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Bearing Capacity
of
Shallow Foundations
SI 3221 2014

References:
1. Joseph E. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw Hill, 1997
2. Braja M. Das, Principles of Foundation Engineering, ITP, 1995.
3. Tien HsingWu, Soil Mechanics, Allyn Bacon, 1976

Bearing Capacity Failures

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Lab Model Test

Lateral Earth Pressure (Review)

ITB Lecture
2011
Reference:
1.

Das, Braja M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Brooks/Cole, USA,

2002. CHAPTER 12

2.

The Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 2006

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h = K v
v

h = Ko v

h = Ka v

h = Kp v

Note: All stresses in effective stress , NOT in total stress

Lp >>
La

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At Rest, Ko
Jaky, 1944 (good for loose sand)

Ko = 1 sin
Sherif, Fang, 1984 (dense sand)
Ko = 1 sin + 5.5 [ (d/d min) - 1]
Massarsch, 1979 (NC clays)
Ko = 0.44 + 0.42 [PI(%)/100]
OC Clays: Ko, OC = Ko NC OCR

The Pole Method

(q,q)

POLE

b =a

a
b

b
(p,p)

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Rankine Ka The Pole Method

A ff
POLE

h h

ff
A

Rankine Kp The Pole Method

ff
A

POLE

ff

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Rankine Ka
45o + /2

c/tan

(v + h)/2

h
ff

h
ff

(90o+)/2
(90o-)

POLE

sin =

(v - h)/2
c/tan + (v + h)/2

h = v Ka 2c Ka
Ka = tan2 (45o - /2)

Rankine Kp

45o - /2

c/tan

(v + h)/2

h
ff

(90o-)

v
ff

h
POLE

sin =

(h - v)/2
c/tan + (v + h)/2

h = v Kp + 2c Kp
Kp = tan2 (45o + /2)

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Simplified BC Equation ( - soil)

Q

q = f(D)
Pp = 0.5 H2 Kp + q H Kp

W
H

(45 + /2)

Pp

(45 - /2)

N
B

Kp = tan2 (45 + /2)

H = B tan (45 + /2)

W = 0.5 B H

Pp
Q = F (, , , B, D)

Q/B = q ult= B N + .. D Nq
N & Nq = f (, )

Simplified BC Equation (c soil)

Moment against A, for b length and mass less soil:
MA = (qult Bb)(B/2) (cu Bb) B - zD Bb (B/2)
qult = 2 cu + zD = c Nc + zD Nq
If K 0, we will have a N term

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Other simplified formulations

N
(90--)

Pp

Qu
cA
W

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Equilibrium
of adg wedge,
example
ignores the
friction in gf

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Terzaghi (1943a) BC Equation:

(See copy of Wu (1976), pp. 232 236)

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log spiral eq:

r = a e tan

Failure plane

r d

c ds cos
c ds

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Other BC Equations

See Bowles 5th Ed. (1997) , pp. 220 -231

Kp is
Terzaghis
passive
pressure
coefficient,
K KpRankine

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Always check other sources to eliminate typo errors!!!

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2e, see
Bowles
p 237

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Which formula to use?

ps = plane starin
tr = triaxial

Which soil parameters to use??

See and review Soil Mechanics Shear Strength Theory
VERY IMPORTANT, error due to wrong soil parameters

often much more significant than variations in formula choice

Examples of case studies
a. Rangsit Thailand, Bangkok Clay
b. Menara Jakarta

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Rangsit (Bangkok Clay Site)

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Modified Terzaghis, c = 2/3 c , tan = 2/3 tan

Field vane Su
correction
(Bjerrum)

Field vane Su
correction
(Bjerrum)

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Menara Jakarta

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Beban max per

kolom
Mmax = 387 MN-m
Pmax = 150 MN
Hmax = 8.65 MN

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UU Triaxial

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CU Triaxial

Additional Considerations
N factors are sensitive to , especially for 35o. Do not

interpolate over more than 2o

Most of the times, BC equations are conservative due to
safe choice of parameters.
Terzaghi considered other modes of failures , e.g. local shear
failure with c = 0.67 c and tan = 0.67 tan See next slide
B N must be corrected by:
r = 1 0.25 log (B/2) , for B > 2 m, and B is in meters.

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For c soils, c Nc is the predominant portion of BC

For soils, q Nq is the predominant portion of BC

For B < 3 to 4 m, N is small and often neglected

No one would place a footing at the surface of cohesionless

soil.
In case of uncertain overburden quality, Vesic does not
recommend using di correction factors
BC equations are generally used with SF = 2.5 to 3.5

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Effect of water table to BC

Use effective unit weight for q Nq and N terms when

water table is above foundation base.

Ignore effect if water table is below wedge zone
If water table is below base and within (triangle) wedge zone,
use:
e = (2H-dw) dw wet/H + (H-dw)2/H2
H = 0.5 B tan (45o+/2)
dw = depth of GWT from base
From the term 0.5 B N

Wedge
under B

BC in layered soils

Area above water

Area under water

(See also other texts)

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See slide 17
for H

2.5?

Then qult = c1 Nc

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Then qult = c1 Nc

Table 4.1
See Next Slide

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See previous slide

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Meyerhoff & Hannas (1974, 1978)

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Super positions

qt

qt
qt (1- H/Hf)2

H
Hf

(Hf H)

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Super positions

qb

qb

qb -qb (1- H/Hf)2

H
Hf

(Hf H)

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BC formulas from SPT

Terzaghi & Peck (1967); Meyerhof (1956, 1974):

BOF4
qa = N Kd/F1
2
2
qa = N (B + F3) Kd / (F2 B )
B>F4
qa = allowable at 25 mm settlement
Kd = 1 + 0.33 D/B O1.33

Formula above (1950-60s), therefore applicable to N55 . F1 and F2

corrected these.

B (m)

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BC from CPT (Schmertmann, 1978)

0.8 Nqz 0.8 Nz qc for D/B 1.5 and qc averaged from B/2

above to 1.1 B below base.

Cohesionless:

Strip
Square
Cohesive:
Strip
Square

: qult = 28 0.0052 (300 qc)1.5 kg/cm2

: qult = 48 0.009(300 qc)1.5 kg/cm2
: qult = 2 + 0.28 qc kg/cm2
: qult = 5 + 0.34 qc kg/cm2

Example Problems
See problems in Shallow Foundation Example Problems

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