8/27/2015

Ch3 Brain & Biology

CNS

_____

_____ & spinal

Bodily nerves

cord

Somatic
_____;
sensory & motor

Autonomic
involuntary; _____
Sympathetic
activates under _____

Parasympathetic
_____

NeuronClasses
_____ informationdetection/transmission
_____ controlmuscleactivity
_____ infoforlocalnetworks
info for local networks
Manykindsofspecialtycellsfor
detecting/transmittingspecifickindsofinfo

Neuron Architecture
_____

_____

- builds new cell components

_____ of
Myelin Ranvier Axon Terminals
Sheath
(Buttons)

_____

message sender

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Whatdoesaneurondo?
Neuronsconductinformationbetweenone
another
Twomajorprocesses:
Two major processes:
_____ responses
(AKANeurotransmission)_____
_____ responses
(AKAActionPotentials)_____

GlialCells
~10xmorethanneurons
differentvarieties&roles

structural organization
structuralorganization
promotionof healing/ _____
_____ _____ :restrictaccess/preventinfection
_____ : keytoAP,neurotransmission

ALittleChemistry
Differentmoleculeshavedifferentcharges(+or )
oppositesattract
Thebalanceofthesemoleculesinsidethecelldeterminesthe
_________difference
difference oftheneuronmembrane
of the neuron membrane
_________: normalneuronstate;slightlynegative(70mV)
____+and_____+movethroughionchannels/pumps

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PrimingthePump
Chemicalsignalscanincrease/decreasethe
likelihoodofaneuronfiring
_________:lesspolarization
: less polarization
(_________ chargeinneuron)
_________:morepolarization
(_________charge)
Canresultin_________potential

ActionPotentials
Whenchargepasses_________(55mV,viaionmovement),
neuronfires(Na+rushin;K+out)
_________ _________period(recharging)
1. _________
2. Regenerative(selfperpetuating)
3. Differentthangradedpotentials(+chargeflowsinrapidly,out
again)

Synapses

Placewheretwoneuronsjointocommunicate
Involvesreleaseofmoleculescalled______________
Presynaptic membrane:
Postsynapticmembrane:
Synaptic vesicle:
_________:Bindwithspecificneurotransmittersbasedon
theirshape;lock&key
Canbetrickedbychemical_________

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RegulatoryMechsforNTs
1._________: NTpresynapticbutton
2
2._________:enzymesdestroyNTsincleft
: enzymes destroy NTs in cleft
3.Autoreception:NTs_________tosender,
regulatetransmission(e.g.,_________)

Neurotransmitters(NTs)
_________or_________APsby(de)polarizingneurons
NotinherenttotheNT rather,afunctionofthereceptor
HumanNTknowledgebaselargelydeductive responseto
_________ orcorrelationswith_________
or correlations with

BOOSTorBLOCK
___________ enhanceNTsvia:
1. Increaseproduction/
availability

2 ___________ reuptake
2.
reuptake
(staysincleft/synapselonger)
3. Molecular mimicry lookalike
moleculesbindtoreceptors
orincreasetheirpotency

___________inhibitNTsvia::
1. Decreaseproduction/
availability
2. ___________NTsin
synapse/cleft
3. Molecularmimicryuse
structuralsimilarityto
blockreceptorbinding

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KnowyourNTs!
Table3.1inyourtext**studyCAREFULLY**
Verykeytounderstandingbrainprocesses,
emotion disorders & treatments
emotion,disorders&treatments
Descriptionsofprimaryactions,relationships
todisorders/brainsystems

MajorNTPlayers
Table3.1inyourtext**studyCAREFULLY**
Verykeytounderstandingbrainprocesses,emotion,disorders&treatments
Descriptionsofprimaryactions,relationshipstodisorders/brainsystems

_________:emotions/impulsivity;modernantidepressantsare
agonists(SSRI)
Dopamine _________/ _______,movement;lowinParkinsons
_________ main_________NT;regulatessynapticactivity
overallinbrain;agonists:Xanax,ETOH
Glutamate main_________NT;learning/memory

BrainStructures&Function
Themeforthecourse:differentlevelsof
viewing/organizinginformation
Brainregions(lobes)
Relativespatiallocation(medial/lateral)
Specificstructuresinbrain
Connectiontokeysystems/processes
Evolutionaryageofsystem
Developmentduringgestation

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Howdowestudythebrain?
Naturalisticphenomenae.g.,_________;Brocasarea
_________models/experiments
Functional/structuralmeasurementapproaches
Electroencephalography (EEG): brain activity via
Electroencephalography(EEG):brainactivityvia_______activity
activity
psychophysiologicalmeasurement(e.g.,HR,GSR,eyeblink)
states/behaviorshavepredictablepatterns
too_________fordetailedstudy
_________:repeated trialsofsetstimuli

BrainImagingTechniques
_____:inject_____,watchblood(invasive)
_____:_____fieldprovokestissuetorelease
energy; gives detailed structural image
energy;givesdetailedstructuralimage
_____:givesstructure&functionviachanges
inblood_____level
_____:brieflydisruptslocalizebrainactivity
via_____(allowsforexperimentation)

BrainStem
Old/_____;keysurvivalfunctions;_____: breathe;puke;gag;
orgasm;vomit;urinate
_____:sleep&arousal
Brainmatter:_____(structural;local)&white (axons;_____)

Cerebellum

Keytonormal_____function,_____learning&memory
Alsolinkedtoabilityto__________visually

SubcorticalStructures
Belowcerebralcortex(CC);somewhatmoreadvancedfunctions
Severalstructuresformthe__________(emotionalregulation)

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SubcorticalStructures
__________:groupofstructures,linkedtoCC;movement,_____
nucleusaccumbens:__________,appetite,dopamine
Thalamus:sensory__________;relaystationtoCC
Hypothalamus:__________system(thirst,temperature,BP,glucose);link
tohormones,pituitary
Hippocampus: __________formation
Amygdala: __________regulation,especially(butnotonly)__________;
links__________andmemory

CerebralCortex
Higherorderfunctions.CorpusCallosum:linksleft&right
hemisphere**___________________
1)
2)
3)
4)

Frontal: __________,abstractthought
abstract thought
Parietal:__________sense,somatosensory
Occipital:__________
Temporal:__________&memory

SystemsApproach
Specializedbrainregions(primaryXcortex)
Motor[__],Somatosensory[__],Visual[__],Auditory[__]
______________________[F]abstraction,motivation,
personality social knowledge and interactions
personality,socialknowledgeandinteractions
Primarysystemslinkto________systems,forprocessingofotherkindsofinfo
e.g.,
Lotsof___________inbrain
e.g.,

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OtherSystems
PARA/SYMPATHETICSYSTEM
Activatingsystemsnecessarytorespondtodanger;
_________________slowsthesystemdown
ENDOCRINESYSTEM:___________/glands/brain
networkedvia___________(larger&slowervs.NTs)
regulatoryprocesses(drives,emotions)
___________: hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenals

Hormones&Sex
___________arebiologicallysexspecificglands(testes/ovaries)
thatgovernproductionofsexhormones
Testosterone &estrogen/progesterone:
Developing2ndarysexualtraits(e.g.,___________)
Developing 2ndary sexual traits (e g
)
Sexualbehavior:moresoinmen,complexforwomen
Tmaybe___________importantthanE/P
___________influencedbycycle/birthcontrol
nonhumanfemales:morehormonebased(________)

ThePlasticBrain
___________:HUGEadaptationspossible,especiallyif
damagesustainedearlyindevelopment

cancounteractlateralization (___________)
___________together,___________together:brainchanges
(learning)resultsfromincreasingconnectionstrength
Notfinite,notinfinite:neurogenesis occursinsomeregions
(e.g.,___________);___________canimpairthis

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PrimeronGenetics(p115122)
Chromosomes: __pairsinmosthumancells,
madeofDNA;blueprintsforproteinbuilding
Heredity: genes may be
Heredity:genesmaybe___________(D)
(D) or
or
___________(d),1fromeachparent
_______type: geneticmakeup(DD/Dd/dd)
_______type: observabletraits(Dord)
Polygenic: determinedby_______

SexualReproductionVaries
Introducesvariabilityintraitsthatmaybehelpful
Asexualreproducersmore_______

_______:fertilizedsperm/egghas23pairs(fromM,
fromF;8Mpossiblecombos)
_______:adaptive,maladaptiveorinert
*Naturalselectiondoesnotdriveevery trait/behavior*.

GenesAffectBehavior
Twinstudies: monozygotes:_______;samegeneticinfovs.
dizygotes:fraternals;wombmates
_______studies
studies alsousedforthispurpose(MinnesotaTwins:
also used for this purpose (Minnesota Twins:
100twinsraisedapart)

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Heritability(notheredity)
@_______level:howmuchagiventraitisdetermined
bygenetics;Traitmustvary;relativesmustvary
_______
Height:.60
60%gene cs
40%environment

NotJustNaturevsNurture
_______factorsimpact/interactwithbiologyatvariousstagesto
affectexpression
Inutero/developmentally
Via_______/reinforcement
Via
/reinforcement
Viaopportunities/experiences
_______: experience/behaviorsdonotalterDNAbutaffects
howitisexpressed

MessingwithGenes
Animalstudiesallowustotest
geneticeffectsexperimentally
_______ studies:specificgenerenderedinactive
Optogenetics: _______gene
modifications=switchgeneon/off

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