ADR:

Alternativedisputeresolution.
Alternativetotradiitionalcourtsystemleadingtoalltheprocess..lengthexpensive
processthatisinplace
forustoresolveourdispute.
Whatarethealternativestothat?

ADRhastwomainaspectstoit:
1.mediation:inamediation,theneutralparty,themediator,doesnotgivethedecision.
Themediatorisusingtheireducationandexperience,whichissometiimesapost
graduatedegreeprograminaDR
areusingtheirskillstofacilitate.Thepartiescnagototheseperaterooms,andthengo
backtothemediator.
Themediatordoesnotdothefinaldecision.
Inthecourtprocess,thereisneverarequirementthattheyareinthesameroom,talking
toeachother.

Oneofthevaluesofmediationis,thepartiesareinaroom.
Butisanopportunitytomeettodiscusstheissuestheactionisabout.

Theothersuccessfultypeofmediationwouldbe,oneoftheclaimstandswithscopeof
thessiue,andafterthemediationthescopeoftheissuediminishes.
Afterthecourtprocessonemustnarrowdowntheissue.
ThepilotprojectinOttawawassuccessfulthatitbecameacivilruleintheprocedure.
Partiesincivilaction,mustreporttojustice,afterthepleadingareclosedarenow
required,partieshavetoattend3hourmandatorymediation.

Soitplaysaroleinourstandardcivilactionprocess.

Example:
Divorceproceedingsareincreasingusethemedition.Totryandsettleissuesreagarding
theproperty,childsupport,spousalsupport.

ADR:typeofitisarbitration.
ArbitrationisatypeofADR.Inarbitrationtheneutralpartyorthearbiterorthearbitrator
isactinglikeajudge.Thearbitratorwillrenderajudgmenetattheendofthe
proceedings.
Theevidence,evidenceonthestandoftheoath.Andthearbitratorrendersadecisionat
theendofit.

IFwehaveacourtsystemwhichisheavilysubsidizedbythetaxes,whydowehave
arbitration.?

Answer:Confidentiality.Thecopiesincourtarepublicrecords.Thetestimonycanbe
keptconfidential.
Letsimagineitsacivilactiontoacomplicatedengineeringissuewhichleadstoinjury
toanotherparty,whatarethechancesthatafterthecourtproceedings,whatwouldbethe
judgehaveanexpertiseinthetechnicalissuesinengineering.Sincethetraditionalcourt
process,andthespecializationandissueinclaim.Afairamountoftimemaybespentto
educateajudgetoappreciatewhatiswrongwiththeproceedings.Andthenthejudge
cangoahead.Ifweselectanarbiter,anarbitrationcanbeamoreefficientprocessinthat
way.Sinceweareselectingthearbiters.

Itcanalsoincreasetheconfidenceintheparties,Intheaccuracyofthepropernessofthe
decision.Wehaveanarbiterthatbothsidesrespecttheknowledgeofthearbiter.

Wecaneitherhavebindingornonbindingarbitration.Bindingarbitrationisthat
whateverthedecisionofthearbiteris,isfinal.Andwecannotcontestitincourt.
Nonbindingarbitration,onepartycanchoosetofileaproceedinginthecourttocontest.
Itprovidesasafetynet.Ithappensless,thatpeoplegoforcourtproceedingsafterthe
nonbindingarbitration.

Writpetitiontosale.?Whatifthereisapropertyinanotherprovince.Wehavean
agreementamongstprovinces,itiscalled:reciprocalenforcementofjudgements.
Ifyouoverseethejudgementagainstsomebody,thatjudgementisenforcibleinother
province.Youdonothavetorearguetocase.Thatexistsbetweencountriesaswell.
IfyouhaveaFrenchproperty,youcanfollowFrenchprocedurecanbedonetoacquire
thepropertyandthatFrenchlawisrespectedbythestateofOntarioorotherprovincesin
Canada.
Theideathathoweverlongthesetypesofagreementsonlyapply,tocourtjudgements.
Whatifwereceiveanarbitrationword,thatisnotapartoftheformalprocess.Andyet
wehaveanawardthatisagreedtotheparties.The:reciprocalenforcementof
judgementsdonotrelatetothat.Thenewyorkconventionwhatthatformalagreement
didwasprovidefor:reciprocalenforcementofarbitrationawards,tothecountries
thathadsignedthesignatory.

DisputeresolutionBoard:
ItisanaspectofADR.Theideais,partieshaveanongoingrelationship.Forex.,the
constructionproject,thetimeisextended.
IdeaisproactiveADR.Takingstepsaheadoftime.Often,Thecourtsystemisreactive.
Thepartiescanagreeatthebeginning,bycontarct,tosetupsomethingcalledasthe
disputeresolutionboard.Theyaregoingtonamepeopleatthatboard.Andtheyare
decidingaheadoftime,howmuchpowerisgiventothatboard.

PresentationsaremadetoDRB.Andtheboardcanactasamediator.Ortheboardcan
actasaarbiter.
Sotheideais,intheproactivewaywehavecreatedapotentialformofADRthatyou
neverhavetofallon.

Butincasethereareproblems,andtheboardhavepowers,intheeventthereare
problems,theboardresolvestheproblembyactingasarbiter.

Whenworkisdoneonproperty,andwehaveanemptylandtostartwith..Workisbeing
done.Thatworkaddsvaluetotheproperty.
ThereisapieceoflegistationinOntario,whichapplies,andiscalled:
ConstructionLienAct.

Ownerhiresageneralcontractorwhoisresponsiblefortheconstruction.
Thegeneralcontractorhiressubcontractor.
Whointurnhiressubsubcontractor.Whohiressubsubsubcontarctor.
Thisiscalledtheconstructionpyramid.Seenastree,whereownerisatthetop.

Eachoftheselinesrepresentacontractbetweenthoseparties,andthereisaprinciplein
contractlawcalled:Privityofcontract.
Legalobligiationwithinacontarctarelimitedtopartiesinthecontract.
Onlythepartiesincontract,cansueorbesuedincaseofthebreachofcontract.

Theonlypartythathaslegalrightsagainsttheowneristhegeneralcontractor.
TheConstructionLienActhasremedies,thatareavailable,thatdonotexistunder
thepurecontractlaw.
1. TheConstructionLienActprovidesforclassactiontobebroughunderit.
Numberofdefendentsareinvolved.sinceitaffectsdifferentparties,sowehavetheclass
action.
Soeachpartyprovidesafractionofthelegalcost.Itisbenefialtoeveryone.
2. Trustremedy:
Ownershipandcontrolisdivided.Theideaoftrustisthatsomemoneyorpropertyfor
someone,theyarethebeneficialownerofthetrust.Ulitimatelyitistheirmoney.The
rulesadministeredbythetrustee.
Thegeneralideais,someonecanhavecontrolofthemoneyorproperty,buttheyarenot
thelegalownerofthesubjectofthetrust.TheConstructionLienActsays,ifyouare
payingmoney,andapartofthatmoneyismeanttobepaidfurtherfownthe
pyramid.Youdonotownthemoneylegally,itisimpressedlikeasignthatitisnot
yourproperty,butlegally,apartofitisownedbyfurtherdownthechain.
Letsimagine,ifasubcontractorgoesbankcruptcy.Themoneyisimpressedasatrust,
Soitcannotbe..

3.LienRemedy:Thecontructionlienactprovides,moneyareowed,forworkthatwas
doneonmaterialsprovidedonjobsite,andamountsarenotbeingpaidforthat.
Theconstructinlienact,thepartycanregisteradebtagansttheproperty.thereisalien
againsttheproperty.ifIhavealienagainsttheproperty,itsadebtagainsttheproperty,
andstepsaretakenagainstthepropertytosatisfythelien.
ifthereisalienagainsttheproperty,thelawyersearchesforrecords,andthelienis
ensuredthatispaid,incaseitistobesold.Soyouarenotresponsibleforthelienonthe
propertythatisboughtbyyou.

4.StatutoryHoldback:
Toholdsomethingback,becauseoftheastatute.Thestatuteistheconstructionlienact.
Let'ssayattheendofthemonth,everyonesubmitstheinvoice.tothehigherpartofthe
hierarchy.Andalltheinvoicesgofromthegeneralcontractortotheowner.Andthetotal
is1million$.Inontario,theownerisrequiredtoholdback,10%ofthevalueofservices
performedfortheservicesormaterialincontract.
Only900K$isactuallypaiddownthepyramid.
whydotheyholdmoneyback?Indirectly,tocompletetheworkonproject,soitactsas
anencouragementorincentive.Thesecondaspectis,theownerispersonallyliabletoall
ofthepartiesintheconstructionpyramidto10%ofallthevalueofworkbeingprovided.
Underprivityofcontract,theownerisnotliable.Theownerisnowpersonally
responsibletoalltheparties,eveniftheownerdoesnothaveacontractwiththem.The
ownerisresponsiblefor10%directly.
whenisthestatutoryholdbackpaidout?

Thereisamathematicalequation,thatquoteswhentheprojectissubstantially
completed.Mostofthetradeswhohavedonetheirworkonthejobsite,willhave
completedtheirworkbysubstantialcompletion.Aperiodoftimeaftersubstantial
completion,iscalledfinishingstage.Thetimebetweenprojectstartedandsubstantial
completioniscalledgeneralstage.
45daysaftergeneralcompletion,ifnoonehasmadealienclaim,theownerhastopay
backthegeneralholdbackisreleased.Thecumulative10%ispaidbackthatisowedto
thesubcontractor.
Wheninvoicearesubmitted.45daysafterthejobiscomplete,thefinishingholdbackis
thenpaidout.
whathappenswhenyouworksomeofwhichisdoneingeneralstageandthenforwork
duringthefinishingstage,igettwoseparatechecks.oneforeachpartoftheworkdone.

the10%theownerispersonallyliableforit.Therecanbelienissuedagainstthe
property.
Employment:
EMPLOYMENTLAW:
Youhavetheemployerwhohastheindividualcontracts,foreachoftheindividual
employees.Whentheemployerhasonecontractforthegroupofemployees,itiscalled
Labourlaw.
Alltheemployeesarerepresentedbyaunion.Theagreementiscalledacollective
agreement,underthatonecontract.
Inemploymentlaw,wehavewrongfuldismissal.Obiouslywehavebeendismissedfrom
thejob,anditwaswrongful,andihavenotreceivedlegalrights,incaseofthedismissal.
Sowearebringinganactiononwrongfuldismissal.
Wehaveanemploymentcontractfor1year.IfIamletgoneof6months,andihaveto
getpaid6monthsoftheremainingterm.Usually,itisanongoingemployment
relationship,ifsomebodyisdismissedfromthejob.theymightbedismissedwithcause.
ifyouaredismissedwithcase,youdonothaverightsafterthat.
Therearethreemainreasonsforbeingdismissedwitcause:
1.Disobedience:Generallyspeaking,theemployerhasarighttodirecthowyouareusing
thementalphysicalresources.itisnotforyourtodecide.
2.Incompetance:Youdonotpossesstheskillsandtheabilitiestoperformthejobyouare
in.
3.Misbehavior:Seriousmisbehaviour,embezzlement,youcanbedismissedforcause.
ifyouareletgowithcause,whichwerewrong.Thenweareleftwithdismissalwithout
cause.
Thereweregreaterprotectionwithinlabourlaw.Inemploymentlaw,youdonothave
therighttoyourjob.
Youhaverightsafteryouletgo.Youdonothaverightstostaythereandworkfor1year.
Dismisswithoutcause.Whataretherights?
Undertheemploymentstandardsact.whichisapieceoflegislation.Youareentitledto
minimumnotice.
Dependingonlengthoftimeemployedthere,youareentitledtocertainamountof
notice.
Thatissetbythestatute.Thatisrequiredbytheemployertofollow.
Itseithernotice,orpayinsteadofnotice.Mostemployersareabidingbytheprovisions.
Butyoumaybeentitledtomore.Becauseunderthecommonlaw,youmaybeentitled

formore.
Becauseunderthecommonlaw,youareentitledtoreasonablenotice,whichmaybe
morethantheminimumnotice.Reasonablenotice,isafunctionofvariouscharacteristics
ofyouandthejob.
Theageoftheemployeesfactor,thatmitigatestowardsmorenotice.Thedegreeof
responsibilityinyourwork.Howlongyouhavebeenemployeedthere.Thatpushes
towardsagreaternoticeperiod.
Youhavechartscreatedoncourtforreasonablenoticewas.Thisgivesabetterguideto
letyouknow,andyourlawyercanbeletknown.Becauseofthisinformation,the
wrongfuldismissalactionwillleadtolawcase.
Practically,whatitmeans,ifyouareletgonefromthejob,andyouarebeingpresented
withasettlementpackage.Youbringittoanemploymentlawlawyer,youhavetoagree
toitthatthisissatisfactorytoyou.
Youcanbemadeaninformeddecision.
Humanrightscode:findexamplesofinappropriateconductinworkplace,accordingto
humanrightscode.itisnotanemploymentpieceoflegislation.
itisaboutdiscrimination,includingdiscriminationinworkplace.Theyare
sayingseparatedecisionbody.Itlistspersonalcharacteristics.andisbasicallytaking
generalideathatyoushouldnotbediscriminatedagainstonthethingsthatyoudo.
Youcanthenbringactionagainstotherpartyinhumanrightcode.
Anactioncanbebrought,basedonpersonalcharacteristicsbasedonhumanrightscode.
1.sexgender
2.sexualorientation
3.maritalstatus
4.age
5.citizenship
6.creed
7.placeoforigin
8.