March | April 2010

Feature title: Feed Management - Aquafeed in Tanzania

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
information published.
©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form
or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

 Feed Management Feed Management
table: feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM (%)
DM Ash CP Cl CF

Aquafeeds in
Tanzania
oil Seed Cake and legumes
Cotton seed meal 
(Undecorticated) 92.6 13.2 38.1 7.4 20.3
Cotton seed meal 
(Decorticated) 90.8 5.6 33.8 7.0 15.2
Sunflower seed meal 
(Decorticated) 94.4 5.5 32.9 17.7 32.7
Sunflower seed meal 
(Undecorticated) 94.3 4.9 25.8 12.3 43.2
Copra cake 86.9 6.1 22.3 8.4 12.0
Soybean (Boiled) 95.5 6.2 41.5 9.9 5.9

A
Soybean (Toasted) 88.9 7.0 48.7 3.1 7.2
quaculture in Tanzania is 2003); clams, ark clam, Anadara antiquate can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in Pigeon peas  92.6 4.5 20.9 1.8 1.0
still minimal and is prac- and giant clam, Tridacna maxima; oysters, the table below.
Animal Products
ticed in both freshwater pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and A few studies have been conducted to
and marine environments. mangrove oysters, Saccostrea cucullata a evaluate suitability of some of the locally Sardine “dagaa” 
fishmeal 92.4 22.09 60.6 4.15 2.5
and mud crab, Scylla serrata (Rice et al. available ingredients in tilapia diets.
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia, 2006). Cotton seed cake and soybean meal Nile Perch Body 
Frame Meal 93.5 36.7 41.5 7.7 10.5
Oreochromis niloticus, Mozambique tilapia, The bulk of fish production comes from were shown to be suitable as a main source
O. mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia, Tilapia tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist- of protein sources (Shoko, 2002). Pigeon Fish Waste  90.6 33.6 42.5 NA 8.6
hornorum) which are cultured by small scale ence farmers who regard fish farming as peas processed by either sprouting or Blood meals 97.3 9.1 85.1 0.9 NA
fish farmers, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus a secondary activity to provide protein to roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish- Bone meals 91.3 69.1 26.9 NA 2.17
mykiss which is cultured commercially. the household and little surplus for cash meal without causing a significant reduction
Tubers
Marine species include seaweeds of or barter. in growth performance (Mnembuka, 2003).
Cassava 87.4 5.7 2.8 2.5 3.6
the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula- The fish are cultured in extensive Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-
tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson, to semi–intensive earthen ponds with vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein NA: not available | Source: Laswai et al. (2002)
2002), prawns, Penaeus monodon sizes varying from 150–500m2 (Bjoneseth, while their composite could provide up to
(Bryceson, 2002), rabbitfish, Siganus can- 1992). The ponds are usually fertilised 20 percent (Madalla, 2009). Cassava root meal on rabbitfish, Siganus canalicullatus, cultivation in Rice, M.A., Mmochi,
naliculatus (Bwathondi, 1982) and milkfish, with animal droppings or tender leaves as could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal Tanzania. Aquaculture 27(3):205-210. A.J., Zuberi, L. and
Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi, compost manure. without significantly reducing performance Savoie, R.M. (2006)
Jauncey, K. (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding.
Aquaculture in Tanzania.
Supplementary feeds (Madalla, 2009). Scotland: Pisces Press Limited.
World Aquaculture 37
commonly used are rice Adoption of these findings by farmers
Kaliba, A.R., Osewe, K.O., Senkondo, E.M., (4):50-57
table: feed ingredients locally available in tanzania and maize bran, kitchen has been poor mostly due to the subsist-
Mnembuka, B.V. and Quagrainie, K.K. (2006)
leftovers and garden ence nature of fish farming which does not Shoko, A. P. (2002) The
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM (%) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis
remains. The use of encourage investment in formulated feeds. effects of different
niloticus) Production in Tanzania. Journal of the
DM Ash CP Cl CF diets and stocking
formulated aquafeeds is Feed formulation has a cost implica- World Aquaculture Society 37 (4):464-473.
Green forages density on the growth
almost non-existent. tion in terms of ingredients as well as
Laswai, G.H., Mutayoba, S. K., Temu, A. A. and performance of
Gliricidia NA 11.7 20.0 3.8 16.7 Fish are partially the feed formulation knowledge. Even if
Kusolwa P. M (2002) Feed Table: Chemical Oreochromis variabilis
Leucaena  92.6 9.4 24.6 3.4 17.1 or totally harvested such knowledge is availed, it will still be (Boulenger, 1906)
composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania.
after six to 12 months difficult to put it into practice due to the Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECA/ under aquaculture
Sesbania  NA 9.3 22.1 3.3 17.3
with an average yield relatively high cost of ingredients relative to FOODNET project conditions.
Cassava  83.0  17 21.7 4.7 11.9
of 2089kg ha-1 year- the returns due to the subsistence nature Unpublished M.sc
Mulbery Morus alba 89.0 14.5 19.6 2.2 12.9 Madalla, N. (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile
1 (Wetengere et al. of aquaculture. Thesis, University
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Unpublished PhD
Cereal grains & by-products 1998; Kaliba et al.
Thesis, University of Stirling, United Kingdom.
of Dar es salaam,
Maize meal 89.9 1.55 10.6 3.5 2.5 2006). The yield is References Tanzania.
low compared to the Mnembuka, B. V. (2003) Studies on the use
Maize bran 89.5 2.8 10.5 10.6 7.1 Bjoneseth, R. (1992) A survey of freshwater fish Wetengere, K.,
10,000kg ha-1 year-1 of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein
farming in Tanzania, Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Osewe, K. and
Maize hominy 90.5 5.2 13.6 12.7 7.6 supplement for Nile tilapia. Unpublished
which can be achieved Agricultural University of Norway. Herwaarden, H.
Rice polishing 91.8 13.7 11.0 5.2 11.3 PhD Thesis, University of Dar es salaam,
if properly formu- (1998) Development
Bryceson, I. (2002) Coastal aquaculture Tanzania.
Rice bran 91.1 15.8 9.3 4.3 27.9 lated supplementary of semi-intensive fish
developments in Tanzania: sustainable and non- Mwangamilo, J.J. and Jiddawi, N.S. (2003) Nutritional farming in Morogoro
Wheat bran 89.9 5.43 18.6 2.5 10.5 aquafeeds were used
sustainable experience. Western Indian Ocean studies and development of a practical feed for region, Tanzania .
(Jauncey, 1998).
Wheat pollard 89.4 3.26 17.9 4.1 5.7 Journal of Marine Science 1 (1):1-10. milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar, ALCOM working
There are several
NA: not available | Source: Laswai et al. (2002) Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine paper no. 22. FAO/
potential feedstuffs that Bwathondi, P.O.J. (1982) Preliminary investigations
Science 2 (2):137-146. SIDA.

36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37

 LINKS
This digital re-print is part of the March | April 2010 edition of International Aquafeed magazine.
Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full online magazine on our
website, and as an archive of individual features on the docstoc website.
Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.

• See the full issue

• Visit the International Aquafeed website

• Contact the International Aquafeed Team

• Subscribe to International Aquafeed

To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact
our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link above.

INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE

www.aquafeed.co.uk