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ThisisthenewtextpageMixdesign.
MixDesignconsideraspertestresultoflocalavialblematerialliesand,chipsandcement.

hereissomedesinmixasperzoneiii
1.MixdesignforM50grade
2.MixdesignforM40grade
3.MixdesgnforM20grade

ConcreteMixDesign
Introduction
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of
producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the
concretemixdesign.Theproportioningofingredientofconcreteisgovernedbytherequiredperformanceofconcretein2
states,namelytheplasticandthehardenedstates.Iftheplasticconcreteisnotworkable,itcannotbeproperlyplacedand
compacted.Thepropertyofworkability,therefore,becomesofvitalimportance.
The compressive strength of hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an index of its other properties,
depends upon many factors, e.g. quality and quantity of cement, water and aggregates batching and mixing placing,
compaction and curing. The cost of concrete is made up of the cost of materials, plant and labour. The variations in the
costofmaterialsarisefromthefactthatthecementisseveraltimescostlythantheaggregate,thustheaimistoproduce
as lean a mix as possible. From technical point of view the rich mixes may lead to high shrinkage and cracking in the
structuralconcrete,andtoevolutionofhighheatofhydrationinmassconcretewhichmaycausecracking.
The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials required for producing a minimum mean strength called
characteristic strength that is specified by the designer of the structure. This depends on the quality control measures,
butthereisnodoubtthatthequalitycontroladdstothecostofconcrete.Theextentofqualitycontrolisoftenaneconomic
compromise, and depends on the size and type of job. The cost of labour depends on the workability of mix, e.g., a
concretemixofinadequateworkabilitymayresultinahighcostoflabourtoobtainadegreeofcompactionwithavailable
equipment.
Requirementsofconcretemixdesign
Therequirementswhichformthebasisofselectionandproportioningofmixingredientsare:
a)Theminimumcompressivestrengthrequiredfromstructuralconsideration
b)Theadequateworkabilitynecessaryforfullcompactionwiththecompactingequipmentavailable.
c)Maximumwatercementratioand/ormaximumcementcontenttogiveadequatedurabilityfortheparticularsite
conditions
d)Maximumcementcontenttoavoidshrinkagecrackingduetotemperaturecycleinmassconcrete.

TypesofMixes
1.NominalMixes
In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates.
These mixes of fixed cementaggregate ratio which ensures adequate strength are termed nominal mixes. These
offersimplicityandundernormalcircumstances,haveamarginofstrengthabovethatspecified.However,dueto
thevariabilityofmixingredientsthenominalconcreteforagivenworkabilityvarieswidelyinstrength.
2.Standardmixes
Thenominalmixesoffixedcementaggregateratio(byvolume)varywidelyinstrengthandmayresultinunderorover
richmixes.Forthisreason,theminimumcompressivestrengthhasbeenincludedinmanyspecifications.Thesemixesare
termedstandardmixes.
IS4562000hasdesignatedtheconcretemixesintoanumberofgradesasM10,M15,M20,M25,M30,M35andM40.In
thisdesignationtheletterMreferstothemixandthenumbertothespecified28daycubestrengthofmixinN/mm2 . The
mixesofgradesM10,M15,M20andM25correspondapproximatelytothemixproportions(1:3:6),(1:2:4),(1:1.5:3)and
(1:1:2)respectively.
3.DesignedMixes
Inthesemixestheperformanceoftheconcreteisspecifiedbythedesignerbutthemixproportionsaredeterminedbythe
producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to the
selectionofmixproportionswithspecificmaterialsinmindpossessingmoreorlessuniquecharacteristics.Theapproach
results in the production of concrete with the appropriate properties most economically. However, the designed mix does
notserveasaguidesincethisdoesnotguaranteethecorrectmixproportionsfortheprescribedperformance.

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Fortheconcretewithundemandingperformancenominalorstandardmixes(prescribedinthecodesbyquantitiesofdry
ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used only for very small jobs, when the 28day strength of concrete
doesnotexceed30N/mm2 .Nocontroltestingisnecessaryreliancebeingplacedonthemassesoftheingredients.
Factorsaffectingthechoiceofmixproportions
Thevariousfactorsaffectingthemixdesignare:
1.Compressivestrength
It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other describable properties of the hardened
concrete. The mean compressive strength required at a specific age, usually 28 days, determines the nominal water
cement ratio of the mix. The other factor affecting the strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed
temperatureisthedegreeofcompaction.AccordingtoAbrahamslawthestrengthoffullycompactedconcreteisinversely
proportionaltothewatercementratio.
2.Workability
Thedegreeofworkabilityrequireddependsonthreefactors.Thesearethesizeofthesectiontobeconcreted,theamount
of reinforcement, and the method of compaction to be used. For the narrow and complicated section with numerous
corners or inaccessible parts, the concrete must have a high workability so that full compaction can be achieved with a
reasonable amount of effort. This also applies to the embedded steel sections. The desired workability depends on the
compactingequipmentavailableatthesite.
3.Durability
Thedurabilityofconcreteisitsresistancetotheaggressiveenvironmentalconditions.Highstrengthconcreteisgenerally
moredurablethanlowstrengthconcrete.Inthesituationswhenthehighstrengthisnotnecessarybuttheconditionsof
exposurearesuchthathighdurabilityisvital,thedurabilityrequirementwilldeterminethewatercementratiotobeused.
4.Maximumnominalsizeofaggregate
In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a particular watercement ratio,
becausetheworkabilityofconcreteincreaseswithincreaseinmaximumsizeoftheaggregate.However,thecompressive
strengthtendstoincreasewiththedecreaseinsizeofaggregate.
IS456:2000andIS1343:1980recommendthatthenominalsizeoftheaggregateshouldbeaslargeaspossible.
5.Gradingandtypeofaggregate
The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified workability and watercement ratio. Coarser the
gradingleanerwillbemixwhichcanbeused.Veryleanmixisnotdesirablesinceitdoesnotcontainenoughfinermaterial
tomaketheconcretecohesive.
The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregatecement ratio for the desired workability and stipulated water
cement ratio. An important feature of a satisfactory aggregate is the uniformity of the grading which can be achieved by
mixingdifferentsizefractions.
6.QualityControl
Thedegreeofcontrolcanbeestimatedstatisticallybythevariationsintestresults.Thevariationinstrengthresultsfrom
thevariationsinthepropertiesofthemixingredientsandlackofcontrolofaccuracyinbatching,mixing,placing,curing
and testing. The lower the difference between the mean and minimum strengths of the mix lower will be the cement
contentrequired.Thefactorcontrollingthisdifferenceistermedasqualitycontrol.

MixProportiondesignations
The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is in the terms of parts or ratios of
cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a concrete mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse
aggregate are in the ratio 1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts of
coarseaggregate.Theproportionsareeitherbyvolumeorbymass.Thewatercementratioisusuallyexpressedinmass
Factorstobeconsideredformixdesign
Thegradedesignationgivingthecharacteristicstrengthrequirementofconcrete.
Thetypeofcementinfluencestherateofdevelopmentofcompressivestrengthofconcrete.
Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possible within the limits prescribed by IS
456:2000.
Thecementcontentistobelimitedfromshrinkage,crackingandcreep.
Theworkabilityofconcreteforsatisfactoryplacingandcompactionisrelatedtothesizeandshapeofsection,quantityand
spacingofreinforcementandtechniqueusedfortransportation,placingandcompaction.

Procedure
1.Determinethemeantargetstrengthftfromthespecifiedcharacteristiccompressivestrengthat28dayfck and the level of
qualitycontrol.
ft=fck+1.65S
whereSisthestandarddeviationobtainedfromtheTableofapproximatecontentsgivenafterthedesignmix.
2. Obtain the water cement ratio for the desired mean target using the emperical relationship between compressive strength
andwatercementratiosochosenischeckedagainstthelimitingwatercementratio.Thewatercementratiosochosenis
checkedagainstthelimitingwatercementratiofortherequirementsofdurabilitygivenintableandadoptsthelowerofthe
twovalues.
3.Estimatetheamountofentrappedairformaximumnominalsizeoftheaggregatefromthetable.
4.Selectthewatercontent,fortherequiredworkabilityandmaximumsizeofaggregates(foraggregatesinsaturatedsurface
drycondition)fromtable.
5.Determinethepercentageoffineaggregateintotalaggregatebyabsolutevolumefromtablefortheconcreteusingcrushed
coarseaggregate.

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6.Adjust the values of water content and percentage of sand as provided in the table for any difference in workability, water
cementratio,gradingoffineaggregateandforroundedaggregatethevaluesaregivenintable.
7.Calculatethecementcontentformthewatercementratioandthefinalwatercontentasarrivedafteradjustment.Checkthe
cement against the minimum cement content from the requirements of the durability, and greater of the two values is
adopted.
8.Fromthequantitiesofwaterandcementperunitvolumeofconcreteandthepercentageofsandalreadydeterminedinsteps
6and7above,calculatethecontentofcoarseandfineaggregatesperunitvolumeofconcretefromthefollowingrelations:

whereV=absolutevolumeofconcrete
=grossvolume(1m3 )minusthevolumeofentrappedair
Sc =specificgravityofcement
W=Massofwaterpercubicmetreofconcrete,kg
C=massofcementpercubicmetreofconcrete,kg
p=ratiooffineaggregatetototalaggregatebyabsolutevolume
fa,Ca=totalmassesoffineandcoarseaggregates,percubicmetreofconcrete,respectively,kg,and
Sfa,Sca=specificgravitiesofsaturatedsurfacedryfineandcoarseaggregates,respectively
9.Determinetheconcretemixproportionsforthefirsttrialmix.
10. Prepare the concrete using the calculated proportions and cast three cubes of 150 mm size and test them wet after 28
daysmoistcuringandcheckforthestrength.
MixDesignM50Grade

ThemixdesignM50grade(UsingAdmixtureSikament)providedhereisforreferencepurposeonly.
Actualsiteconditionsvaryandthusthisshouldbeadjustedasperthelocationandotherfactors.
ParametersformixdesignM50
GradeDesignation=M50
Typeofcement=O.P.C43grade
Brandofcement=Vikram(Grasim)
Admixture=Sika[Sikament170(H)]
FineAggregate=ZoneII
Sp.Gravity
Cement=3.15
FineAggregate=2.61
CoarseAggregate(20mm)=2.65
CoarseAggregate(10mm)=2.66
MinimumCement(Aspercontract)=400kg/m3
Maximumwatercementratio(Aspercontract)=0.45
MixCalculation:
1.TargetMeanStrength=50+(5X1.65)=58.25Mpa
2.Selectionofwatercementratio:
Assumewatercementratio=0.35
3.Calculationofwater:
Approximatewatercontentfor20mmmax.Sizeofaggregate=180kg/m3(AsperTableNo.5,IS:
10262).Asplasticizerisproposedwecanreducewatercontentby20%.
Nowwatercontent=180X0.8=144kg/m3
4.Calculationofcementcontent:
Watercementratio=0.35
Watercontentpercumofconcrete=144kg
Cementcontent=144/0.35=411.4kg/m3
Saycementcontent=412kg/m3(AspercontractMinimumcementcontent400kg/m3)
HenceO.K.
5.CalculationforC.A.&F.A.:[Formula'scanbeseeninearlierposts]
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Volumeofconcrete=1m3
Volumeofcement=412/(3.15X1000)=0.1308m3
Volumeofwater=144/(1X1000)=0.1440m3
VolumeofAdmixture=4.994/(1.145X1000)=0.0043m3
Totalweightofothermaterialsexceptcoarseaggregate=0.1308+0.1440+0.0043=0.2791m3
Volumeofcoarseandfineaggregate=10.2791=0.7209m3
VolumeofF.A.=0.7209X0.33=0.2379m3(Assuming33%byvolumeoftotalaggregate)
VolumeofC.A.=0.72090.2379=0.4830m3
ThereforeweightofF.A.=0.2379X2.61X1000=620.919kg/m3
SayweightofF.A.=621kg/m3
ThereforeweightofC.A.=0.4830X2.655X1000=1282.365kg/m3
SayweightofC.A.=1284kg/m3
Considering20mm:10mm=0.55:0.45
20mm=706kg.
10mm=578kg.
HenceMixdetailsperm3
Increasingcement,water,admixtureby2.5%forthistrial
Cement=412X1.025=422kg
Water=144X1.025=147.6kg
Fineaggregate=621kg
Coarseaggregate20mm=706kg
Coarseaggregate10mm=578kg
Admixture=1.2%byweightofcement=5.064kg.
Water:cement:F.A.:C.A.=0.35:1:1.472:3.043
Observation:
A.Mixwascohesiveandhomogeneous.
B.Slump=120mm
C.No.ofcubecasted=9Nos.
7daysaveragecompressivestrength=52.07MPa.
28daysaveragecompressivestrength=62.52MPawhichisgreaterthan58.25MPa
Hencethemixaccepted.
WearethankfultoErSujieetBeheraforthisvaluableinformation

MixDesignM40Grade
ThemixdesignM40gradeforPier(UsingAdmixtureFosroc)providedhereisforreferencepurpose
only.Actualsiteconditionsvaryandthusthisshouldbeadjustedasperthelocationandotherfactors.
ParametersformixdesignM40
GradeDesignation=M40
Typeofcement=O.P.C43grade
Brandofcement=Vikram(Grasim)
Admixture=Fosroc(ConplastSP430G8M)
FineAggregate=ZoneII
Sp.GravityCement=3.15
FineAggregate=2.61
CoarseAggregate(20mm)=2.65
CoarseAggregate(10mm)=2.66
MinimumCement(Aspercontract)=400kg/m3
Maximumwatercementratio(Aspercontract)=0.45
MixCalculation:
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1.TargetMeanStrength=40+(5X1.65)=48.25Mpa
2.Selectionofwatercementratio:
Assumewatercementratio=0.4
3.Calculationofcementcontent:
Assumecementcontent400kg/m3
(AspercontractMinimumcementcontent400kg/m3)
4.Calculationofwater:
400X0.4=160kgWhichislessthan186kg(AsperTableNo.4,IS:10262)
Henceo.k.
5.CalculationforC.A.&F.A.:AsperIS:10262,Cl.No.3.5.1
V=[W+(C/Sc)+(1/p).(fa/Sfa)]x(1/1000)
V=[W+(C/Sc)+{1/(1p)}.(ca/Sca)]x(1/1000)
Where
V=absolutevolumeoffreshconcrete,whichisequaltogrossvolume(m3)minusthevolumeof
entrappedair,
W=massofwater(kg)perm3ofconcrete,
C=massofcement(kg)perm3ofconcrete,
Sc=specificgravityofcement,
(p)=Ratiooffineaggregatetototalaggregatebyabsolutevolume,
(fa),(ca)=totalmassoffineaggregateandcoarseaggregate(kg)perm3of
Concreterespectively,and
Sfa,Sca=specificgravitiesofsaturatedsurfacedryfineaggregateandCoarseaggregaterespectively.
AsperTableNo.3,IS10262,for20mmmaximumsizeentrappedairis2%.
AssumeF.A.by%ofvolumeoftotalaggregate=36.5%
0.98=[160+(400/3.15)+(1/0.365)(Fa/2.61)](1/1000)
=>Fa=660.2kg
SayFa=660kg.
0.98=[160+(400/3.15)+(1/0.635)(Ca/2.655)](1/1000)
=>Ca=1168.37kg.
SayCa=1168kg.
Considering20mm:10mm=0.6:0.4
20mm=701kg.
10mm=467kg.
HenceMixdetailsperm3
Cement=400kg
Water=160kg
Fineaggregate=660kg
Coarseaggregate20mm=701kg
Coarseaggregate10mm=467kg
Admixture=0.6%byweightofcement=2.4kg.
Recron3S=900gm
Water:cement:F.A.:C.A.=0.4:1:1.65:2.92
Observation:
A.Mixwascohesiveandhomogeneous.
B.Slump=110mm
C.No.ofcubecasted=12Nos.
7daysaveragecompressivestrength=51.26MPa.
28daysaveragecompressivestrength=62.96MPawhichisgreaterthan48.25MPa
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Hencethemixisaccepted.

MixDesignForM35GradeOfConcrete
ThemixdesignforM35GradeOfConcreteforpilefoundationsprovidedhereisforreferencepurposeonly.Actualsite
conditionsvaryandthusthisshouldbeadjustedasperthelocationandotherfactors.
GradeofConcrete:M35
CharacteristicStrength(Fck):35Mpa
StandardDeviation:1.91Mpa*
TargetMeanStrength:T.M.S.=Fck+1.65xS.D.
(fromI.S4562000)=35+1.651.91
=38.15Mpa
TestDataForMaterial:
AggregateType:Crushed
SpecificGravity
Cement:3.15
CoarseAggregate:2.67
FineAggregate:2.62
WaterAbsorption:
CoarseAggregate:0.5%
FineAggregate:1.0%
MIXDESIGN
TakeSandcontentaspercentageoftotalaggregates=36%
SelectWaterCementRatio=0.43forconcretegradeM35
(FromFig2.ofI.S.102621982)
SelectWaterContent=172Kg
(FromIS:10262for20mmnominalsizeofaggregatesMaximumWaterContent=186Kg/M3)
Hence,CementContent=172/0.43=400Kg/M3
FormulaforMixProportionofFineandCoarseAggregate:
1000(1a0 )={(CementContent/Sp.Gr.OfCement)+WaterContent+(Fa/Sp.Gr.*Pf)}
1000(1a0 )={(CementContent/Sp.Gr.OfCement)+WaterContent+Ca/Sp.Gr.*Pc )}
WhereCa=CoarseAggregateContent
Fa=FineAggregateContent
Pf=SandContentaspercentageoftotalAggregates
=0.36
Pc=CoarseAggregateContentaspercentageoftotalAggregates.
=0.64
a0=Percentageaircontentinconcrete(AsperIS:10262for20mmnominalsizeof
aggregatesaircontentis2%)=0.02
Hence,1000(10.02)={(400/3.15)+172+(Fa/2.62x0.36)}
Fa=642Kg/Cum
AsthesandisofZoneIInoadjustmentisrequiredforsand.
SandContent=642Kg/Cum
1000(10.02)={(400/3.15)+172+(Ca/2.67x0.64)}
Hence,Ca=1165Kg/Cum
FromcombinedgradationofCoarseaggregatesithasbeenfoundoutthattheproportionof53:47of20mm&10mm
aggregatesproducesthebestgradationasperIS:383.
Hence,20mmAggregates=619Kg
And10mmAggregates=546Kg
Toobtainslumpintherangeof150190mmwaterreducingadmixturebrandSP430fromFosrocwithadoseof0.3%by
weightofCementshallbeused.
HencetheMixProportionbecomes:
Cem

W/C

Water

Sand

20mm

10mm

Admix

400

0.43

172

635

619

564

1.2

UnitsKg/M3

0.43

1.6

1.547

1.36

0.003

Cement:Sand:CoarseAggregates=1:1.6:2.907

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ConcreteMixDesignM20GradeOfConcrete
1.REQUIREMENTS
a)Specifiedminimumstrength=20N/Sqmm
b)Durabilityrequirements
i)ExposureModerate
ii)MinimumCementContent=300Kgs/cum
c)Cement
(ReferTableNo.5ofIS:4562000)
i)MakeChetak(Birla)
ii)TypeOPC
iii)Grade43
d)Workability
i)compactingfactor=0.7
e)DegreeofqualitycontrolGood
2.TESTDATAFORMATERIALSSUPPLIED
a)CEMENT
i)Specificgravity=3.05
ii)Avg.comp.strength7days=46.5morethan33.0OK
28days=55.0morethan43.0OK
b)COARSEAGGREGATE
i)20mmGraded
TypeCrushedstoneaggregate
Specificgravity=2.68
Waterabsorption=1.46
Free(surface)moisture=0

c)FINEAGGREGATE(Coarsesand)
i)TypeNatural(Ghaggar)
Specificgravity=2.6
Waterabsorption=0.5
Free(surface)moisture=1.4

3.TARGETMEANSTRENGTH(TMS)
a)StatisticalconstantK=1.65
b)StandarddeviationS=4.6
Thus,TMS=27.59N/Sqmm
4.SELECTIONOFW/CRATIO
a)AsrequiredforTMS=0.5
b)AsrequiredforModerateExposure=0.55
AssumeW/cratioof0.5
5.DETERMINATIONOFWATER&SANDCONTENT
ForW/C=0.6
C.F.=0.8
Max.Agg.Sizeof20mm
a)Watercontent=186Kg/cum
b)Sandaspercentageoftotalaggregatebyabsolutevolume=35%
Thus,
Netwatercontent=180.42Kg/cum
Netsandpercentage=33%

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6.DETERMINATIONOFCEMENTCONTENT
W/cratio=0.5
Watercontent=180.42Kg/cum
Thus,Cementcontent=360.84Kg/cumAdequateformoderateexposureSay360Kg/cum
7.DETERMINATIONOFCOARSEANDFINEAGGREGATECONTENT
Assumeentrappedairas2%
Thus,
0.98cum=[180.42+360/3.05+{1/0.33}*{fa/2.6}]/1000
&0.98cum=[180.42+360/3.05+{1/0.67}*{Ca/2.68}]/1000
Hence,
fa=584Kg/cum
Ca=1223.8Kg/cum
ThefinalmixproportionsofM20gradeofconcretebecome:

Note:1Theaboverecommendedmixdesignmustbeverified,byactualcubetests.
2Themixdesignisbasedonthequalityandgradingofthematerialsactuallysupplied,bytheclient.
Anyvariationinqualityandgradationwillresultinchangesinthemixdesign.
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