Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(Programme)
Ist year
TAMIL - A
STUDY MATERIAL - 2
nghUslf; f k;
ghlk;: 1. jkpoh; gz;ghL
ghlk; 2. ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;r; nry;thf;F
ghlk; 3. ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa jkpo;r; nry;thf;F
Editor
Dr. S. Manickavasagam
SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNING
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
5, CAVALRY LINE
DELHI-110 007.
All rights reserved
ghlk; - 1
jkpoh; gz;ghL
Kd; D iu:
E}yhrphpah; > Kidth; nj.ngh. kP d hl; r p Re; j udhh; gw; w pa tho; f ; i ff; Fwpg; G :
Kidth; nj. ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; mth;fs; 8.1.1901 - ,y; gpwe;jth;. nrd;id
njd;gl;bdk; vd;w gFjp mtuJ nrhe;j Ch; MFk;. nghd;Dr;rhkp fpuhkzpahh; mtuJ
je;ijahh; Mthh;.
Mw; w pa gzpfs; :
nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpath;.
gpd;du; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzp Ghpe;jth;. mnkhpf;fhtpy;
cs;s rpfhNfh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; tpUe;jpay; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzp GhpAk; ngUik
ngw;wth;. ,Wjpahf> kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Jiz Nte;juhfg; gzp epiwT
nra;jth;.
,aw; w pa Ehy; f s; :
\md;GKb|> \ePq;fSk; RitAq;fs;|> \FyNrfuh;|> \ts;StUk; kfspUk;|> \fhdy;thp|>
\jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk;|> \jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW|> \rq;f ,yf;fpa xg;gPL|> \rahkpy;
jpUg;ghit> jpUntk;ghit|> \gpwe;jJ vg;gbNah|> \jkpoh epidj;Jg; ghh;|> \rkzj; jkpo;|>
\,yf;fpa tuyhW|> \ftp ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h;|> \Nrf;fpohUk; jpUf;fz;zg;gUk;|> \#shkzp
trdk;|> \jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;| Philosophy of Thiruvalluvar Kjypait mth;
vOjpa E}y;fs; MFk;.
kiwT:
27.8.1980 ,y;> jkJ vz;gjhtJ tajpy; nj.ngh.kP. mth;fs; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;fs;.
1. jkpoh; gz;ghL
gz;ghL vd;gjd; nghUs; tpsf;fk;:
\\gz;gLj;jpa epyk;||> \\gz;gl;l kdk;||> \\gz;gl;l kdpjg; ghq;F|| Mfpa njhlh;fs;
gz;gLjy; vd;w %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jit MFk;. jdp kdpjdpd; rpwg;Gfs; gz;ghL vd
tpje;J $wg;gLtjpy;iy. Xh; ,dj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; my;yJ xU ehl;bd; rpwg;Gfs; gz;ghL
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
\ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;L mikth; eaj;jf;f
ehfhpfk; Ntz;L gth;|
- jpUf;Fws; - fz;Nzhl;lk; - Fws; vz; - 580.
vd ts;Sth; ehfhpfk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ts;Sthpd; fUj;Jg;gb> \\gifth; kdKk; Gz;glhjgb thOk; fz;Nzhl;lk; gz;ghL||
vdg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.
mjhtJ rpwe;j tho;f;iff;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;w cs;sg; ghq;fpd; ntspg;ghNl
gz;ghL vd;gJ ts;Sth; gz;ghl;bw;Fj; jUk; tpsf;fk; MFk;.
jphpfuzq; f s; :
kdk;> nkhop> nka; Mfpatw;iwr; rkar; rhj;jpuq;fs; \jphp fuzq;fs;| vd miof;Fk;.
kdijg;gw;wpa J}a;ik epiy> Ngr;rpy; mike;j ,dpik epiy> cliyg;gw;wpa MNuhf;fpa
epiy Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;. mikjp> \\gz;ghl;bd; caph;epiy|| MFk;.
,tw;iwj; jkpoh;fs; kdq;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; nrhw;fshy; moFglr; nrhy;yhky;
nrhy;yp epw;gh;.
cs; + ik = cz;ik - kdjpd; mikjp epiy
tha; + ik = tha;ik - Ngr;rpd; mikjp epiy
nka; + ik = nka;ik - clypd; mikjp epiy
,it %d;Wk; gz;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Ngrg;gLjy; fhz;fpNwhk;. gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;jp
tUj;jhj kdepiy> gpwiuf; fhag;gLj;jhj Ngr;rpd; mikjp> gpwUf;F clyhy; cjTk;
gf;Ftk; Mfpait gz;ghl;bd; Mzp Nth;fshFk;. ,it jdp kdpjdplk; kl;Lk; fhzg;glhky;
Xh; ,dj;jpd; kf;fs; $l;lj;jpDila rpwg;gpay;ghf mikAkhdhy; mij Xh; ,dj;jpd;
gz;ghL vdf; fUJfpNwhk;. rhjp> Fyk;> ,dk;> nkhop> jl;gntg;g epiy Mfpatw;iwf;
fle;J xU ehl;bd; kf;fs; $l;lj;jpDila rpwg;gpay;ghf ,it mikAkhdhy; mij xU
ehl;bd; gz;ghL vdf; fUJfpNwhk;.
vdg;gLk;.
cs;sk; kl;Lk; mDgtpj;J czUk; czh;Tfs; mfk; vdg;gLk;> czh;gth; kl;Lkpd;wpg;
gpwiuAk; czu itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit Gwk; vdg;gLk;.
fiyfs; xU fiyQdpd; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk;NghJ m/J mfk; vdg;gLfpwJ. mJNt
rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> ,ir> eldk;> ,yf;fpak;> vdg; gpwUk; mwpAkhW ghpzkpf;Fk;NghJ Gwk;
vdg;gLk;.
mjhtJ fiyQdpd; mfj;Nj Njhd;WtJ mfepiy; tbtk; nfhz;L Gwj;Nj
ntspg;gLtJ Gwepiy. fiyfs; Njhd;wp ntspg;gLk; epiyia \mfg;Gwepiy| vd miog;gh;
Kidth; nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judh; mth;fs;.
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpad \GU~hh;j;jq;fs;|; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mfg;Gw epiyapy; mikAk; fiyfisg; Nghd;Nw mwk; Kjypa GU~hh;j;jq;fs; gz;ghl;il
tbtikg;gjpy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.
vy;NyhUila mfKk; - kdKk; - Kw;wpYk; czuNth> Ghpe;J nfhs;sNth> rhd;W
nfhz;L epWtNth Kbahj nghUs; xd;W cz;L. m/J Md;kPfk; vdg;gLk;.
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mbg;gilahd mfj;Jf;Fk; mfkhdJ Md;kPfk; MFk;. ,jid
mfj;jpd; mfk; vd;gh; nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; mth;fs;.
gz;ghl;bd; ,U epiyfs;:
xU gz;ghl;bd; nghJthd ,ay;Gfs; / gz;Gfs; gz;ghl;bd; nghJ epiy vdg;gLk;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;jpw;Nfh> kf;fs; $l;lj;jpw;Nfh> ehl;bw;Nfh vdr; rpwg;ghf mike;j
gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;G epiy vdg;gLk;. ,iwtid vz;zp thOk; Md;kPf
tho;T ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;G epiy MFk;.
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL - gz;ghl;bd; %yjdq;fs;:mw E}y;fis vKjpa jkpo;g; Gyth;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; Mfpatw;iwg;
nghpJk; typAWj;jp epw;fpd;wdh;.
\,d;gKk; nghUSk; mwDk; vd;whq;F|
vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;iw kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ts;Sth; jk; jpUf;Fwis mwj;Jg;ghy;>
7
2. vq;Fk; jkpoh;
fly; fle;j jkpoh; ehfhpfk;
\\jpiu fly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL|| vd;gJ jkpoh; ghl;bd; fl;lis. jk;Kila
gz;ghl;ilAk; gpw ehl;Lr; nry;tj;ijAk; tsh;j;J tUtNj mjd; Nehf;fk;.
10
11
4. jkpOk; jpuhtplKk;
jkpo; Xh; cyf nkhop:
cyfpy; jdpAhpik ngw;Wj; jpfOk; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;g+h;>
/gp[p> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh> fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh Kjypa gy ehLfspy; tho;fpd;w gy;yhapuf;
fzf;fhd kf;fspd; jha;nkhop jkpo; vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Nthkhdhy;> mjid Xh;
cyf nkhop vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. ,J jtpu Nkw;gbg;Gf;fhf INuhg;gh> M];jpNuypah>
mnkhpf;fh Kjypa ehLfspy; nrd;Ws;s jkpoh;fSk; cs;sdh;.
2. nrhy;ypay;:
,e;jpa nkhopfspd; njhlhpay; mikg;gpy; Vwj;jho Xh; xUKfkhd Nghf;F
tsh;eJ
; s;sJ. thf;fpaj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; gadpiyfs; mike;J tpsq;FtNj ,t; nthUKfkhd
Nghf;fhFk;. ,J jpuhtpl nkhop ,yf;fzf; $Wfspd; ed;nfhilahFk;.
12
KbTiu:
,tw;why; mw;ayhFk; cz;ikfs;
tUkhW:
md;G
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14
ghlk; - 2
Xhpdk; :
flTs; njhz;lh;fs; md;Gk; njhz;Lk; epiwe;j Xhpdk;. mth;fs; rhjpg; gphptpidfisAk;
mtw;wpd; cah;T jho;TfisAk; ek;gtpy;iy.
ee;jdhh; Nghd;w jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; ,iwtdhy; tpUk;gg;gl;ldh;. jpUg;ghzho;thiuf;
Nfhtpy; fUtiw tiu nfhz;L nrd;wJNghyj; jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghzh; Nghd;Nwhiur;
rk;ge;jh; Nghd;w Qhdpfs; J}a Nts;tpaiwf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whh;fs;.
\\xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;|| vdj; jpU%yh; miw$ty; tpLj;jhh;. itzth;fs; Mz;ltdpd;
mbahh;fisj; \\njhz;lh; Fyk;|| vd mioj;jdh;. Nfhapy; fjTfisj; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;
cs;gl vy;NyhUf;Fk; jpwe;Jtpl;lhh; ,uhkhD[h;.
md; G k; mDg+jpAk; :
jkpohpd; gf;jpnewp md;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpaJ. mth;fsJ Md;kPf
mDgtq;fs; mUis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpd.
\\ehafd; ehafp ght||j;jpy; ,iwabahh;fs; ,iwtdpd; jiytdhfTk; jq;fisj;
jiytpahfTk; nfhz;L mf czh;NthL Md;kPfg; ghliyg; ghbdh;.
;
fhjy; tho;tpy; kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhop mq;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
rpw;wpd;gk; vd;fpw msTf;F mth;fs; ,wq;fp tpltpy;iy. cs;epd;W xspUk; cz;ik mfg;
ghly;fshf ntspte;jd.
gf;jpg; ghly;fis ,ir tbtpy; Kd;itj;jik> rhjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Vw;wj; jho;TfSf;F
kjpg;gspf;fhik> kdpj Fyk; KOtijAk; Xhpdkhf kjpj;jik> md;G newpNa gf;jp newp
vdf; nfhz;lik> ,iw czh;Tfis> \\ehafd; ehafp ght||j;jpy; kf;fspd; Kd; itj;jik>
nghUsw;w rkar; rlq;Ffisg; Gwf;fzpj;jik> ,iwtid cUtkhfTk;> mUtkhfTk;
th;zpj;J epd;wik vdj; jkpo; gf;jpnewpapd; mbahh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Nkw;Fwpj;j vy;yh
mZFKiwfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J nkhopfspd; gf;jpg; ghly;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it ,e;jpa gf;jp newpf;Fj; jkpo; gf;jp newp mspj;j nfhil vd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKk;
,y;iy.
jkpo;r; rpj;jh;fs; - Fwpg;ghf rptthf;fpahh; KjyhNdhh; nghUs; Ghpahky; fz;%bj;
jdkhfg; gpd;gw;w;ggLk; rlq;Ffisf; fz;bj;J epd;whh;. flTs; gf;jpf;Fr; rpiy
xU
FwpaPLjhd;; rpiyiaNa cz;ikahd flTs; vd kaq;ff; $lhJ. m/J mwpT Muha;rr
; pf;F
xt;thj %lgf;jp vd vLj;Jiuj;jhh;fs;.
16
murpaYk; kjKk; :
itzth;fs; murid ,iwtdpd; gpujpepjpahff; fz;ldh;. Xh; murd; ,we;JNghdhy;>
<kr; rlq;Ffs; Kbe;jTld; mtDf;Ff; Nfhapy; vOg;gg;gLk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tiff; Nfhapy;fs; \\gs;spg;gilf; Nfhapy;||; vd miof;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW Nfhapy;
vOg;gg;gLk; tof;fk; fPiof;fly; ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Gj;j kjj;jpdh;> rkz kjj;jpdh; MfpNahh; cyf tho;f;ifia ntWf;fpd;w cyf
kWg;Gf; nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;wp epd;wdh;.
\\kz;zpy; ey;y tz;zk; thoyhk;||; vd;w nfhs;ifAila irth;fSk;> itzth;fSk;
cyf kWg;Gf; nfhs;ifia vjph;j;jdh;. nfhs;if hPjpahf Kuz;gl;L epd;w Gj;j rkzj;
jiyth;fs; mg;NghJ Mz;Lnfhz;bUe;j muru;fsplk; jq;fSf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;ifg;
gad;gLj;jp irt> itztr; rkar; nry;thf;fpid mopf;f Kad;wdh;.
gy;yt murd; kNfe;jputh;kd;> ghz;ba neLkhwd; MfpNahh; njhlf;fj;jpy; rkz
rkaj;ijj; jOtp epd;wikahy; rkzh;fspd; Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngw;Wr; nray; tbtk; nfhz;lJ.
Mdhy; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ,t;tpUtiuAk; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy;
ntw;wp fz;lhh;. njhlf;fj;jpy; jpUehTf;furiug; ngUk; njhy;iyf;F
Mshf;fpdhd; kNfe;jputh;kd;. mth; ve;jj; JauKk; ,d;wp kPz;lJ fz;L kNfe;jputh;kd;
irtdhfp rkz rkaj;ij mopf;f Kw;gl;lhd;.
rhjp Kjyhd Ntw;Wikfis ntWj;jy;> mwd; typAWj;jy;> mwptpd; cjpahd
njspT> kf;fspd; njhz;Nl Mz;ltd; njhz;L vdf; fUJk; J}a Qhdj;jpd; ntspg;ghL
Mfpad gpwnkhopg; gf;jp newpapy; fhzg;gbDk;> mit jkpo;g; gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nfhilNa
vdj; Jzpayhk;.
20
Mrphpahpd; ngah;
Guhjd ufsfS
jphp~;b Guhjd rhpj;jpuk;
mWtj;J %tU Guhjd rhpj;jpu
mWtj;J %tU rhq;fj;a
Guhjd j;hptpjp
mWtj;J %tU Guhjd rhpj;u
`hp`uh;
Ruq;fkh;
tPugj;jpuh;
rptNahf NrhNk];tuh;
ep[FzNahfp
Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
Mrphpah; ngah;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nghk;ku]
mz;zh[p
ngah; njhpatpy;iy
ngah; njhpatpy;iy
Nrukhq;f
E}ypd; ngah;
nrse;ju Guhz (fp .gp. 1450)
nrse;ju tpyhr (1600)
nrse;jNurd; mWtj;J %tU yPyh
nrse;jNurd a~fhd
Nruk fht;a (1562)
21
vd;gJ nghUs;. ,iwaUshy; fz; ngw;whh; vd;gijr; Rl;l> \ehl;l kpF| vd;Dk; milnkhop
Re;juuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.
fd;dlj;jpYk; jz;b ehadhh; \ehl;a kpF jz;b| vd;Nw miof;fg;ngWjy; ,q;F
tpag;Gf;F chpaJ.
,isahd;Fb khwd; fd;dlj;jpy; \vsahz;l Fb khwd;| vd miof;fg;gLjy;
fhz;fpNwhk;. ,isahd;Fb ,uhkehjGu khtl;lj;jpYs;s xU rpw;Whh;. fd;dlj;jpYk; mNj
Ch;;g; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtij ,q;Ff; fhzKbfpwJ. ,aw;gif vd;w ngah; \,`g;gif|
vdf; fd;dlj;jpy; tUfpwJ.
,uh[uh[d; > ,uhN[e; j pud; MfpNahh; njYq; F ehl; b d; rhSf; f paNuhL kzTwT
nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.
Nguurd; ,uh[uh[dpd; kfs; tapw;wpy; gpwe;j kfdhfpa
,uh[uh[ eNue;jpud;>
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; kfis kze;jhd;. ,th;fl;Fg; gpwe;j kfNd FNyhj;Jq;fd;. ,td;
Nrho rpk;khrdk; Vwpdhd;. FNyhj;Jq;fDk; mtDila kfDk; fypq;fj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdh;.
vdNtjhd; njYq;F ehl;by; ney;Y}hpYk; gpw gFjpfspYk; tlf;Nf tp[athlhtiu $lj;
jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
MRftp
kJuftp
tpj;jhuf;ftp
rpj;jpuf;ftp
vd;gdthFk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;j ehy;tifg; gFg;GfSk; jkpo; kugpidr; rhh;e;jit vd;ghh; lhf;lh;. rh;kh.
MRftp
- epidj;j khj;jpuj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;ngWk; tiuaiwfl;F
cl;gl;Lg; ghlg;gLgit.
kJuftp
- Xir eaKk; gz; mikg;Gk; gpw nra;As; moFk;
cilait.
23
tpj;jhuf;ftp
rpj;jpuf;ftp
Nkw;Fwpj;j ftpij tiffs; NtW ve;j nkhopapYk; ,y;iy. Kjypy; jkpopYk; mij
mbnahw;wpj; njYq;fpYk; Njhd;wpd vdyhk;. ,tw;iwj; jkpo; nkhopapypUe;Nj njYq;Ff;
ftpQh;fs; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;ghh; lh;flh; rh;kh.
24
KbTiu:
,tw;why; mwpayhFk; cz;ikfs; tUkhW:
1. \kdpjdpy; flTisf; fhzy;| vd;w njhz;L newpia ikakpl;l jkpo;g; gf;jpnewp
,e;jpah KOtjpYk; ngUk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.
25
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ghlk; - 3;
5. ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa
jkpo;r; nry;thf;F
Kd; D iu:
jkpo;r; nry;thf;F ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa ,yq;if> flhuk;>
njhiy fpof;F ehLfs;> jha;yhe;J> gh;kh vdg; gy ehLfspy; gutp epd;wik fhz;fpNwhk;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy;:
njd;dpae;jpahtpy; tho;e;j ngsj;jh;fs; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j ngsj;jh;fNshL
vg;nghOJk; njhlh;G nfhz;L tho;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. <oj;Jg; G+jdhh; vd;Dk; ngah;nfhz;l
<oj;Jj; jkpo;g; Gyth; jkpo;r; rq;fj;Js; xUtuhf ,lk; ngw;Ws;shh;.
flhuk; :
,yq;ifapypUe;Jk; kNyrpahtpYs;s fhbfj;jpypUe;Jk; gy nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp
nra;j nra;jpiag; gw;wpr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; $WfpwJ. fhofk;> flhuk; vd;w ngaNuhL
fhzg;gLfpwJ. \flhuk; fz;lhd;| vd;gJ ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; rpwg;Gg; ngah; MFk;.
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28
29
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31
7. md;Gk; vd;Gk;
md;igAk; vd;igAk; gyKiw njhlh;GgLj;jpg; NgRfpwhh; ts;Sth;. md;Gilikiag;gw;wp
NgRk; N ghJ gj; J Fws; f spy; ehd; F Fws; f s; ,e; j j; njhlh; i g ntspg; g ilahf
tw;GWj;Jfpd;wd. me;j ehd;F Fws;fs; tUkhW:
md; G ilik:
md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah; md;Gilahh;
vd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;F.
- Fws; vz; - 72.
md;NghL ,iae;j tof;nfd;g MUaph;f;F
vd;NghL ,iae;j njhlh;G.
- Fws; vz; - 73
vd;gp yjid ntapy;Nghyf; fhANk
md;gp yjid mwk;.
- Fws; vz; - 77
md;gpd; topaJ caph;epiy m/jpyhh;f;F
vd;GNjhy; Nghh;j;j clk;G.
- Fws; vz; - 80
,f; Fws;fs; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;fs; tUkhW:
md;gpy;yhjth; vy;yhg; nghUisAk; jkf;Nf chpikahf;Fth;. Mapd; md;GilatNuh>
gpwuJ Jd;gk; fz;lNghJ> jk;nghUis kl;Lkpd;wpj; jk; clk;igAk; gpwh;f;F chpikahf;fp
kfpo;th;.
- Fws; vz; -72
,t;thpa caph; clk;NghL nfhz;l cwtpd; gad;> gpw caph; Nky; md;G
nfhz;L tho;tNj vd Md;Nwhh; $Wth;.
- Fws; vz; - 73
vYk;G ,y;yhj GOtpd; clk;ig ntapy; RLtJNghy> md;gpy;yhj fPNohhpd; capiu
mwk; RLk;.
- Fws; vz; - 77
md;gpd;top epw;Fk; clk;Ng capUs;s clk;ghFk;. mj;jifia cah;ej
; md;G ,y;yhjthpd;
clk;G ntWk; vYk;Gk; NjhYk; Nghh;jj
; pa clk;Gjhd;> caph; cs;sjhf mijf; fUjKbahJ.
- Fws; vz; - 80.
32
ts;Sth; vd;G (vYk;G)> md;G Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. md;gpd; cah;it
tpsf;f mth; ifahz;l xg;Gik ,J.
md;igg; gpwh; mwpahJ ahh; jLf;f KbAk;? fjtilj;Jg; G+l;b itf;fth KbAk;?
md;gpw;Fk; cz;Nlh milf;Fe;jho; Mh;tyh;
Gd;fz;ePh; G+ry; jUk;.
- Fws; vz; - 71.
Foe;ijapd; tUj;jj;ijf; fz;l jha; fz; fyq;fp tUe;jp epw;ftpy;iyah?
mq;nfy;yhk; md;G fz;zPUk; fk;giyAkha;g; nghq;fp tope;J> xUrpyNghJ nghpa
Muthuj;ijAk; tpistpj;J tpltpy;iyah?
jhiag;Nghy kdpjNerk; cilath;fis \\jkf;nfd thohg; gpwh;f;Fhpahsh;||; vdj;
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ghuhl;Lk;.
kpd; tpsf;F vhpahkw;Nghdhy; mJ kpd; tpsf;F MFkh? ,J xU nghk;ik vd;Wjhd;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. vdNt Nehf;fk; my;yJ yl;rpNk caph;epiyahFk;.
md;G ,y;yhjth;fs; elf;fpd;whh;fNs vd;why;> eilg;gpzk; vd;Nw fUj Ntz;Lk;
vd;whh; ts;Sth;. vYk;gpd;kPJ Njhiyg; Nghh;j;jp mjw;F tpirAk; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhy; me;jg;
nghk;ikAk; ,aq;Fk; my;yth?
md;G rpije;J epw;Fk;NghJ> Md;k tsh;rr
; p nfl;L xopfpd;wJ. vYk;gw;w cly;nfhz;l
Md;khit ,aw;if md;idNa GOitg;Nghyg; girawf; fhaitj;J thl;Lths; vd;gjid
ts;Sth; Nkw;Fwpj;j xU Fwspy; tpsf;fp epw;wy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
md;gpy;yhjth;fs; XNfhntd;W thotpy;iyah vd;W Nfl;fyhk;. ,Ug;G epiy vd;gJ
NtW> tho;jy; vd;gJ NtW. tho;tpd; Nehf;fk; ,d;gk;. cyfj;jpy; cz;ikahd ,d;gk;
vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;wJ? md;G tho;f;ifapy;jhd; ,d;gk; kyh;fpwJ.
kdpjd; kiwayhk;. mtDila Gwf;Nfhyk; Jd;gf; Nfhykhffj; Njhd;wyhk;.
mtdpklk; md;G vd;gJ caph;epiyahf epw;Fkhdhy; mtdple;jhd; ,d;gk; G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk;.
mtd; vd;nwd;Wk; tho;fpwhd;.
VRehjh; rpYitapy; miwag;gl;lhh;. ,t;thW miwe;jth;fSf;fhf Ntz;bg; ghpe;J
mth;fis kd;dpf;Fk;gb Mz;ltdplk; kd;whbaJ mtUila md;G cs;sk;. rpYit
Vwpa ngUkhdJ Kfj;jpy; ,d;g xsp jJk;gf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,d;g xsp jJk;Gk; Kfj;NjhNlNa Fz;lhy; Rlg;gl;L tPOk;NghJk; giftiuAk;
Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;; vd;W tho;e;J fhl;ba fhe;jpahh; Kfj;jpYk; \`hp| \`hp| vd;w ,d;g moF
g+j;jpUf;fg; ghh;j;Njhk;.
KbTiu:
md;Gilathplj;jpy; jhd; ,d;gk; cz;L. nrd;w ,lj;jpy; vy;yhk; rpwg;ig mJ
vjph;nfhs;Sk;.
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8. mtpNuhjk;
Kd; D iu:
tpNuhjk; ,y;yhj epiy \mtpNuhjk;| vdg;gLk;. gz;ghL vd;gJ cyfj;jpw;F vy;yhk;
nghJ. ,e;jg; nghJikfspy; xt;nthU gz;ghl;Lg; gFjpAk; xt;nthU ehl;bdh; ,ilNa
mtuth;fs; tuyhw;Wr; #o;epiyf;F Vw;g Kjypy; rpwe;j epiyapy; ntspg;gl;Lj; Njhd;Wk;.
me;jg; gz;ghl;bd; ngah; me;j ,dj;jpd; ngah; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLjy; kughFk;. ve;j
,dj;jpd; gz;ghl;bYk; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ,lkpy;iy.
jkpoh;fs; \ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;| vd tho;e;jth;fs;. \ahjhDk; ehlhkhy;
Cuhkhy;| (Fws; vz; - 397) vd;gJ jkpoh;fspd; tho;tpay; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
fhyj;ijAk; ,lj;ijAk; jhz;ba md;gh; $l;lk; ,iwabahh;f; $l;lk;. jhk; tho;e;j
,lj;jpy; gpwe;j mbahh;fis kl;Lkpd;wp> mth;f;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; vf; fhyj;jpYk; vy;yh
cyfq;fspYk; gpwe;J> \mg;ghYf;F mg;ghyhd guk;nghUis ek;gp| tho;fpd;wth;fis vy;yhk;
mbahh;fs; vdr; Nrf;fpohh; miog;gh;.
\mq;F ,q;F vdhjgb vq;Fk; gpufhrkhd nghJik epiyapidNa jhAkhdth;
ghLfpwhh;. ,uhkypq;fUk; ,e;jg; nghJik mwj;jpidr; \rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;| vd;W
tw;GWj;Jfpd;whh;.
mtpNuhjk; vd;gJ Md;kNea xUikg;ghlhf tpsq;Fk; rkur rd;khh;f;fk; vd;w
cld;ghl;L epiyjhd;.
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9. jkpoh; jpUehs;
Kd; D iu:
jkpoh;fSila gz;ghl;bd; milahskhfj; jkpoh; jpUehs; tpsq;FfpwJ. ij gpwe;jhy;
top gpwf;Fk; vd;gJ gonkhop. jkpo;j; jpUehs; Xh; coTj; jpUehs;> cotd; jpUehs;.
kdpjdpd; rpwg;gpay;ghfpa njhopyp;d; jpUehs;.
ciof;fhky; tho;gth;fs; kdpjg; gpwptpiar; Nrh;e;jth;fsy;yh;. kdpjj; jd;ikAld;
$b cioj;J> $b tho;eJ
; > $b mDgtpj;jNy kdpjg; gpwg;gpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;. kdpjh;fSf;F
kl;Lky;yhky; ,e;jf; $l;LwT tho;itnahl;bj; jpUtpohf; nfhz;lhLk; jpUehs; \nghq;fy;
jpUehs;| MFk;.
\vy;NyhUk; Xh; epiw> vy;NyhUk; Xh; ,dk;| vd;whh; ghujp. fw;wth;> fy;yhjth; vd;w
Ntw;Wik ,d;wp> kjNgjk; ,d;wpj; jpUehisf; nfhz;lhb kfpOk; rkur> rkjh;k> rkepiyj;
jpUtpoh ,J. rhjp kj Ngjkpd;wp> gpwUila gz;ghl;Lf;F ,ilA+wpy;yhky;> jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis
xl;b> tho;e;J fhl;b> vy;NyhNuhLk; ,ize;J epw;Fk; ehs; ,e;jj; jkpoh; jpUehs;.
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10. Nfhapy;
\Nfh| vd;gjw;F murd; vd;gJ nghUs;. Nfhapy; vd;gJ murdJ ,y;yk; my;yJ
muz;kid vd;w nghUisj; jUk;. vdNt> Kjypy; muz;kidiaf; Fwpj;j ,r;nrhw;nwhlh;
gpd;dh; cyfj;jhh;> mz;lj;jpw;Nf murd; vdf; fUjpa flTspd; Myaj;ijf; Fwpf;f
te;jJ.
Nfhapy; vd;gJ muz;kid vd;w nghUspy; rq;f fhyj;jpYk; rpyg;gjpfhu fhyj;jpYk;
toq;fpaJ. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gjpfk; gl;lj;jurpiaf; \Nfhapyhs; |vd;Nw toq;FfpwJ.
Nfhapy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Myak; vd;W gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ciuahrphpah; nghUs; nfhs;fpwhh;.
Mdhy; mq;Nf Nfhapy; vd;gjw;F muz;kid vd;W nghUs; nfhs;tJk; nghUe;Jk; vd;gh;
Kidth; nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;.
ek;kho;thh; Mz;ltd; ekf;fhf Myaq;fspy; Nfhapy; nfhs;tijg; ghLfpwhh;. Nfhapy;
vd;whNyNa irth;f;Fr; rpjk;guk; vd;gJk;> itzth;f;Fj; jpUtuq;fk; vd;gJk; epidTf;F
tuyhapd. nghpaho;thh; \Nfhapw; gps;sha; ,q;Nf NghjuhNa| vd;W ghLfpwhh;.
Nfhl;il vd;gjd; kw;nwhU tbtNk Nfhl;lk; vdyhk;. \Nfhopr; Nrtw;nfhbNahd;
Nfhl;lk;| Kjyhfg; ghLfpd;whh; jk;Kila rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfh. mjw;F Kd;ndy;yhk;
Myaj;jpw;F mk;gyk; vd;gNj ngah;. ,d;Wk; Nfusj;jpy; Nfhapy;fSf;F mk;gyk; vd;Nw
ngah; toq;FfpwJ. \jpy;iyr; rpw;wk;gyk;| vd;w ngahpy; rpjk;guk; Nfhtpy; ,d;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ me;j
; mk;gyk; ,d;Wk; epiyngw;wpUf;ff; fhz;fpNwhk;. mk;gyj;jpw;Fg;
\nghJ ,y;| vd;gJ kw;nwhU ngah;.
G+ Kjypad J}tp topgLtij \g+g;gyp| vd;W miof;Fk; tof;fhW cs;sJ. G+tpidf;
nfhz;L nra;fpd;w topghLjhd; g+ nra; = G+nra;. ,J \G+[h| vd tlnkhopapy; khwptpl;lJ.
\\ePUk; epyDk; jPAk; tspAk;
khR tpRk;Ngh ile;Jld; ,aw;wpa
kOths; nebNahd; jiytdhf
khrw tpsq;fpa ahf;ifah; r+o;Rlh;
thlhg; g+tpd;
g+tpd ,ikah ehl;lj;J||
vd kJiuf; fhQ;rp g+tpdhy; nra;Ak; topghL gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
gy;yth; fhyj;Jk; Nrhoh; fhyj;Jk; muz;kidfs; vy;yhk; nrq;fy;yhy; mike;jd.
Myaq;fs; fw;wspfshf - fy; Nfhapy;fshf Xq;fpd.
KbTiu:
Ntj topghl;bdpd;Wk;> Mfk topghL Ntwhfp tsh;e;jJ. vdpDk; ,e;jpa ehl;bd;
gz;ghl;bw;Nfw;g xUikg;ghL Njhd;wpaJ. Nts;tp> Mfk topghl;by; GFe;jJ. Mdhy;
caph;nfhiy ,y;yhj Nts;tp mJ.
36
Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j khwDk;> kiw Qhd Kdptuhk; jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk; Njhd;wp
NkYk; Xh; xw;Wikia epiyehl;bf; flTs; md;ig> \vy;NyhUk; NgRk; jkpopy;| tsh;jj
; hh;fs;.
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38
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40
14 mk;khidg; ghly;fs;
Kd; D iu:
ftpQh;fis murh;fs; ghuhl;lhj fhyj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy;> mth;fs;
Guhzf; fijfisg; ghbdhh;fs;. mit> \mk;khidg; ghly;fs;| vd miof;fg; gl;ld.
mit ngz;fSf;nfd;Nw ghlg;gl;l ghly;fs; MFk;.
jhyhl; L g; ghly; f s; :
nfhs;if Neha;fs; tUk;NghJ khhpak;kd; jhyhl;ilg; ghLk; tof;fk; jkpofk;
vq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ehNlhbg; ghly; f s; :
gytpj re;j mikg;GfSld; fzf;fpwe;j ehNlhbg; ghly;fs; jkpopy; cyh tUfpd;wd.
\Njrpq;F uh[d; fij| ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ehNlhbg; ghly; vOjpa Mrphpahpd; ngah;
ve;j E}ypYk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
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