Fj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
6. ,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.
7. mLf;Fj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ul;ilf; fpstpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?

80

ghlk; - 9

nkhopg; gapw;rp - II
(ctikfs;> gonkhopfs;> kuGj; njhlu;> tsikj; njhlu;)
ctikfs; : kdpjd; jhd; fhZfpd;w vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f
vz;Zfpwhd;. ,t;tpay;G kdpjd; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpaNghNj Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.. xU
ftpQdpd; cs;sj;Js; vOe;jthNw cyfpw;F czu;j;j cjTtd ctikfs; MFk;.
,t;Ttikfs; nghUspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.
xU nghUis kw;nwhU nghUNshL xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ ctik vdg;gLk;.
mjhtJ njupahj xd;iwj; njupe;j xd;NwhL xg;Gikg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
xU nghUSf;F kw;nwhU nghUis ctikahfr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ mt;tpuz;L
nghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJthfpa xU njhopy; (tpid) fhuzkhfTk;> mj;njhopyhy; ngWk;
gad; fhuzkhfTk;> cUthfpa tz;zk; fhuzkhfTk;> xg;Gik $wg;gLkhjypd; ctkj;jhy;
nghUs; Njhd;Wk;. mJ Njhw;wk;> tpid> gad;> nka;> cU vd ehy;tifg;gLk; vd;gu;.
,jid>
tpid> gad;> nka;cU vd;w ehd;Nf
tifngw te;j ctkj; Njhw;wk;
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
ctikapy; mlq;fpAs;s cWg;Gfs; ctNkak;> ctkhdk;> nghJg; gz;G> ctk
cUG vd;Dk; ehd;fhFk;. nrhy;y vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUisg; nghUs;vd;Wk; mjd;
,ay;igAk; jd;ikiaAk; tpsf;Ftjw;F xg;Gikahff; nfhs;sg;gLk; gpwnghUis ctik
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLthu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; KiwNa ctNkak; - ctkhdk; vd;W
Fwpg;gu; tlE}yhu;. ctikAk; nghUSk; Mfpa ,t;tpU nghUs;fspYk; xj;J fhzg;gLk;
tz;zk;> tbT> njhopy;> gad; Mfpatw;wpd; xg;Gj; jd;ikiag; nghJg;gz;G vd;gu;.
mj;jd;ikapid tpsf;Ftjw;F ctikf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fs;
cUGfs; MFk;.
ghy; NghYk; ,d;nrhy;
gtsk; Nghy; nre;Jtu; tha;
vd;w ghlybfs; ghiyg; Nghy; ,dpa nrhy;> gtsj;ijg;Nghy; rpte;j cjLfis cila
tha; vd tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
nrhy; - ghy; Nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
tha; - gtsk; Nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

81

nrhy;Yf;Fg; ghiyAk; tha;f;Fg; gtsj;ijAk; ctikahff; $Wfpd;whu;.

ghy; - ctik
nrhy; - ctNkak; my;yJ nghUs;.
NghYk; - ctk cUG
,dpik nghJg;gz;G
ctikfis thf; f paq; f spy; mikj; j y; : 1. vs;spDs; vz;nza; Nghy ,iwtd; vq;Fk; ePf;fkw epiwe;Js;shd;.
2. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Gfo; Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghy cynfq;Fk;
gutpAs;sJ.
3. fz;zfpiaf; fTe;jpabfs; fz;iz ,ik fhg;gJ Nghy
Nghy; fhj;jhs;.
4. fhkuh[u; jhkiuapiy ePu; Nghy ,y;yw tho;tpy; gw;wpd;wp tho;e;jhu;.
5. G+q;nfhb NfhkfDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiufs; flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghyg;
gadw;Wg; Nghapd.
6. xU jha; tapw;W kf;fisg; Nghy ,uhkDk; FfDk; md;ghy; xd;W gl;ldu;.
Nghyf; fw;Gf;furpahd G+q;nfhb fzpifau;
7. Nrw;wpy; Kisj;j nre;jhkiu Nghyf
Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhs;.
8. jd; je;ijapd; kiwthy; G+q;nfhb nfhOnfhk;gw;w nfhb Nghy tUe;jpdhs;.
9. jruju; ,uhkidf; fhl;Lf;F mDg;g kdkpy;yhkYk; ifNfapf;Ff; nfhLj;j
thf;if kPw KbahkYk; ,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghyj
Nghyj; jtpj;jhu;.
10. G+q;nfhb jd;idj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;ths; vd;W vz;zpapUe;j Nfhkfd;
,yT fhj;j fpspNghy; Mdhd;.
11. fh~;kPiuj; jd;tag;gLj;Jtjpy; ghfp];jhdpd; Neu;ikaw;w Nghf;F cs;sq;if
ney;ypf; fdpNghy cyfj;Jf;Fj; njupe;J tpl;lJ.
12. mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghyf; Nfhtyd; jd;id ehb te;jijf; fz;l fz;zfp ngU
kfpo;r;rp mile;jhs;.
13. Nfhtyd; jd;idg; gpupe;J nrd;Wtpl;lhd; vd;W tUe;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j khjtp
Nty; gha;e;jJ Nghy
mtd; ,we;j nra;jpiaf; Nfl;L nte;j Gz;zpy;
Mdhs;.
14. ,uhkDf;F Ntiy mtd; fy;tpj; jFjpf;Ff; fpilf;f ,Ue;Jk; fhf;if cl;fhug;
gok; tpOe;jhw;Nghy ke;jpup jd; gupe;Jiuahy;jhd; fpilj;jJ vdf; $wpdhu;.
15. kJtpyf; F g; gpur; r huk; nra; N thu; rpyu; Fspf; f g; N gha; r ; Nrw; i wg; G+rpf;
nfhz;lJNghyj
JNghyj; jhq;fNs kJtUe;jp kaq;fpf; fple;jdu;.
16. nkupdh flw;fiuapy; kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghyg; Ngrpa ,yf;fpar; nry;tupd;
Ngr;irf; Nfl;L midtUk; nka;kwe;J Nghapdu;.
17. Kltd; nfhk; G j; NjDf; F Mirg; g LtJNghyg; gpr; i rf; f hud; ehl; b d;
,sturpia kzf;f tpUk;gpdhd;.
18. KOg; G+rzpf; f hiar; Nrhw; w py; kiwg; g J Nghyf; fh~;kPupy; CLUtpa
jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; vq;fSf;Fk; njhlu;gpy;iy vdg; ghfp];jhd; mwptpj;jJ.
19. ntz;nza; jpuz;L tUk;NghJ jhop cile;jhw;Nghy uh[Pt; fhe;jp ehl;Lf;F
ed;iknra;a Kw;gl;lNghJ nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
82

20. ey;y kuj;jpy; Gy;YUtp gha;e;jhw;Nghy ey;ytdhfpa Nfhg;ngUQ; NrhoDf;Ff;

nfhbatu; ,Utu; kf;fsha;g; gpwe;jdu;.
21. G+Tld; Nru;e;j ehUk; kzk; ngw;whw; Nghy mz;zhitr; Nru;e;j midtUk;
Ngr;Rj; jpwikapy; ty;ytu;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;.
22. kz; Fjpiuia ek;gp Mw;wpy; ,wq;fpaJ Nghyf; Nfhtyd; nghw;nfhy;yid
ek;gpj; jd; capiu ,oe;jhd;.
23. thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghyg; gpwUf;Fj; jd; fUj;Jfisf; $wpdhu;
fhkuh[u;.
24. fpspia tsu; j ; J g; G+id ifapy; nfhLj; j hw; N ghyj; je; i j md; G ld;
tsu;j;j kfisg; gzj;Jf;F Mirg;gl;L FbfhuDf;F kzk; nra;J itj;jhu;.
Nghyj jpy;ypapy; je;ijkhu; rpyu; jk; ngz;izNa
25. NtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ Nghyj;
fw;gopj;jdu;.
26. fz;zfp kio Kfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghyf
Nghyf; Nfhtyid vjpu;ghu;jJ
; f; fhj;jpUe;jhs;.
27. ke;jhiuapd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;l ifNfapd; kdk; xU Flg;ghypy; Jsp tp~k;
fye;jhw;Nghyf; nfl;L tpl;lJ.
28. ,uhkd; fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;wij mwpe;j jrujd; mbaw;w kuk;Nghy kaq;fpr;
rha;e;jhu;.
29. m U r ; R d D i l a f h z ; B g j ; j p d ; X i r i a f ; N f l ; L g ; g i f t u ; f s ;
,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy eLq;fpdu;.
30. khidj; Njbr; nrd;W jpUk;gp te;j ,uhkd; rPijiaf; fhzhky; ,btpOe;j
kuk; Nghyr
Nghyr; nrayw;W epd;whd;.
31. G+q;nfhbapd;Nky; nfhiyf; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lij mwpe;j ngUepyf;fpohu; cLf;if
,oe;jtd; ifNghy mtSf;F cjt XNlhb te;jhu;.
32. cyfpd; midj;J ehLfSk;
vt;tsNth mwpTiu $wpAk; rjhk; cNrd;
cLk;Gg; gpb Nghyj
Nghyj; jd; nfhs;ifia khw;wpf; nfhs;s kWj;J tpl;lhd;.
33. cg;gpUe;j ghz;lk;Nghy ,uhkd; cly; vYk;GUf;fp Nehahy; ,isj;J tpl;lJ.
34. G+q;nfhb NfhkfDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiufs; gadw;Wg; ngha;tpl;lij
mwpe;J
ckp Fw;wpf; if typj;jhw;Nghy tUe;jpdhs;.
35. ftpkzp mtu;fspd; ftpj;jpwik rpyfhyk; tiu Flj;jpypl;l tpsf;F Nghy
ehl;Lf;Fj; njupahjpUe;jJ.
36. ,sikapw; fw;Fk; fy;tp fy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghy vd;Wk; mopahky; epiyj;J
epw;Fk;.
37. Fkup mde;jd; mtu;fs; ru;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghy
,yf;fpak; Ngr ty;ytuhjyhy; ,yf;fpar; nry;tu; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;.
38. ciog;Ng cau;T jUk; vd Mrpupau; $wpa mwpTiu gRkuj;jhzpNghy
hzpNghy;
khztu; kdjpy; gjpe;J tpl;lJ.
39. Mz;ltd; mUshy; vd; Jd;gk; gfytidf; fz;l gdpNghy
gdpNghy; tpyfpaJ.
40. gRj; Njhy; Nghu;j;jpa GypNghyr
GypNghyr; rhkpahu;fs; ey;ytu;Nghy; ebj;Jg; ngz;fisf;
fw;gopf;fpd;wdu;.
ctikfis thf; f paj; j y; mikf; f :1. fpzW ntl;lg; G+jk; Gwg;gl;lJ Nghy
2. tpoYf;F ,iwj;j ePu; Nghy
83

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

Miy tha;f; fUk;G Nghy

Fyj;ijf; nfLf;f te;j Nfhlupf; fhk;G Nghy
gok; eOtpg; ghypy; tpOe;jJ Nghy
Fuq;F ifapy; G+khiy Nghy
kyUk; kzKk; Nghy
jtis jd; thahy; nfLtJ Nghy
nfhy;yd; njUtpy; Crp tpw;gJ Nghy
ghyhg; goj;jpy; < nkha;jhw; Nghy
ghy; epide;J}l;Lk; jha; Nghy
Fk;gplg;Nghd nja;tk; FWf;Nf te;jJ Nghy
Cik fz;l fdT Nghy
neUg;gpy; ,l;l GOg; Nghy
Gw;wpypUe;J <ry; Gwg;gl;lhw; Nghy
Gspak; goKk; XLk; Nghy
ntz;zpyhTk; thDk; Nghy

gonkhopfs; : ek; %jhijau;fspd; mDgtq;fspypUe;J tbj;njLf;fg;gl;l mwpTg; ngl;lfq;fNs

gonkhopfs;. gonkhopfs; mstpy; rpwpad. nghUs; Moj;jpy; rpwe;jd. fw;wtiuAk;
fy;yhjtiuAk; xUq;Nf <u;f;Fk;; jd;ik nfhz;lit. Ez;ik> RUf;fk;> xz;ik> cz;ik>
nkd;ik vd;Dk; Ie;J gz;Gfisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lit. kf;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Fk;
ePjp ,yf;fpakhfj; jpfo;tjhy; gonkhopfs; ePjpnkhopfs; vd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gonkhopia KJnrhy;> KJnkhop> neLnkhop> goQ;nrhy;> %Jiu> ciu> gothu;ji
; j>
goikr;nrhy;> cgfij> RNyhfk;> nkhopik> KJik> Kd;nrhy; vdg; gythwhff; $Wtu;.
gok; Nghd;w nkhop gonkhop. nrhw;nrwpTk; nghUl;nrwpTk; tha;e;j xUnjhlu;
nkhopNa gonkhop. ,g; gonkhop ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F nrhw;fshy; vJif> Nkhid
Kjypa eaq;fshy; rpwe;J mikAk;.
vy;yhk; ed;ikf;Nf Gj;jpkhd; gythd; vd ,U nrhw;fspYk;
Mir ntl;fk; mwpahJ epj;jpiu Rfk; mwpahJ Mj;jpuf;fhuDf;F Gj;jp kl;L
vd %d;W nrhw;fspYk;>
mlf;fk; Mapuk; nghd; ngWk; msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkpu;jKk; eQ;R jtj;;jpw;F
xUtu; jkpOf;F ,Utu; vd ehd;F nrhw;fspYk; gonkhopfs; mikfpd;wd.
rpy gonkhopfs; xNu nghUisj; juf;$ba ,uz;buz;L fUj;Jfis ,izj;Jf;
$Wfpd;wd. rhd;whf>
( i ) fld; thq;fpf; fld; nfhLj;jtDk; kuk; Vwpf; iftpl;ltDk; gho;
( ii ) mbj;J tsu;f;fhj gps;isAk; KWf;fp tplhj kPirAk; nrt;itahfh
84

( iii ) fhu;j;jpiff;Fg; gpd; kioapy;iy fu;zDf;Fg; gpd; nfhilapy;iy.

gonkhopfis thf; f paj; j py; mikj; j y; :
1. xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; vd;gJ Nghyf; fk;gupd; ftpijiar;
Ritf;f mtu; ghly;fSs; xd;iwg;; gbj;jhy; NghJk;.
2. jUkpapd; ghl;by; ef;fPuu; Fw;wk; fz;Lgpbj;Jg; gupR toq;Ftijj; jLj;jjhy;
mtd; iff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhky
hky; Vkhw;wkile;jhd;.
3. jd; rigapy; jd;idg; gopj;Jg; Ngrpa mDkidf; nfhy;y Kad;w
va;jtdpUf;f mk;ig NehthNdd;? vd;W tpgplzd;
,uhtzDf;F va;
mwpTiu $wpdhd;.
4. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid vd;gjw;Nfw;gf; fu;zd; jd; jhahfpa
Fe;jpNjtp te;J mioj;jNghJ ghz;ltUld; Nru kWj;Jj; JupNahjd
Df;fhfg; Nghu; Gupe;J capu; Jwe;jhd;.
5. mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njupAk
njupAk; vd;gJNghyg; ngha; Ntlk; nfhz;l
Nfhkfdpd; Kfj;ijf; fz;Lj; jhkiuf; fz;zp Iak; nfhz;lhs;.
6. cau caug; gwe;jhYk; Cu;f; FUtp gUe;jhFkh vd;gjw;Nfw;gg;
ghfp];jhd; ,e;jpahit nty;yg; ngUKaw;rp nra;Jk; Njhy;tpNa
fz;lJ.
7. mOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;Fk
k; vd;gjw;Nfw;gj; njhopyhsu; xd;W gl;Lf;
fpsu;r;rp nra;jjhy; Cjpa cau;T ngw;wdu;.
8. #ugJkd; jhd; gpbj;j KaYf;F %d;Nw fhy
fhy; vd;gijg; Nghyr;
rpq;fKfd; vt;tsNth mwpTiu $wpAk; Njtiur; rpiwapypUe;J tpl
kWj;J tpl;lhd;.
9. ej;ijapd; tapw;wpYk; Kj;Jg; gpwf;Fk
k; vd;gJ Nghyf; fw;Gf;furpahd
khjtp fzpifau; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhs;.
10. Rlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk
k; vd;gJNghy Ml;rp elj;JNthu;
ey;yd nra;jhYk; mtu;fisj; J}z;;l Xu; vjpu;f; fl;rp Ntz;Lk;.
11. ,Q;rp ,yhgk; kQ;rspy; vd;gJ Nghy czT neUf;fbiag;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;is ,yhgk; rk;ghjpj;j jdNrfud; mg;gzj;ij
nay;yhk; #jhl;lj;jpy; ,oe;jhd;.
12. EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk; vd;gJNghy mwptw;wtd; jd; thahNyNa
jd; mwpahikia ntspg;gLj;jptpLthd;.
85

13. ML eidfpwJ vd;W Xeha; mOjjhk

mOjjhk; vd;gJNghy mnkupf;fhTf;F
Vw;gl;l Ngupog;igf; Nfl;L <uhf; tUe;jpajhk;.
k vd;gJ Nghy nr]; rhk;gpad; Mde;j;
14. Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;
cyff; Nfhg;igapy; Ml;lj;ij ,oe;Jtpl;lhu;.
15. Midf;nfhU fhyk; te;jhy; G+idf;nfhU fhyk; tUk
tUk;
vd;gJNghy czTf;fhfg; gpw ehLfspy; cjtpia vjpu;ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j ,e;jpah ,d;W gpw ehLfSf;F czTg; nghUs;fis
mDg;gp cjTfpwJ.
16. tpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAk
njupAk; vd;gjw;Nfw;gf; Fw;whyP];tud;
jd; rpW tajpNyNa MW> Fsq;fspy; ePe;jpdhd;.
k vd;gJ Nghyg;
17. Cu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk;
ghz;ltUf;Fk; nfsutUf;Fk; Vw;gl;l gifikia mwpe;J rFdp
kfpo;r;rp mile;jhd;.
18. ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ vd;gjw;Nfw;g mgpkd;A rf;fu tpA+fj;ij
cilj;J cl;nrd;W giftuplk; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;.
19. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk
k; vd;gjhy; ,sikapNy ey;y gof;f
tof;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
J}w;wpf;nfhs
20. fhw;Ws;sNghNj
fhs; vd;gjw;Nfw;g tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;
NghJ thOk; topiaj; Njbf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
21. gofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk
k; vd;gjw;Nfw;g ehd; nrhd;dgbnay;yhk;
Nfl;l vd; ez;gd; ,g;NghJ Nfl;gjpy;iy.
22. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;R nghd; FQ;R vd;gJ Nghy mtutu;f;F
mtUila jha; nkhopNa cau;thfj; Njhd;Wk;.
23. jPl;ba kuj;jpy; $u; ghu;g;gJ Nghy khztd; jdf;Ff; fw;gpj;j
MrpupaiuNa vjpu;j;J thjhbdhd;.
24. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk; vd;gjw;;Nfw;gg; gy Cu;fisr;
Rw;wpaiye;j gpwNf ,uhkDf;Fr; nrhe;j Cupd; mUik njupe;jJ.
25. kio tpl;Lk; J}thdk;
Kbe;Jk; ryryg;G Xatpy;iy.

tpltpy;iy vd;gJ Nghyj; Nju;jy;

gonkhopfis thf; f paq; f spy; mikf; f :1. ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;.

86

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;

fz; nfl;l gpwF #upa ek];fhuk;.
Rz;ilf;fha; fhy; gzk; RUkhl;Lf; $yp Kf;fhy; gzk;.
jiyapUf;f thy; MLkh?
Fiwf;fpw eha; fbf;fhJ.
J}uj;Jg; gr;ir fz;Zf;Ff; Fspu;r;rp
ehiaf; fz;lhy; fy;iyf; fhNzhk;> fy;iyf; fz;lhy; ehiaf; fhNzhk;.
murd; md;W nfhy;thd; nja;tk; epd;W nfhy;Yk;.
mOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;Fk;.
mOjhYk; gps;is mts;jhNd ngwntz;Lk;!
Mokwpahky; fhiy tplhNj
Mid tUk; gpd;Nd kzpNahir tUk; Kd;Nd.
,f;fiu khl;Lf;F mf;fiu gr;ir.
vupfpw tPl;by; gpLq;fpd kl;Lk; yhgk;.
Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fKk; cz;L.
fOijf;Fj; njupAkh fw;G+u thrid.
$Of;Fk; Mir kPirf;Fk; Mir
Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;.
ghu;j;jhy; G+id> gha;e;jhy; Gyp.
ntWq;if Kok; NghLkh?
Ntz;lhg; nghz;lhl;b ifgl;lhy; Fw;wk; fhy;gl;lhy; Fw;wk;.
kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y.
Gyp gJq;FtJ gha;r;rYf;F milahsk;.
gy kuk; fz;l jr;rd; xU kuKk; ntl;lhd;.

kuGj; njhlu; f s; : xU njhlu; Neupilahf xU nghUisj; je;J> kiwKfkhf ,d;ndhU nghUis

czu;jJ
; tJ kuGj; njhlu; vdg;gLk;. mj;njhlu; mNj nghUspy; fhyq;fhykhf ifahsg;gl;L
tUtjhy; kuGj; njhlu; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
rhd;whf ifnfhLj;jy; vd;Dk; njhliu vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. if nfhLj;jy|;
vd;gJ> xUtu; jdJ ifiaf; nfhLj;jy; vd;gJ Neupilahd nghUs;. Mdhy; xUtu;
cjtp nra;jhu; vd;gJ kiwKfkhf mj;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; nghUs;. tho;f;ifapy; gzf;
f~;lj;jhy; nehe;J Ngha; ,Uf;Fk; xUtUf;F mtu; ez;gd; jf;f rkaj;jpy; gzk;
nfhLj;J cjtp nra;fpd;whu;. mjidf; $Wk;;NghJ vd; ez;gd; jf;f rkaj;jpy; if
nfhLj;jhd; vd;W $Wthu;. ,t;thW fhyq;fhykhf mNj nghUspy; ek; tof;fj;j
; py; ,Uf;Fk;
njhlNu kuGj; njhlu; vdg;gLk;.

87

kuGj; njhlu; > tsikj; njhlu; vd; g d nkhop eil moF ngw Ntz; b
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fe;jd; jd; kfd; nra;j Fw;wj;ij kiwf;fg; ghu;j;jhd;| vd;gJ
thf;fpak;. ,g;gb vOJk; NghJk; mjd; nghUs; ekf;F tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; thf;fpaj;jpy;
kuGj; njhlu; xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vOJk;NghJ thf;fpak; ,d;Dk; vopYld; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
\fe;jd; jd; kfd; nra;j Fw;wj;ijg; G+rp nkOfg; ghu;j;jhd;| vd;W $Wk;NghJ Kjypy;
cs;s thf;fpaj;ijtpl ,t; thf;fpak; mofhfj; njupfpd;wJ. jq;fr; rq;fpypapy; ituf;fy;
gjpj;jJ Nghy kuGj; njhliu xU thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;J vOJk;NghJ nkhop eil
rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:
1. thioab thio (guk;giu guk;giuaha;)
Nru kd;du;fs; thioab thioaha;r; irt kjj;jpw;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk;
njhz;L nra;J mopahg; Gfo; ngw;wdu;.
2. fps;Sf; fPiu (kpfTk; vspJ)
kd;dd; gioad; mWifiaf; fps;Sf; fPiu vd epidj;J mtNdhL
Nghu; njhLj;jhd;.
3. ,iy kiw fha; (Fwpg;ghf)
ghyd; Fbj;Nj jd; nrhj;Jfis vy;yhk; ,oe;Jtpl;l nra;jp ,iy
kiw fhahf midtUf;Fk; njupe;J tpl;lJ.
4. fpzw;Wj; jtis (cyfk; mwpahjtd;)
thrd; fpzw;Wj; jtisahf ,Ue;jjhy; ghyd; mtid vspjpy; Vkhw;wp
tpl;lhd;.
tpLjy (nghWg;ig ePf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;)
5. if fOtp tpLjy;
ehd; vd; ez;gDf;F vt;tsNth vLj;Jf; $wpAk; mtd; tpUg;gg;gb
ele;J Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpajhy; ehd; mtidf; if fOtp tpl;Nld;.
y (cw;rhf %l;Ljy;)
6. jl;bf; nfhLj;jy;
Mrpupau; khztu;fisj; jl;bf; nfhLj;Jg; gbf;fr; nra;tjhy; mtu;fs;
cw;rhfkhfg; gbf;fpd;wdu;.
k (vy;NthUf;Fk; njupjy;)
7. ntl;l ntspr;rk;
ghfp];jhd; jPtputhjpfSf;F kiwKfkhfr; nra;Jte;j cjtpfs;
ntl;lntspr;rkhfp tpl;ld.
8. vLg;ghu; ifg; gps;is (Rje;jpuk; ,y;yhik)
thrd; vLg;ghu; ifg;gps;isaha; ,Ue;jikahy; ghyd; mtid vspjpy;
tQ;rpj;J tp;l;lhd;.
y (ntd;W tpLjy;)
9. xU if ghu;j;jy;
88

ghfp];jhd; jk;kPJ gilnaLj;J te;jhy; xUif ghu;j;J tpLNthk;

vd;W ,e;jpa tPuu;fs; tPuk; Ngrpdu;.
y (jd; Mw;wYf;F kPwpr; nra;jy;)
10. mfyf; fhy; itj;jy;
thrd; thzpfj;jpy; mfyf; fhy; itj;jjhy; KjYk; Ngha; jd;
filiaAk; ,of;Fk;gb Mfptpl;lJ.
y (cl;nghUs; itj;jy;)
11. nghb itj;jy;
nghbitj;Jg; NgRtjpy; mwpQu; mz;zh kpfTk; ty;ytu;.
12. ney;ypf;fha; %l;il (xw;Wik ,y;yhik)
khztu;fs; neypf;fha; %l;ilahf ,Ue;jjhy; fhtyu; mtu;fis
vspjpy; mbj;J tpul;bdu;.
13. fapW jpupj;jy
y; (ngha; nra;jpiag; gug;Gjy;)
jkpofj;jpy; rpy gj;jpupiffs; fapW jpupg;gjpy;; ty;yitahf cs;sd.
14. eLj;njUtpy; tpLjy
tpLjy; (Mjutpy;yhky; nra;jy;)
ghydpd; ngw;Nwhu;fs; mtid eLj;njUtpy; tpl;Ltpl;L ,we;J
tpl;ldu;.
y (KOtJk; fw;wy;)
15. fiuj;Jf; Fbj;jy;
k. ngh. rptQhdk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijf; fiuj;Jf; Fbj;jtu;. Mjyhy;
mtiur; rpyk;Gr; nry;tu; vd;W miog;gu;.
y (kd epiy mwpjy;)
16. Mok; ghu;j;jy;
Mrpupau; khztu;fspd; kdij Mok; ghu;f;f vz;zpdhu;.
y (gpbthjk; gpbj;jy;)
17. xU fhypy; epw;wy;
ifNfap ,uhkidf; fhl;Lf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU fhypy;
epd;whs;.
18. G+j;Jg;Nghjy
ghjy; (gadw;Wg; Nghjy;)
thrd; jd; jpUkzg; Ngr;R
tpl;lhd;.

G+j;Jg; Nghdjhy; kdKile;J

NghLjy (fhyk; jho;j;jy;)

19. gOf;fg; NghLjy;
jkpof Kjy;tu; fy;Y}upj; jkpohrpupau; epakdj;ijg; gOf;fg;Nghl;L
tpl;lhu;.
y (gw;whf; Fiw)
20. ifiaf; fbj;jy;
jpUkzr; nryT ifiaf; fbj;J tpl;ljhy; ez;gdplk; fld; thq;f
Neupl;lJ.

89

21. fhJ Fj;jy

y; (Vkhw;Wjy;)
mikr;ru; Ntiy thq;fpj; jUtjhfr; nrhy;yp fhJ Fj;jptpl;lhu;.
y (cz;ik ntspg;gLjy;)
22. rhak; ntSj;jy;
FWf;F tprhuizapy; ghyd; njhLj;j ngha; tof;F rhak;
ntSj;J tpl;lJ.
23. fil fl;Ljy
jy; (NgRtij epWj;jy;)
vd; Ngr;ir Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu; vtUk; ,y;iyahjyhy; ehd;
filfl;b tpl;Nld;.
24. fOj;jpy; fl;Ljy
jy; (tw;GWj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;)
gq;f[j;ij thrdpd; kidtpahf mtd; fOjpy; fl;b tpl;ldu;.
25. jiyaPL (FWf;fPL)
mw;gd; xUtdpd; jiyaPl;lhy; Vio xUtdpd; Ntiy gwpNgha;
tpl;lJ.

kuGj; njhlu; f is thf; f paq; f spy; mikf; f :1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

kl;lk; jl;Ljy;
thyhl;Ljy;
tj;jp itj;jy;
fld; fopj;jy;
fij fl;Ljy;

Mwg; NghLjy;
fy;ypy; ehu; cupj;jy;
Vl;bf;Fg; Nghl;b
gy;iyg; gpbj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;
tiy tpRjy;.

tsikj; njhlu; f s; : xU njhliu ehk; Nfl;lTlNdNa mijg;gw;wpa xU njspe;j fhl;rp ek; kdj;jpiuapy;
Njhd;Wk;. ,t;thW ek; kdjpy; xU fhl;rpahfj; Njhd;Wk; epiyapy; cs;s njhlu;fs;
tsikj; njhlu;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it xU fUj;jpidf; $w Kw;gLk;NghJ mjid moFglf;
$wNtz;bg; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
kuGj;njhlUf;Fk; tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; Ez;zpa NtWghL cz;L. kuGj;njhlu;
kiwKfkhf xU nghUisj; je;J thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk;. tsikj; njhlu; mr;nray; gw;wpa
njspe;j fhl;rpia ek; kdj;jpiuapy; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
kdpju;fs; midtUk; xd;W Nghy ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xNu kdk; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk;
,Ug;gjpy;iy. xU nray; gw;wp KbT vLf;Fk;NghJ rpyu; ntz;ilf;fha; Nghyf; nfho
nfhontd;W ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;Nl Nghtu;. ,g;gbg;gl;ltu;fs; epue;jukhd xU ey;y Kbit
vLg; g jpy; i y. mtu; f s; kdk;
vg; N ghJk; rQ; r yj; j pw; F cl; g l; l jhfNt ,Uf; F k; .
mg;gbg;gl;ltu;fis> ,td; tug;gpy; xUfhy; ts;sj;jpy; xUfhy; itj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhd;
vd;gu;. ,t;thwhf tUtJ tsikj; njhlu; MFk;.
90

tsikj; njhlu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njhileak; nfhz;ljhfNt fhzg;gLk;. mQ;rh

neQ;rKk; vQ;rhj; jPuKk;> md;dkpl;l tPl;by; fd;dkplyhkh vd;gd Nghd;W tUk;.
tsikj;
njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:1. ghup mfKk; KfKk; kyuf; nfhil nfhLj;jhd;.
2. ,utpf;Fl;b mQ;rhj neQ;rKk; vQ;rhj tPuKk; cilatdhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;.
3. n[ayypjhtpd; tsu;g;G kfd; jpUkzj;jpw;F murd; Kjy; Mz;btiu
vy;NyhUk; te;jdu;.
4. fz;zd; mOj fz;Zk; rpe;jpa %f;Fkhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.
5. ghyd; Nrhw;Wf;Fr; nryTk; G+kpf;Fg; ghuKkhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.
6. G+q;nfhb ehnshU NkdpAk; nghOnjhU tz;zKkhf tsu;e;J te;jhs;.
7. ahid Kjy; vWk;G <whf cs;s midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; ,iwtNd
cztspf;fpwhd;.
8. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ kzg;ngz; cr;re;jiy Kjy; cs;sq;fhy; tiu
Mguzq;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;gLths;.
9. ,iwtd; xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUk; ,y;yhjtdhf tpsq;Ffpwhd;.
10. ehl;bd; KJnfYk;Gfshd tptrhapfs; new;wp Ntu;it epyj;jpy; rpe;j
ciof;fpwhu;fs;.
tsikj; njhlu; f is thf; f paq; f spy; mikf; f :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

thiaf;fl;b tapw;iwf; fl;b.

Kfthl;lKk; KZKZg;Gkhf.
fhL th th vd;fpwJ tPL Ngh Ngh vd;fpwJ.
$upa mwpTk; rPupa xOf;fKk; cilatd;.
iff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhky;.

tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL:

rhjhuzkhff; fhz;NghNkahdhy; ,uz;L njhlu;fSNk mikg;gpy; - nghUs; jUtjpy;
xd;W NghyNt Njhd;Wfpd;wd. vd;whYk; mtw;Ws; nghUs;
czu;j;Jk; epiyfs;
NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. (El;gkhff; fhZk;NghJ) kuGj; njhlu; vd;gJ me;jj;
njhluhy; ek; cs;sj;jpy; vOg;gg;gLk; fhl;rpapypUe;Jjhd; Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUk;.
Mdhy; tsikj; njhlNuh fhl;rpfisNa nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fshf Mf;fpf; fhl;Lk;. ntWk;
fUj;JfNshL tsikj; njhlu;fs; miktJk; cz;L.
khztu;fspd; ghu;itf;fhff; fPNo rpy nrhw;nwhlu;fs; nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,it
khztu;fspd; xg;Gikf;fhfTk; njhlu;fis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sTk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
thf;fpaq;fis moFgLj;jTk; gad;gLk; vd;W nfhLf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. jkpo; nkhopapy;
mike;j nrhw;nwhlu;fs; gy;NtW tifapYk; Vuhsk;. mit mj;jidAk; ,q;Nf jpul;bj;
jUtJ ,ayhjjhFk;. vdNt> xt;nthU tifapYk; rpytw;iwNa
,q;F
khjpupf;fhff; nfhLj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.

91

,izr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;

1. mf;fk; gf;fk;
2. mfKk; KfKk;
3. mUik ngUik
4. mOj;jk; jpUj;jk;
5. ,d;g Jd;gk;
6. <T ,uf;fk;
7. cUz;L jpuz;L
8. cw;whu; cwtpdu;
9. Vio vspatu;
10 fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf
11. fz;l Jz;lkhf
12. ifAk; fsTkhf
13. Fg;igf; $sk;
14. Fw;wk; Fiw
15. $bf; Fyhtp

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Nfhl;il nfhj;jsk;
rl;l jpl;lk;
rhf;Fg; Nghf;F
rpe;jpr; rpjwp
jq;F jil
jl;L Kl;L
jg;gpj; jtwp
eif el;L
jpl;l tl;lk;
eiu jpiu
eaKk; gaKk;
gl;lk; gjtp
NgUk; GfOk;
%r;Rg; Ngr;R
tho;T jho;T

2. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;

1. flfl
2. fzfz
3. fzPu;fzPu;
4. fkfk
5. fyPu;fyPu;
6. FLFL
7. gshu;gshu;
8. klkl
9. nkhunkhu
10. FgPu;FgPu;

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

FSFS
nfhOnfhO
rlrl
ryry
rsrs
jfjf
jsjs
ksks
tsrs
flfl

92

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

jpLjpL
jpUjpU
njhsnjhs
ewew
glgl
gsgs
nghynghy
kpDkpD
ntLntL
FRFR

3. kuGj; njhlu;fs
s;
1. mk;gyg;gLj;Jjy;
2. ms;sp ,iwj;jy;
3. Mwg;NghLjy;
4. < Xl;Ljy;
5. ciy itj;jy;
6. vLj;njwpjy;
7. vLg;ghu; ifg;gps;is
8. fz; gpJq;Fjy;
9. fk;gp ePl;Ljy;
10. fiuNaWjy;
11. fhJ Fj;Jjy;
12. fpzw;Wj; jtis
13. $ypf;F khubj;jy;
14. if nfhLj;jy;
15. jl;bf; nfhLj;jy;

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

jhsk; NghLjy;
eil ghthil tpupj;jy;
ehf;ifg; gpLq;fpf; nfhs;sy;
ePl;b Kof;Fjy;
Edpg;Gy; Nka;jy;
gbasj;jy;
gy;iyf; fhl;Ljy;
gw;witj;jy;
gpQ;rpy; gOj;jy;
kdg;ghy; Fbj;jy;
nkhl;il mbj;jy;
tapw;wpy; mbj;jy;
tiy tPRjy;
tha; G+l;Ljy;
thdj;ij tpy;yha; tisj;jy;

4. tsikj; njhlu;fs;
1. mfKk; KfKk; kyu
2. mQ;rhj neQ;rKk; vQ;rhj jPuKk;
3. mOj fz;Zk; rpe;jpa %f;Fkhf
4. Mir fhl;b Nkhrk; nra;jy;
5. Mz;by; ,isatd; mwptpy; ngupatd;
6. ,kak; Kjy; Fkup tiu
7. cr;re;jiy Kjy; cs;sq;fhy; tiu
8. Cuhu; gifAk; jPuhg; gopAkhf
9. vz;zpj; njhiyahJ Vl;by; mlq;fhJ
10. Vndd;W Nfshky; VnwLj;Jk; ghuhky;
11. xl;ba tapWk; cyu;e;j fz;Zkhf
12. xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUk; ,y;yhj
13. fq;F fiu ,y;yhky;
14. fs;skpy;yhj gps;is cs;sk;
15. fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahf
16. fz;Zf;Ff; Fspu;r;rpAk; fUj;Jf;F kyu;r;rpAkhf
17. fhL thth vd;fpwJ tPL NghNgh vd;fpwJ
18. fhyhy; ,l;lijj; jiyahy; nra;J

93

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Fw;wk; ePf;fpf; Fzk; nfhz;L

iff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhky;
nfhl;Lk; Kof;Fkhf
nre;ePUk; fz;zPUk; nfhl;b tsu;j;j
Nrhw;Wf;Ff; NfLk; G+kpf;Fg; ghuKkhf
je;jdg; ghl;Lk; uQ;rdf; $j;Jkhf
ehnshU NkdpAk; nghOnjhU tz;zKkhf
jkf;nfd thohg; gpwuf;Fhpahsu;
neQ;rhug; Gfo;e;J thahu tho;j;jp
new;wp Ntu;it epyj;jpy; rpe;j
Kfthl;lKk; KZKZg;Gkhf
thiaf; fl;b tapw;iwf; fl;b

5. ctikj; njhlu;fs;
1. mbaw;w kuk; Nghy
2. miz fle;j nts;sk; Nghy
3. miu fpzW jhz;batd; Nghy
4. Mz;bfs; $b klk; fl;baJ Nghy
5. Mw;wpy; fiuj;j Gsp Nghy
6. Me;ij tpopg;gJ Nghy
7. ,Q;rp jpd;w Fuq;F Nghy
8. ,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghy
9. ,yT fhj;j fpsp Nghy
10. ,iykiw fha; Nghy
11. <UapUk; XUlYk; Nghy
12. Cik fz;l fdT Nghy
13. vUik khl;bd; NkNy nga;j kio Nghy
14. vhpfpw neUg;gpy; vz;nza; thu;j;jJ Nghy
15. xU jha; tapw;Wg; gps;isfs; Nghy
16. fz;izf; fhf;Fk; ,ik Nghy
17. fy;ypNy ehu; cupg;gJ Nghy
18. fOij Nja;e;J fl;nlWk;ghdJ Nghy
19. fPupAk; ghk;Gk; Nghy
20. ru;f;fiug; ge;jypNy Njd; khup nghope;jJ Nghy
21. Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;ifg; Nghy
22. Nrw;wpNy Kisj;j nre;jhkiu Nghy

94

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

jpUlidj; Njs; nfhl;baJ Nghy

ez;ilr; Rl;L eupiaf; fhty; itj;jJ Nghy
ePu; Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy
ghk;Gf;F ghy; thu;j;jJ Nghy
kil jpwe;j nts;sk; Nghy
kuk; Vwp tpOe;jtid khL Vwp kpjpj;jJ Nghy
thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghy
NtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ Nghy

6. gonkhopfs;
1. mf;fiu khl;Lf;F ,f;fiu gr;ir.
2. mb Nky;; mbitj;jhy; mk;kpAk; efUk;.
3. msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkpu;jKk; eQ;R.
4. Mj;jpuf;fhuDf;Fg; Gj;jp kl;L.
5. Miy ,y;yh CUf;F ,Yg;igg; G+ ru;f;fiu.
6. Mwpd fQ;rp goq; fQ;rp.
7. ,sq;fd;W gak; mwpahJ.
8. cjl;Lj; JUk;G Cjg; NghfhJ.
9. Cu; ,uz;L gl;lhy;; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk;.
10. vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tis.
11. Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ.
12. Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisAkh?
13. fLF rpWj;jhYk; fhuk; FiwahJ.
14. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;R nghd;FQ;R.
15. Nfhop kpjpj;Jf; FQ;R KlkhFkh?
16. rpW Jsp ngU nts;sk;.
17. Rz;ilf;fha; fhw; gzk; Rikf;$yp Kf;fhy; gzk;.
18. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk;.
19. gbg;gJ Njthuk;; ,bg;gJ rptd; Nfhtpy;.
20. gdq;fhl;L eup ryryg;Gf;F mQ;rhJ.
21. ghYf;Fk; fhty; G+idf;Fk; Njhod.;
22. Gypf;Fg; gpwe;jJ G+idahFkh?
23. kUz;ltd; fz;fSf;F ,Uz;lnjy;yhk; Nga;.
24. ahid tUk; gpd;Nd kzpNahir tUk; Kd;Nd.
25. kdKz;lhy; khu;fKz;L.
26. kio tpl;Lk; J}thdk; tpltpy;iy.
27. ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;.

95

28. tpisAk; gapu; KisapNyNa njupAk;.

29. Ntypf;Fg; Nghl;l Ks; fhYf;F tpidahapw;W.
30. Ntiyf; fs;spf;Fg; gps;isr; rhf;F.
31. jhiag;Nghyg; gps;is; E}iyg;Nghyr; Nriy.
32. nfl;bf;fhud; GSF vl;L ehspy; njupAk;;
,g;gbg;gl;l gy;NtW tifg;gl;l nrhw;nwhlu;fis ehk; thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;Jg;
ghu;j;J gofpdhy; ehk; ntspapLk; fUj;Jfs; mofhfTk; njspthfTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk;
tpsq;;Fk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l nrhw;nwhlu;fs; xt;nthU tl;lj;jpw;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; vdr; rpwg;G
tof;fhfTk; toq;Ffpd;wd. mtw;iwAk; khztu;f
; s; mwpe;J gad; gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
gad; gLj;Jk; nghOJ mtw;wpd; tof;fhWfisAk; czu;e;J gad;gLj;JtNj rpwg;ghk;.
khztu; kdq; n fhs; s Ntz; b ad:

1. nkhopeilapy; njhlu;fs; ve;j mstpw;F ,lk; ngWfpd;wd? Vd; ,lk;

ngwNtz;Lk;? tpsf;Ff.
2. ctikj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
3. gonkhopj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?
4. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu; (xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;) vd;why; vd;d?
5. kuGj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?
6. tsikj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?
7. tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
8. fPo;f; fhZk; njhlu;fis tpsf;fp thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

m. <T ,uf;fk;
M. fzPu; fzPu;
,. ehf;ifg; gpLq;fpf; nfhs;sy;
<. vz;zpj; njhiyahJ
Vl;by; mlq;fhJ
c. ru;f;fiug; ge;jypNy Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghy
C. Cu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk;.

96

ghlk; 10

fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;
Xu; mwpKfk;:
xU r%fj;jpy; nkhopahdJ gy epiyfspy; njhlu;Gr; rhjdkhfr; nray;gLfpd;wJ.
ek; md;whl tho;tpy; nkhop Xu; ,d;wpaikahj fUtp
vd;gNjhL ehk; ,t;Tyfpy;
tho;tijr; rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ. xU kdpjDf;Fk; ,d;ndhU kdpjDf;FkpilNa xUtu;
fUj;jpid ,d;ndhUtu; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;w mstpy; nkhop gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
xU nkhopahdJ
MSf;F Ms; ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; r%fj;Jf;Fr; r%fk; khWgLtijf;
fhzyhk;.
xUtd; NgRk; nkhopahdJ my;yJ gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopahdJ ,d;ndhUtd; NgRk;
nkhopapypUe;J
my;yJ gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopapypUe;J NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
,t;NtWghL MZf;F Mz; NgRk; Ngr;rpYk;$l NtWghL ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ehk;
tPlb
; y; NgRfpd;w gad;gLj;Jfpd;w nkhopf;Fk; ehk; mYtyfj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w nkhopf;Fk;
NtWghL ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;NtWghL ehsiltppy; nkhopapy; GJg;Nghf;Ffisj;
Njhw;Wtpg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;GJg; Nghf;Ffis xl;b nkhop tsk; ngWtJ ,aw;if.
,d;wiwa nkhop epiy:
,d;W jkpo; nkhopahdJ Ml;rp nkhopahf> ,izg;G nkhopahf> gapw;W nkhopahf
,Uf;fpwJ. mwptpaw; fiyfSk;
tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; ngUfpAs;s fhyj;jpy;
ehk; thOfpd;Nwhk;. cyfj;Jf;Fk; ekf;Fk; cs;s ,ilntsp kpfTk; FiwT. xU ehl;by;
elg;gij> xU nkhopapy; ntspahdtw;iw cldbahfj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
tpUg;gk; ehSf;F ehs; tsu;e;J tuj; njhlq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jw;F nkhopahdJ jilahf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ. vdNt> jhd; mwpe;jtw;iwj; jd;Dila nkhopapy; nrhy;y Ntz;LtJ
kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy;jhd; ek;Kila fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs; mika Ntz;Lk;.
nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; %yk; khztu;fSf;Fj; jkpo; nkhopapy; gpioawg; NgrTk; vOTk; jpwd;
ngw;;whYk;> gy;NtW Jiwfisg;gw;wpa nkhopg; gapw;rpahdJ khztu;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj
xd;whFk;.
nkhopapd; tiffs; :
ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopia %d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit gpd; tUkhW:
1. elg;G nkhop
2. njhlu;G nkhop
3. rpwg;;G nkhop
,tw;Ws; elg;G nkhopahdJ ehk; md;whl tho;;tpy; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopahFk;.
ekf;F mwpKfkhd ed;F njupe;j nkhopNa elg;G nkhopahFk;. ehk; tPl;by; ek;Kila jha;
je;ijauplk;> mz;zd; jq;ifaplk; NgRk; nkhopAk; ,ay;ghdJ. ,jw;nfdj; jdpahdnjhU
97

gapw;rp Ntz;lhk;. Mdhy; njhlu;G nkhop gw;wpa gapw;rp khztu;fSf;F kpfTk; mtrpak;.
Vnddpy;> ehk; tPl;by; NgRtijNa ehk; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;s
Jiwfspy; my;yJ ehk;
Ntiy ghu;f;Fk; mYtyfq;fspy; gad; gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mjw;nfd tiuaWf;fg; ngw;w
my;yJ newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l nkhopiag; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,e;j nkhopiaj;jhd; njhlu;G
nkhop vd;fpNwhk;.
rpwg; G nkhop:
,jw;F Nkyhf ehk; gzpGupAk; Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd xU nrk;ikahd
nkhopapid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epiyapy; cUthfpd;w nkhopNa rpwg;G nkhop
vdyhk;. nghUshjhuk;> tzpftpay;> murpay;> nkhopapay;> vdg; gy;NtW Jiwfs;
tsu;r;rpaile;J nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. ,j;Jiwfisr; rhu;e;j E}y;fs; gy;;NtW nkhopapy;
,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,j;Jiwfspy; gzpGupgtu;fs; ,k;nkhop awptpidj; jq;fSila
nkhopapy; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopNa rpwg;G nkhop vdr; nrhy;yyhk;.
gpwJiw rhu;e;j fUj;Jfisj; jkpopy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; mtw;NwhL
njhlu;ghdtw;iwj;
jkpo; nkhopapy; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpapid
khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gapw;rpapidg; ngw ,uz;L epiyfspy; ehk; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
1. fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;.

2. nkhop ngau;g;G.

fiyr; nrhy; y hf; f k; :

xU nkhopr; nrhw;fis my;yJ xU Jiwr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ehk;
rpy mbg;gil tpjpfis epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. njhiy J}uk; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;
Tele vd;Dk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;iy mbahff; nfhz;L Mq;fpyj;;jpy; Telephone, Telescope,
Television Kjyhd nrhw;fis nkhopahf;fk; nra;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,tw;iwj; jkpopy;
njhiyNgrp> njhiyf; fz;zhb> njhiyf; fhl;rp vd nkhop ngau;j;Js;sdu;. ,g;nghOJ
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Teleprinter, Teletypewriter Kjypa nrhw;fs; te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwj; jkpopy;
nkhopahf;fk; nra;Ak;nghOJ ,r; nrhw;fspd; mbahfpa (njhiy) Tele vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;
nghUs; tpLglf;
$lhJ. jkpopy; ,t;thW gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpf;Ff; nfhz;L
tUk;nghOJ ehk; kpfTk; tpopg;NghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Light house vd;gijf; fyq;fiu
tpsf;fk; vdTk;> University vd;gij gy;fiyf; fofk; vdTk;> Post office vd;gij
mQ;ryfk; vdTk; nkhopahf;fk; nra;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
tof; f hW czu; e ; J :
fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; nra;Ak;nghOJ jkpopy; / tof;fhw;wpy; VNjDk; xUnrhy;
,Ug;gpd; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jtwpy;iy. Water falls vd;gij ePu;tPo;r;rp vd nkhop
ngau;gg
; ij tpLj;J mUtp vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,J Fwpj;J uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is
mtu;fs; $Wtd epidtpy; nfhs;sj;jf;fd. fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; ,e;ehspy; jkpOf;F
,d;wpaikahj xd;W. gioa jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nghjpe;J fplf;Fk; fiyr; nrhw;fis
mfo;e;J vLj;J Ml;rpapNy ca;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,we;j nrhw;fs; vd;W fiyr; nrhw;fis
tplyhfhJ. NkYk; xUrpy fiyr; nrhw;fis nkhop ngau;fF
; k; nghOJ Kjypy; mf;fiyr;
98

nrhw;fs; gyUf;Fk; gpbf;fhjitfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mr;nrhw;fs; tof;fhw;wpy; te;J

tpl;lhy; gpwF mit kpf
vspjhfp tpLk;.
tzpf ,ay;:
tzpf ,ay; njhlu;ghd fiyr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; mjpfk; fpilah. tzpftpaypy;
jkpiog; gad;gLj;Jk;nghOJ Mq;fpyj;jpYs;s gy fiyr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;gg
; Lj;j Ntz;ba
epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. nghJthff; fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; Fwpj;Jj; jkpopy; xU rpy
E}y;fNs te;Js;sd. fP. ,uhkypq;fk; vOjpa jkpo; Ml;rpr; nrhw;fs; (mfuhjpAk;-tpsf;fKk;)
vd;Dk; E}Ny Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf;$ba jFjp tha;e;jJ.
me; E}ypy; tzpftpay;
njhlu;ghd fiyr; nrhw;fs; ve;j mstpy; jkpohf;fk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; ghu;g;gJ
khztu;fspd; jiyaha flikahFk;.
Mq;fpyf; fiyr; nrhw;fs;
1. Banking
2. Banking Business
3. Banking Corporation
4. Counter
5. Challan
6. Voucher
7. Cheque
8. Draft
9. Demand Draft
10. Telegraphic transfer
11. Bill of Exchange
12. Hundi
13. Bill at Sight
14. Bill for Collection
15. Bill of loading
16. Bill for discounting
17. Blank Cheque
18. Honour a Cheque
19. Cheque dishonoured
20. Crossed Cheque
21. Pass Book
22. Token
23. Cash
24. Coin

jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhw;fs;

ghq;fu; njhopy; / tq;fpay; njhopy;
ghq;F tzpfk;
ghq;Ff; fl;likg;G epWtdk;
fy;yh
gzk; nrYj;Jr; rPl;L
nryTf; fzf;Fr; rPl;L
fhNrhiy
Nfl;G gztpil
gztpil
je;jpg; gz khw;wk; / je;jpg; gztpil
gzkhw;Wg; gl;bay; / ghq;F topg; gl;bay;
cz;b> cz;bay;
cld; gl;bay;
jz;ly; gl;bay;
fg;gy;
gl;bay;
fopTg; gl;bay;
ntWq; fhNrhiy
fhNrhiy kjpg;G / fhNrhiyia kjp
fhNrhiy kjpf;fg;gltpy;iy
Nfhbl;l fhNrhiy / fPwpa fhNrhiy
ghq;Fg; Gj;jfk; / ghq;Fr; Rtb
milahs tpy;iy
fhR / gzk;
ehzak;

99

25. Note
26. Currency
27. Counterfeit
28. Circulation
29. Foil
30. Counter foil
31. Receipt
32. Pay
33. Payer
34. Payee
35. Payable
36. Payment
37. Paying Cashier
38. Receiving Cashier
39. Income
40. Drafts Payable
41. T.T.S. Payable
42. Draft
43. Exchange
44. Inward Bill
45. Current Account
46. Savings Account
47. Out Station Cheque
48. Deposit Account
49. Recurring Deposit
50. Fixed deposit
51. Revenue

gzj;jhs;
nryhtzp / me;epar; nryhtzp
nry;yhj> Nghypahd
Gof;fk;
milahsr; rPl;L ,jo;
Gwf;filahsr; rPl;L / mf ,jo;
gw;Wr; rPl;L
nrYj;J> nfhL> rk;gsk;
nrYj;Jeu;> nfhLg;gtu;
ngWeu;
nrYj;jw;fhd> nrYj;jw;Fupa
nrYj;jy;
jUk; fhrhsu;
ngWk; fhrhsu;
tUkhdk;
gztpil khw;w
je;jpg; gzkhw;Wg; gzk;
gzk; tpil
gz khw;Wkplk;
cs;tU gl;bay;
elg;Gf; fzf;F
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F
ntspA+u;f; fhNrhiy
itg;Gf; fzf;F
njhlu; itg;G
epiy itg;G
tUtha;

tzpftpay; njhlu;ghf NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fiyr; nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpd;

jkpohf;fKk; fP. ,uhkypq;;fk; vOjpa jkpo; Ml;rpr; nrhw;fs; vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J nfhLf;fg;
ngw;witfshFk;. ,it
epiwT ngw;wd vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. gy nrhw;fSf;F
khw;Wr; nrhw;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. khztu;fs; ,ijg; Nghd;W gy
Jiwr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;g;gLj;jpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
nkhop ngau; g ; G :
jkpoyf;fpaj;jpy; NghJkhd msTf;F ,yf;fpag;G+u;tkhd nkhop ngau;g;G E}y;fs;
te;Js;sdth vd;W Nfl;lhy; ,y;iy vd;Wjhd; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gilj;

100

Njitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;fpw msTf;Ff;$l nkhop ngau;g;Gfs; ntspahftpy;iy. mJTk;

rkPg fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $ba mstpy; ve;j nkhop ngau;g;Gk; vd; fz;zpy;
gltpy;iy vd f. eh. Rg;ukzpak; $WtJ
cz;ikNa. ,yf;fpa nkhop ngau;g;GfNs
jkpopy; ,d;Dk; rupahf ntsptutpy;iy vd;Dk; NghJ gy;NtW Jiwfisg; gw;wpa nkhop
ngau;g;Gfs; te;jpUf;Fk; vd vjpu; ghu;f;ff; $lhJ.
1956 ypUe;J rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; gy;NtW E}y;fis nkhop
ngau;j;J ntspaplj; njhlq;fpaJ. Njrpa Gj;jf epWtdk;> njd; ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; Gj;jf
epWtdk; Kjyhdit ,e;jpa nkhopfspYs;s ,yf;fpa
E}y;fis nkhop ngau;j;J
ntspapl;L tUfpd;wd.
jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf;

fofk;:

jkpio Ml;rp nkhopahf murhq;fk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lgpwF jkpo; nkhopf;F Mf;fk;

NjLfpd;w Kiwapy;> ,d;Dk; kfj;jhd mstpy; jkpopy; E}y;fs; ntsptu Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fUj;jpy; jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk; 1962y; epWtg;ngw;wJ. cyfpd; gpw gFjpfspYs;s
kf;fspd; mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Ff; Fiwahky; jkpo; kf;fSk; mwpT tsu;r;rp ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy;>
gpw nkhopapYs;s E}y;fisg; gbf;f Kbahjtu;fs; jkpopd; %yNk vy;yhtw;iwAk; fw;ff;
$ba #o;epiy cs;sJ. ,e;j vz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapNy jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk;
fy;Y}up khztu;fSf;Fupa E}y;fis ntspapLtJld; nghJ kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLfpw
tifapy; tuyhW> murpay;> cstpay;> nghUshjhuk;> Gtpapay;> tpQ;Qhdf; fiyfs;
Mfpa gy JiwfspYk; gy;NtW E}y;fis ntspapl Kide;Js;sJ. ,j; jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf;
fofk; ,J tiu 200f;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fisj; jkpopy; ntspapl;bUf;fpwJ. ,jpy; rpy
E}y;fisahtJ khztu;fs; gbj;Jg; gad; ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,it jkpo; nkhop ngau;g;igg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s tha;g;gspf;Fk; vdyhk;.
ehk; ngwNtz; b aJ:
vdNt> ,d;W vy;yhtw;iwAk; jkpopy; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;> jkpopd; %yk; njupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; czu;T jkpo; kf;fspilNa Njhd;w Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. ,jdhy;
xt; n thU JiwapYk; cs; s tu; f s; mtu; f Sila Jiwiag; g w; w pj; jkpopy; vOj
Kide;Js;sdu;. NkYk; murhq;fk; vy;yh epiyfspYk; jkpiog; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpajhy;
ehk; tpiuthfr; nra;a Ntz;baJ xd;W cz;L. ,jw;FKd; tof;fpypUe;j Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fg;
gjpyhfj; jkpo; vd tUk;nghOJ jkpo; nkhopapy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd
nrhw;fis cUthf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ijg;Nghd;W ghl nkhopahf Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhfj; jkpo; vd tUk;;nghOJ ghl
E}y;fisj; jkpopy; vOj Ntz;ba neUf;fbAk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;iwr; rkhspf;f ehk;
nra;a Ntz;bad:
1. Gjpa fiyr; nrhw;fis nkhop ngau;g;gJ.
2. gy Jiw E}w;fis nkhop ngau;g;gJ.
3. Jiw nkhopg; gapw;rp ngWtJ.

101

nkhop ngau; g ; g J vg; g b?

nkhop ngau;g;G vd;wTld; %yj;jpypUe;J tupf;F tup nkhop ngau;g;G nra;jy; vd;W
xU tif. %yj;jpd; Rit Fd;whky; fUj;jpidr; rus nkhop ngau;g;ghff; nfhLg;gJ
kw;nwhU tif. nkhop ngau;f;Fk; nghOJ ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:
1. xU nkhopapypUe;J ,d;ndhU nkhopf;F nkhop ngau;f;Fk; nghOJ mk;
nkhopapd; ,yf;fz kuGf;F Vw;g nkhop ngau;g;G mika Ntz;Lk;. I have
a brother vd;gjid ahd; xU cld; gpwe;jhid itj;jpUf;fpNwd; vd
nkhop ngau;g;gJ $lhJ. (mjw;Fg; gjpyhf vdf;F cld; gpwe;jhd;
xUtd; cs;shd; vd nkhop ngau;f;f Ntz;Lk;.)
2. jkpopy; ngUk;ghYk; ,g;nghOJ cs;s nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk;
gad;gLj;JtJ tpUg;gj;jf;fjhFk;.
3. nkhop ngau;g;gpy; $batiu jkpo; kuGj; njhlu;fisAk; gonkhopfisAk;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Strikes the iron while it is hot vd;gjid #L ,Uf;Fk;
NghNj ,Uk;ig mbj;JtpL vd nkhop ngau;g;gJ jtwhFk;. ,jw;Fg;
gjpyhf fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs; vd;Dk; gonkhopiag; gad;
gLj;jyhk;. ,JNghd;W gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy; cs;s ngau;r;nrhw;fis
jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; nghOJ mtw;iwr; rpijf;fhky; nkhop ngau;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
N~f;];gpau; vd;gjid nrfg;gpupau; vdj; jkpo;g; gLj;JtJ $lhJ.
4. nkhop ngau;g;ghdJ nkhop ngau;g;G vd;Dk; czu;T Njhd;whky; ,Uf;Fk;
gbahfr; nra;tJ kpfTk; mtrpak;.
ftdpf; f Ntz; b ad:
,e;jpa nkhopfspy; nkhop ngau;g;G nra;tJ gw;wpg; gy E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd.
Mdhy; jkpopy; nkhop ngau;g;gpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;J ,Jtiu ntsp tutpy;iy.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;g;G Fwpj;J ntsp te;j E}y;fs; Vuhsk;. nkhop ngau;g;gpy; ehk;
ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:
1. nkhop ngau;g;gpd; nray; Kiwg; gpur;ridfs;.
2. %yj;jpd; nkhopf;Fk; nkhop ngau;g;gpd; nkhopf;Fk; njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfs;.
3. nkhop ngau;g;gpd; nray; KiwfSk; cj;jpfSk;.
nkhop ngau;f;Fk; nghOJ ,k;%d;W epiyfspYk; xUtd; rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,k;%d;wpDs; Kjy; ,uz;Lk; nkhop gw;wpaJ. %d;whtJ> nkhop ngau;g;ghsUila
MSikiag; Gyg;gLj;JtJ. nkhop ngau;g;ghsd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; topKiwfSk; nkhop
ngau;gg
; pidr; Rit Fd;whky; nfhLf;f mtd; ifahSk; cj;jpfSNk xU nkhop ngau;gi
; g
,yf;fpakhf;fptpLfpwJ. ,j;jifa ,yf;fpa kjpg;G tha;e;j nkhop ngau;g;Gfs; jkpOf;F

102

kpfTk; Njit. Jiwnkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; khztu;fspd; nkhopj; jpwid

tsu;g;gNjhL mk;nkhopapidg; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;j cjTtNj.

Jiw nkhopg;gapw;rp

elg;G nkhop

njhlu;G nkhop

fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;

rpwg;G nkhop

nkhop ngau;j;jy;

khztu; fUj;jp;y; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:

1. fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. nkhop ngauf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j Ntz;bad ahit?
3. fPo;fhZk; fiyr; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpo;r; nrhw;fisj; je;J
tpsf;Ff.
Postmaster, Postman, Post card, Post cover, Postage stamp, Postal Stamp, Book post, Registered
post, V.V. P., Postal order, Money Order,
Mail, Airmail, Postal acknowledgement,
E x press delivery, Certificate of Posting.
State Bank, Reserve Bank, Banking, Counter, Banking business, Banking corporation. Challan,
Voucher, Cheque, Crossed Cheque.
Company, firm, Union,
Corporation, Establishment, limited., liability, management body,
Working capital, Financial Year,
Acts.
Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:
1. njd;GNyhypA+u;
K. fzgjp gps;is

gapw;rpj; jkpo; (,uz;lhk; ghfk;)

njd;GNyhypA+u;> ,yq;if.
Kjw; gjpg;G> 1956.

2. fP. ,uhkypq;fk;> vk;. V.>

jkpo; Ml;rpr; nrhw;fs;

(mfuhjpAk; - tpsf;fKk;)
= tprhyhl;rpg; gjpg;gfk;>
kJiu> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 1970

3. K. Richard Bansch (Ed.)

The Science of Translation,

An Analytical Bibliography,
Tubingen, 1970
103

104