Energy efficiency in transport systems

ir. Jan-Henk Welink

Lecture 4
Delft University of Technology

Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Transport Engineering and Logistics

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transport Loss Factor and kinetic energy

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport
Energy recuperation
Frequency converters
Diesel/otto electric Hybrids
Friction and speed

1. Transport Loss Factor and kinetic

energy

(F
n

W
fT = M =
WT

i =1

Di

L i Fpayi H i )

F
i =1

payi

Li

Last lecture (3)

How to implement kinetic energy?

Including Kinetic Energy in the Transport Loss

Factor
fT =

WM
WT

fT =

n
i =1

=
( FDi Li

FD L + EK EP
F pay L
+ (mpay,i + mtransport,i ) vi 2 Fpayi Hi )

n
i =1

Fpayi Li

Kinetic Energys effect on the Transport Loss

Factor: Example
Belt conveyor and truck transporting 30 tons of bulk
Belt conveyor:

TLF = 0,030 (without kinetic effect)

v: speed: 6 m/s (21,6 km/h)

Truck:

TLF = 0,024 (without kinetic effect)

v: speed: 20 m/s (72 km/h)

How do you think the TLF of the truck

differs with the amount of kms? And the
conveyer belt?
5

Kinetic Energys effect on the Transport Loss

Factor: Example
Belt Conveyor and Truck transporting 30 tons of bulk
TLF

Truck
Belt conveyer

0,07

Transport Loss Factor

0,06
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

Transport distance (kilometer)

Storing Kinetic Energy and the Transport Loss

Factor

kin =

Recuperated kinetic energy

Total amount of kinetic energy

How does this work out?

Storing Kinetic Energy and the Transport Loss

Factor
Assume transport horizontal (EP = 0)
EK = (mpay+ mtransport) v2
EM = WM = FD L + EK kin EK
EM = WM = FD L + (1 kin) EK

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transport Loss Factor and kinetic energy

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport
Energy recuperation
Frequency converters
Diesel/otto electric Hybrids
Friction and speed

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport ???

H??

10

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport

B

But for systems with energy recuperation of Ep:

fT =

WM
WT

F D L + E K pot E P
F pay L

A
Ideal situation: frictionless, without any energy losses = 1
fT =

FD L + EK EP
F pay L

(classic definition as started with)

Classic situation: energy dissipated by brakes: = 0

fT =

FD L + EK
F pay L

(also at non-horizontal routes)

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Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transport Loss Factor and kinetic energy

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport
Energy recuperation
Frequency converters
Diesel/otto electric Hybrids
Friction and speed

12

Energy recuperation
Most used system for
energy recuperation
Electric motor: inverse use
4 quadrant operation

13

Energy recuperation
Storage kinetic or potential energy: example
Kinetic/potential
energy load

kin or pot

gear
90%

Electric
motor

motor
85%

Batteries
Supercap
or Fly wheel

= Anyone????

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Energy recuperation
Storage kinetic or potential energy: example
Kinetic/potential
energy load

Kinetic/potential
energy load

kin or pot

gear
90%

gear
90%

Electric
motor

Electric
motor

motor
85%
85%
motor

Batteries
Supercap
or Fly wheel

buffer
80%

= 2gear* 2motor* buffer

15

Energy recuperation
Storage kinetic or potential energy: example
100%
Kinetic/potential
energy load

gear
90%

52,0%

46,8%
Kinetic/potential
energy load

kin or pot

90%
Electric
motor

gear
90%

Electric
motor

motor
85%
85%
motor

76,5%
Batteries
Supercap
or Fly wheel

buffer

61,2%

80%

= 2gear* 2motor* buffer

= 90% *90% * 85% *85% * 80% = 46,8%
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Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transport Loss Factor and kinetic energy

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport
Energy recuperation
Frequency converters
Diesel/otto electric Hybrids
Friction and speed

17

Frequency converters
Most power systems in the industry are electrical or
diesel-electrical systems.
Widely used electrical motor is the: AC induction motor
Why?:
easy to maintain
relative inexpensive
reliable and rugged
(no commutators slip rings that can wear out)
Disadvantage: only 1, perhaps 2 or 3, speeds possible

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Frequency converters
AC induction motor
Influencing load and speed with frequency controllers
Variable Frequency
Power

Sine Wave Power

Operator

Industrial
drive

Variable
Frequency
Controller

19

Frequency converters
AC induction motor
Influencing load and speed with frequency controllers
Example pump
Pump
Pump

pressure

pressure

Throttling the flow

Reducing the frequency

of the motor
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10

Frequency converters
AC induction motor
Influencing load and speed with frequency controllers
Example pump

Throttling the flow

Reducing the frequency

of the motor
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Frequency converters
AC induction motor
Frequency controller effect
Example belt conveyor

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Frequency converters
AC induction motor
Example belt conveyor

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Frequency converters
Example belt conveyor: same flow (kg/h)
Which is better in efficiency?: assume mr + 2mg = ml

V = 100%
10% on belt

V = 10%
100% on belt
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Frequency converters
Example belt conveyor
(assume horizontal and mr + 2mg = ml)
Power = v * FD = v * C f L g (mr + 2mg + ml )
v: belt speed
Suppose 10% flow, no frequency controller
Power = v * FD = v * C f L g (mr + 2mg + 0,10 ml )
Suppose 10% flow, with frequency controller
Power = 0,10 v * FD = 0,10 v * C f L g (mr + 2mg + ml )
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Frequency converters
Example belt conveyor : mr + 2mg = ml
Suppose 100% load
Power = v * FD = v * C f L g (mr + 2mg + ml) = 100%
50%

+ 50%

= 100%

Suppose 10% load, no frequency controller

Power = v * FD = v * C f L g (mr + 2mg + 0,10 ml) = 55%
50%

5%

= 55%

Suppose 10% load, with frequency controller

Power = 0,10v * FD= 0,10 v * C f L g (mr+ 2mg+ ml)= 10%
5%

+ 5% = 10%
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13

Frequency converters
Example belt conveyor: visualized
mr + 2mg = ml
100%

100%
55%

friction load

Power

friction load

50%

50%
friction belt and idlers

10%

Load

100%

Constant speed

Power

10%
10%

friction belt
and idlers

Load

100%

Variable speed
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Frequency converters
Example: RTG

Defined operating cycle:

1 hour 45 min.
predefined operation
Result fuel consumption
Measurement
Conventional:16,1 liters / hour
ECO-RTG: 8,1 liters / hour
Fuel savings: 48%

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Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transport Loss Factor and kinetic energy

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport
Energy recuperation
Frequency converters
Diesel/otto electric Hybrids
Friction and speed

29

Diesel/otto electric hybrids

Example of hybrid configuration

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Diesel/otto electric hybrids

The trick is with the engine:
Maintain engine torque and speed at optimal level.
Surplus power charges battery

Specific fuel consumption (g/km) mapped

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Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transport Loss Factor and kinetic energy

Transport Loss Factor at vertical transport
Energy recuperation
Frequency converters
Diesel/otto electric Hybrids
Friction and speed

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16

Friction and speed

Energy consumption = F * s = Cr A v2 s (Joules)
Specific energy consumption (Joules per meter) relates
to: Cr A v2
So lower speed means lower fuel consumption
Which modality especially applicable?

33

Friction and speed

Specific energy consumption (J/m) : Cr A v2
Lower speed means lower fuel consumption
Which modality especially applicable?
Ships: waiting for harbour: Slow Steaming

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What did we learn?

1. How kinetic and potential energy work in the
Transport Loss Factor
2. Calculate energy recuperation
3. The effect of frequency converters
4. How hybrids use the engine
5. Effect of speed on energy consumption

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Next time
1. Design Strategies for more Sutainable
Products
2. Types of innovation
3. Waste Stage of Product
4. Life Cycle Analysis
Ill see you next time!
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