IS 1851:1997

v77mm

SINGLE OPERATOR
TRANSFORMERS

TYPE ARC WELDING

- SPECIFICATION

( Third Revision )

JCS

25160.30;

29.150

@ BIS 1997

BUREAU
MANAK

Mmch

1997

OF
BHAVAN,

INDIAN

STANDARDS

9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002

ZAFAR

MARG

Price Gmop

Electric Welding Equipment Sectional Committee, ETD 21

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Third Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards after the draft
finalized by the Rotating Machincty Sectional Commiltcc had been appro\,cd by the Elcctrotcchnical
Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1961. In the first
automatic and semi-automatic applications and, testing
test load factor had been discontinued. In addition, the
with the dcvelopmcnts taking place at the International

revision the scope had been cnlargcd to cover

for pcrforniancc characteristics on the basis of
duty cycle had been rcviscd in order to lint: up
icvcl.

In the second revision sequences of type tcsls and routine Lcsts were spccificd, and test for maxinlum
wcldingcurrcnt had been substituted by load characterisric tests. Tcmpcrature-rise lcsts and highvolrnge
tests wcrc also revised.
In this revision, the rcquircmcnt for no load primary currcnl has been added and to make specifications
up to date, all the amendments have been incorporated.
In,the preparation

of this standard, assistance has been dcrivcd from the following xtandards :

IS0 700 : 19S2 Power sources for manual mccnl arc welding with covcrcd clcctrodcs and for the
TIG process. International Organization for Srandarilizarion.
BS 638 (Part 10) : 1990 Arcwclding power source quipmen and acccssorics: Part IO Specification
for safety requirements for arc welding cquipmcnt : Mclding po\\cr x~urccs. British Standards
Institution.
For the purpose ofdecidingL\,hcthcr a p:lrticul:lr rcquircment of this slamlard is complied \vith, the final
value, ohsc~cd or calculated, expressin, (1 the result of a test, shall be rounded off in aocordancc with
iS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values (/~~rYsciO.
The number of significant pktccs rctaincd
in the rounded off value should bc the same as rhat ol the speciliccl value in this s~anclard.

IS 1851: 1997

Ihdian Standard

SINGLEOPERATORTYPEARCWELDING
SPECIFICATION
TRANSFORMERS(Third Revision )
1 SCOPE

3.4 Automatic Arc Welding

1.1 This standard lays down requirements and tests

for air-cooled and oil-cooled arc welding equipment of the single operator transformer type, for
manual, semi-automatic and automatic welding.

Metal-arc welding in which the arc length and the

travel of the clectrodcs or the workpicces are automatically controlled.
3.5 Duty Cycle

1.1.1 This standard

applies to welding transformers suitable for supply voltages spccificd in 4.1.

NOTE-This
requirements

The ratio of time during which the output side of

the welding transformer is loaded, to the total
elapsed time, the primary winding being cncrgizcd
throughout.

standard does not necessarily fully cover the

for transformers
for gas-shielded arc welding.

i.2 This standard does not cover rectifier type

welding equipment.

3.6 Maxfnium Continuoiis Iland Welding Current

The maximum welding current

which the transformer is capable of delivering when engaged continuously for manual metal-arc welding. at the
spccificd voltage and duly cycle without cxcecding
rhe specified Kmpcrature-rise.

2 REFERENCES
2.1 The Indian Standards listed below are the
necessary adjuncts to this standard:
Title

IS No.
335 : 1993

1271: 1985

Specification for new insulating

and
for transformers
oil
switchgear (fourth wvision)
Thermal evaluation and classification of electrical insulation

3.7 M;lximum Iland Welding Current

The maximum welding current forwhich the transformer is calibrated for manual mcral-arc welding
at the duty cycle spccificd by the manufacturer.

(first revision)
2834 : 1986

3.8 Rfinimnm II:md \Veltling Current

Specification for shunt capacitors

for power
systems
(second

The minimum welding current for which the transformer is calibrated for manual metal-arcwclding.

IplYsiotz)

3.9 Minimum Automatic Welding Current

3 TERMINOLOGY

The minimum welding current for which the trans-

3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following

definitions shall apply.

former is calibrated for automatic or semi-automatic metal-arc welding.

3.1 Load Char:tcteristics

3.10 hk~ximum

The spccificd relationship belwecn welding load

voltage and load current of a welding poucr source.

Automatic

Welding

The maximum welding current which may bc supplied by the transTormcr for continuous operation
on automatic or semi-automatic arc welding at
spccificd vollagc
and duty cycle without escccding
Ihc spccikd temperalure-rise.

3.2 Rfanual Metal-Arc Welding (Ihncl Welding)

Metal-arc
cxcceding
operator
means of

Continuous

Current

xvelding with consumable cleclrodcs not

460 mm in length and npplicd by the
without automatic or semi-automalic
replacement.

3.LI Opcil-Circuit

3.3 Semi-Automatic Arc Welding

Voltage

The vo11agc bc~wccn the oulpul tcrminnls (that is,

Metal-arc welding in which the arc length is iIUrO_ rhosc to which 111~clccrrode and return lcads arc
matically controlled but the posilioning of lhc arc conncclcd) of a wclcling transfornicr rardy to weld
.
bul carrying no welding current.
is manual.
1

IS 1851: 1997
3.12

Rating

A statement of the operating characteristics assigned to the transformer by the manufacturer

when tcstcd under specified conditions.

The maximum hand welding current shall not

cscced 1.35 times the rated current.
4.5 Duty Cycle

3.13 Welding Load Voltage

The voltage between output terminals of a welding
transformer when a specified current is flowing
through a rcsistancc load.

4.5.1 The rated duty cycle at maximum continuous

3.14 Type Tests

hand welding current shall be taken as 60 percent;

the total duration of each cycle shall be 5 min
comprising a period of 3 min of welding load followed by a period of 2 min of no-load operation.

Tests carried out to prove conformity with the

standard. These are intended to prove the general
qualities and design of a transformer.

4.5.2 The rated duty cycle at maximum continuous

automatic welding current shall bc taken as 100
pcrccnt.

3.15 Routine Tests

45.3 The rated duty cycle at maximum continuous

semi-automatic\vclding current shall be a matter of
agrecmcnt hct~vcc~~ the purchaser and the supplier.

Tests carried out on each transformer to check

requirements
which arc likely to vary during
production.

4.1 Rated Illpt

The prcferrcd rated input voltage shall be 240 V or

415 v.

Voltage

4.2.1 lnspccial casts, it is permissible for the opcncircuit voltage to bc up to 100 V (rms) (see 4.6).

150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, and c)(K)A

The minimum hand welding currcnl shall bc nor

more than 20 pcrccnt of the rated current.
cent

shll

of the rated

indicate
current

that

name-plate

the current
but while

of the

not Icsb than

cliccking

of this clause,
the tolerance
of current
sllcxlld hc IilliCIl ill10 1IccoIIIl1.

Not cxcccding
40C

b)

Altitude

Not cxcccding

welding
X

lx--

the conforniit~
calibration

Ill

5.1.1 For altitudes cxcecding 1 000 m above sea

level, an adjustment in permissible rcmpcratlucrise may he necessary in accordance with 11.6.X

6.1 The arc \vclding transformer shall bc double

\vound and the output Icrminals shall not bc carthud. The materials cmploycd in its manufaclurc
shall conlorm to rclcvant Indian Standards. It shall
bc finished \virh a high degree of uniformity and
workmanship.

The transformers shall bc rated at current and dul!

cycles corresponding
to maximum continuous
hand-welding current.

It is intended

Ambient ccmperature

hc

The rntcd frcqucncy shall be SO Hz.

a)

6 DISIGN ANT) CONSIRUCIJON

NOTE - Mhere it is required

to control
the opx-circuit
voltages
for snfetv I~~~r-poscs, suitable
wfety Jeviccs mv
Incorlxxrted
to bring down volt;~gr to tlw desired wluc.

NOTE

5.1 This standard applies to weldins transformers

opcraring under the following normal service
conditions:

1 000

Thcopcn-circuitvoltageofthcwelding
transformer
should not normally exceed 80 V (rms) (SCC,
4.6).

trmsiormcr

for the opcn-cir-

5 NORhfAI, SISXVICJZCONJ)lIIONS

Voltage

4.2 J<ated Open-Circuit

4.6 The permissible tolerance

cuit voltage shall be +S percent.

in 9.2

6.2 l:rame

and

Enclosures

The welding transformer shall bc 50 niantifrictiIrctl

that it should have the strength and rigidity nc~cssary 1o \vithstancl rough usage. It shall bc provided
\vith a cast or cabincl which sli:ill enclose all 1il.e
metal parts other than ;I Ilcsihlc supply cord or
cahlc and ourput tcrniin:rls.
6.2.1 Where the situation is spccilicd as one in
\\hich ihcrc is possibility of dropping or falling
\\;lIcr cntcring
rhc Iransformcr,
it shall be
prevcntcd by rhe use ofsuitnblc drip-proof covers.

IS 1851: 1997
653.2

6.2.2 The enclosure or the tank, as the case may be,

shall be provided with lifting lugs, earthing terminals and terminal box. In the case of oil-immersed transformers, an oil level indicator and
drain plug shall also be provided.

In the absence of a standard covering synthetic

insulating liquids, the provision of such liquids
shall be a matter ofagreement between thesupplier
and the purchaser.

6.2.3 In case of portable arc welding, the wheels

used shall be either of cast iron, solid rubber tyre of
UHMWPE
(Ultra High Molecular
Weight
Polyethylene).

NOTE changed.

liquids shall not be inter-

6.6.1 Two earthing terminals shall be provided for

two separate and distinct connections to earth of all
metallic parts which are not intended to carry current. Earthing terminals shall be suitably protected
against corrosion and shall be metallically clean.
Earthing terminals shall be indelibly marked with
symbol &.

An arc welding transformer which is not provided

with an attached flexible cord or cable shall have
terminals of a high conductivity non-ferrous metal.
The size of the terminals shall be such as not to
allow overheating when operating at the maximum
continuous hand welding current.
terminals
accidental

Oil and synthetic

6.6 Earthing

6.3 Terminals

6.3.1 The output

shrouded against
contact.

S&thetic liquids

6.7 Protection against Corrosion

shall be suitably
or
inadvertent

All matallic parts and surface of the assembly shall

be suitably protected against corrosion.
7 CAPACI~OR

6.4 Wiring

7.1 A capacitor may be used to improve the power

factor to approximately 0.8 lagging at 50 percent of
the maximum continuous hand weldingcurrcnt and
the corresponding load voltage (see Table 1).

The wireway shall be smooth and entirely free from

sharp edges, burrs, fins, moving parts, etc which
might cause abrasion of the insulation on conductors. The hole in the sheet-metal wall through
which insulated wires pass or are intended to pass
shall be provided with a smoothly rounded bushing
or shall have a smooth, well-rounded surface upon
which the wires may rest. All joints and connections
shall be mechanically secured and shall provide
adequate and reliable electrical contact without
strain on any connection or terminal.

7.2 The capacitor, if provided as part of an arc

welding transformer, shall conform to IS 2834 :
19%.
7.3 The capacitor shall be so connected that it is
switched off with the transformer.
8 CONlXOI, AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES
8.1 If a switch, controller or circuit-breaker is
employed in an arc welding transformer, it shall be
suitable for the particular application and shall
conform to the relevant Indian Standard(s).

6.4.1 Portable welding transformer

should be
provided with gripping glands for incoming cables
to avoid damage to terminals caused by strain. A
poratable transformer weighing above 50 kg shall
be provided with wheels.

8.2 Contacts of all regulating taps, if

shall be such as to make positive contact
moving and stationary contacts. Visual
shall be provided to indicate the current
each tap or setting on the output side.

6.5 The insulating parts of the arc welding transformer and bases or supports for the mounting of
uninsulated live metal parts shall be made of substantially non-hygroscopic materials which arc not
affected by the temperature to which they may be
subjected under conditions of actual use.

provided,
between
indicator
output at

9 IERFOR~NCE

6.5.2 The coils shall be suitably treated to exclude

mositure.

9.1 The arc welding transformer shall be capable

of operating continuously at maximum continuous
hand welding current at the specified duty cycle
without overheating. The relation between the
weldingloadvoltageandweldingcurrentwithin
the
range of the welding transformer shall be in accordance with Table 1.

6.5.3 Liquids

9.2 Method
Graduations

6.5.1 Natural rubber, wood, hot moulded shellac

and tar compositions shall not be used for the
construction of bases or supports for mounting of
uninsulated live parts.

of Calibration

and Accuracy

of

The relation between the welding load voltage and

the welding current within the range of the welding

6.5.3.1 Mineral oils shall comply with IS 335 : 1993.

IS 1851: 1997

W Type of cooling;
m) Total weight;
1 Class of insulation;

power source shall be in accordance with Table 1.

The accuracy of the current calibration should be
+10
_20

percent up to the maximum continuous auto-

P)

matic welding current and & 10 percent for currents

above that.

4)

Table 1 Welding Current and Welding

Load Voltage
(Clauses 7.1,9.1,9.2and 10.1.1)
Welding

Welding

Current
A

Land Voltage
V
26
28
32
36
40
44

1.50
200
300
400
500
600andabove

NOTE-The
above load voltages are based on the formula
U = 20 + 0.041where
Uis the load voltage and lis the load
current, this formula is applicable to welding currents up to
and including 600 A.

9.2.1 The no load primary current of the welding

transformer shall not exceed 2.5 percent of the
maximum continuous hand welding current at the
specified duty cycle (60 percent) of rated output
current of the transformer, when the output terminals are not connected to any external load
without any energy saving device and/or without
any power factor correction capacitors connected
with the welding transformer.
9.2.2 If any welding transformer is provided with
ener&y saving device then the current drawn from
the electric supply source should not exceed 10
percent of the above mentioned no load current.

r)

10.2 BIS Certification Mark

10.2.1 The transformers may also be marked with
the Standard Mark.
10.2.2 The use of the Standard Mark is governed
by the provisions of the Burenu of Indh Srmdmds
Act, 1986 and the rules and regulations made thereunder. The details of conditions under which a
liccnce for the use of the Standard Mark may be
granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standard.
11 TESTS
11.1 Tests shall be made to prove compliance with
all the requirements of this standard.
11.1.1 7jlye Tats
These tests may be made by mutual agreement
between the purchaser and the supplier and if the
records of type test on an arc welding transformer
which in essential details is representative of the
one being purchased are furnished, the purchaser
may accept these as evidence of type test instead
of actual test. Type tests and their sequence shall be
as follows :
Insulation resistance test (see 11.2),
No
load and open-circuit voltage test (see
b)
11.3),
C> Load characteristic test (see 11.4),
d) Short-circuit test (see 11.5),
e) Temperature-rise test (see 11.Q
f> High voltage test (see 11.7) (see Note), and
s) Insulation resistance test (repeated) (see
11.2).

10 MARKING
shall be given on

a) Source of manufacture;
b) Reference to this standard (Ref IS 1851);
C> Manufacturers type or designation and

a>

serial number;

(9 Range of welding current (minimum and

maximum);

e>Maximum
f> Maximum
s)
h)

...... Amperes
For hand welding
...... Amperes, and
For automatic welding
Rated output of the transformer.

10.1.1 The manufacturer

shall also provide a
diagram or table of connections indicating current
output at the voltage regulating and current
regulating tap positions as provided. In the case of
non-tap changing output current regulators, a
calibrated output current indicating device shall be
provided. In all cases the currents indicated shall
comply with requirements of Table 1.

9.2.3 The no load power loss of the welding transformer shall not exceed 3 percent of the kVA at 0.X
power factor.

10.1 The following information

the rating plate :

Country of manufacture; and

A warning worded as follows :
WARNING : Current in excess of the following are for intermittent use only :

continuous hand welding current;

continuous automatic welding

current;
Input (primary) current at rated output;
Input voltage, frequency and number of
phases;

NOTE - The high voltage shall be done only once, if the

manufacturer
had carried out this test at his works. this shall
not be repeated by the testing authority.

j> Open-circuit voltages (range);

4

IS 1851: 1997
11.1.2 Routine Tests

The tests and their sequence shall be as follows :

a) Insulation resistance test (see 11.2),
b) No load and open circuit voltage test (see
11.3),
c) Load characteristic test (see 11.4),
d) Short-circuit test (see LLS),
e) High voltage test (see 11.7), and
f) Insulation resistance test (rcpcatcd) (see
11.2).
11.1.2.1 A certificate of routine tests shall be furnishcd by the manufacturer which shall show that
each of the welding set has been subjected in the
tests spccificd in 11.1.2 and that it complies with the
requirements specified in this standard for these
tests and that each of thcweldingset has been found
to be sound electrically and mechanically and is in
working order in all particulars.
11.2 Insulation Resistance Test
The insulation resistancebeforcand
after highvoltage test shall be not less than two megohms. The
insulation resistance shall be measured with dc
voltage of about 500 V applied for a sufficient time
for the reading of the indicator to become parctitally steady, such voltage being taken from an indcpendent source or gencratcd in the measuring
instruments.
1L.3 No Load and Open-Circuit Voltage Test

With the input sidiz connected to thesupplyvolrage

and output side open-circuited, the open-circuit
voltage and no load current chall be measured.
11.4 Lo:ld Characteristic

Test

The transformer shall be connected to the rated

input voltage. The output terminals shall hc connected to a variable resistive load. On each setting,
the load current shall be within the limits specified
in 9.2 corresponding to the load voltages given
thereunder.

Ll.6.1.2 Test shallbe made using the input winding

tap corresponding to the voltage being applied.
LL.6.1.3 Welding transformers suitable for
welding shall be tested for temperature-rise
Annex A) at a current equal to the maximum
tinuous hand welding current and at the duty
equal to 60 percent in a duration of 5 min.

Steady short-circuit current at any setting within

the specified range shall be not more than 200
percent of the welding current corresponding to
this setting. Under short-circuit condition the voltage between terminals shall not exceed 3 V.

Test

1L.6.1 Test Co&itiolzs

11.6.1.1 The load should be a non-inductive rcsistance at the appropriate load voltage. A tolerance

hand
(see
concycle

11.6.1.4 bclding transformers suitable for both

semi-automatic and automatic welding shall be
tested for temperature-iise (see Annex A) at a current equal to the maximum continuous automatic
welding current and at a duty cycle equal to 100
pcrcen t.
11.6.1.5 The temperature-rise shall continue until
steady maximum temperature is obtained. If the
tcmpcrature-rise does not vary by more than 2C
per hour it is considered that steady temperalure
has been nchicvcd.
11.6.2 The temperature-rise
limit spccificd in Table 7.

shall not cxcecd the

For tran~formcrs designed ior operation at an altitude greater than 1 000 m, but tcstcd at normal
altitudes, the. limits of tcmpcrature-rise given in
Table 2 are rcduccd 1~)the followmg amounts for
each SO0 m by which the intcndcd Lvorking altitude
cscccds 1 000 m.
a) Oil-immersed,
natural
2.0 percent
air-cooled transformers
natural
2.5 perccn t
b) Dry-type,
air-cooled transformers
c) Oil-immersed,
forced
3.0 percent
air-cooled transformers
forced
5.0 percent
d) Dry-type,
air-cooled transformers
NWJC - Thcsc reductmns
not ~tpplical~le to \\'illCr cooled

11.5 Short-Circuit Test

LL.6 Temperature-Rise

2 10 percent should be allowed on the value of this

load voltage.

in temperature-rise
translormers.

litnil:< are

11.7 Supplementary Iligh Voltage Test

The transformer windings shall be capable of

withstanding, without breakdown, the high vollage
test.
11.7.1 The high voltage test shall be applied once
and to a new machine only. It shall be carried out
at the manufacturcrsworks at the conclusion of the
temperature-rise test, if conducted.
NOTE - Prtrtecrivc
slwll he discnnncctcd

or lllter devices. or cnpaators

or slwrl-circuitsd
<ISdesired.

or fans

IS 1851: 1997
TaWe 2 Limits of Permissible Temperature-Rise
(Clcluses 11.6.2, 11.6.3 nrd A-1.2.3)
Sl

Class A
Insulation

Part

NO.
m

ii)
iii)

ClllSS 17
Insolation
?--?

Class II
1nsol:~lion
-T

(3)

(9

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(JOI

(11)

(12)

Windings

55

60

65

75

70

80

85

100

105

125

Oil

jo_-

(1)
0

-T

ClilSS II
Insulnlion
+T
R

Clnru E
InsuIalion

(2)

Insulated parts
including cores not in
contact with insulated
windings.

The tcnipcrature-rise
shall in no case reach such a value that there is risk of injuly to any
insulating material on adjacent parts or to thewclding
plant in any respect.

T = by thermometer
R = by resistance
NOTES
!
1 Thenumericalvaluesquotcd
forclasses Fand Hshould beconsidered
experience is avaiable. If class C insulation is used, the temperature-rise
and the supplier.
2 For details of classes of insulation

(xc IS 1271

as tentativeonlyand
shall be a matter

may
bereviscd when more practical
of agreement
between the purchaser

: 1965).

winding in turn, between thewinding under test and

the remaining windings, core, frame and tank or
casing of the lransformer. connecled togcrher and
to earth.

11.7.2 The test shall he made with a single-phase

alternating voltage as nearly as possible of sinewave form and of any convenient frequency between JO and 60 Hz.

11.7.5 The test shall be connected at a volrage not

gcaler than one-third of the test value, and shall be
increased to the specified value as rapidly as is
consistentwithits magnitudebeing indicated by the
measuring instrument. At the end of the test the
voltage shall hc reduced rapidly to less rhan onethird of its full value before switching off.

11.7.3 Therms or peak value oft he applied voltage

shall be measured. The rms value shall bc 2 000
volts.
11.7.4 The appropriate voltage, obtained from a
separate source, shall be applied for 60 s to cnch

IS 1851: 1997

ANNEX

(Ckwses 11.6.1.3ami 11.6.1.4)

TEMPERATURE

MEASUREMENTS
accessible surfaces) of transformer during the test
period.

A-l METIIODS
A-l.1 %o methods of measuring temperature
recognized, namely :
a)

Resistance method, and

b)

Thermometer

are

A-1.3.1 The term thermometermeans mercury or

alcohol bulb thermomter. In measuring temperature, thermocouples or resistance thermometers
maybe substituted for liquid-in glass thermometers
provided such instruments were inserted in narrow
interstices which would be accessible to the bulb of
normal thermometer
not less than 5 mm in
diameter.

method.

A-l.2 Resistance.Method
In this method, the temperature-rise of the winding
shall be determined by the increase in the resistance
of the windings. However, if desired, a check may
be made by thermometers applied to the accessible
surfaces of the windings and the temperature-rise
thus determined shall not exceed the permissible
limit specified for the resistance method.

A-1.3.2 The bulb of the thermometer, except at the

point of contact, shall be covered with a pad of felt,
cotton wool or other non-conducting material
3 mm thick extending at lcast 20 mm in every direction from the bulb and pressed into contact with the
surfaces to which this is applied, to prevent loss of
heat by radiation and convection from the bulb.

A-1.2.1 The temperature

of the windings as
measured by thermometer before commencing the
test shall not differ from that of the ambient. The
initial resistance and initial temperature of the
windings shall be measured at the same time.

A-2 PRECAUTIONS
TO BE OBSERVED
MAKING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

A-2.1 Special care should bc taken when measuring the temperature of windings by this method to
ensure that apparatus and method of adequate
accuracy are used.

A-1.2.2 Since the resistance over the range of

tempcraturc referred to in this standard varies in
direct proportion to the temperature above a particular value, the hot temperature is obtained from
the following equation:
t-, = (RdRl)

A-2.2 To determine temperatures of the windings

when hot an accurate measurement of resistance
and associated temperature should be taken when
the windings are cold.

(tl+X) - X

where
t2 = temperature

of windings (hot) in C,
R2 = resistance of winding (hot),
RI = resistance of winding (cold),
tl = temperature of windings (cold) in %Z,
and
X = 234.5 for copper and 229.8 for
aluminium.
IVO?t:- The valttc of 229.8 for aluminium is based on 3141 I
condit!nns
and conductivity
Ai~caled Copper Standard.
thts mxy have to he altered.

A-3 hIEASUREbIENT
TEMIISRATURE

OF AMBIENT

A-3.1 In general, the temperature of the ambient

shall be measured by means of scvcral thermomctcrs placed at diffcrcnt points around and
I) The tcrmaccessible suriaces IS intended 10 convey lhal the
established limits of temperature-rise
of windings measured hy
thermometer
are based on the use of thermometers
placed on
the external surface of the wtndings or iron cores with which the
windings may be in contact. The nieasurcmcnts
arc not intended
to cover readings which might be obtained by inserting thermometers into narrow interstices between cod. or between iiisulating flanges and coils. In such locations the temperature
may
be htghcr and allowance is made for this in fking the permissible
t~mpcr;ltur~-rises
measured at the butface.

of 60.6 percent International

If the conductivity
is different,

.4-l .2,3 If the variation of resistance method is not

applicable (for example, in the case of a low rcsislance winding where the resistance of the joints and
connections constitute a considerable part of the
total resistance) as far as possible use is made of
thermometer set up during the test on the external
face of the windings and the tcmpcrature-rise limit
given in Table 2 is retained.
A-l .3 Thermometer

IN

lhc fact that the type of construction

rcndcrs a winding difficult
of access II, not to be taken as permission 10 operate such windtngs at higher trmpcratures
than arc allowed on those windings
or portions of windingson which the temperature
can he more
easily placcJ.and the standard limits of temperature-rise
should
not lx exceeded on anywinding surface. If a reasonable proposition of the windings
is readily acccssiblc
to thermometer,
telnperature-riscshottld
bcdctcrmined
by a thermometer
placed
on these portions of the windings.

Method

When using this method, the tcmpcrature shall bc

measured by thermome;c:s applied to the hottest
7

1s 1x51: 1997
halfway up the transformer and at a distance of 1 to
2 m away from it. These thermometers shall be so
placed as to indicate the temperature ofthe current
of air llowing towards the transformer and shall bc
protcctcd from heat radiation and stray draughts.
A-3.2. Where temperature tests arc carried out
under such conditions that parts of a transformer
are in a position in which vcnlilation may bc impeded, for example, in a pit, the temperature, in
such a restricted area shall bc deemed to be the
ambient temperature.
A-3.3 If the air is admitted into the transformer
through a definite inlet opening or openings, the
tcmpcrature of the ambient shall be measured by
means of thcrmometcrs placed in the current of
incoming air near the place it enters the transformer.
A-3.4 Thevalue to beadoptcd for the temperature
of the ambient during the tcmperaturc-rise test
shall be the nvcragc of the reading of lhc thcrmomcters mcntioncd above, taken at the beginning
and the end of the last half an hour of the test.

A-3.5 To avoid errors due to the time lag between

the tcmpcraturcs of a large transformer and the
aeration in the temperatures of the ambient, all
reasonable precautions shall be taken to reduce
those variations and thcerrors arising from them.
A-4 TIME: Al \VIIICJI IXRIIERAHJRE ARE
10 HE IAKl<N
A-4.1 The tempcratureoftransformer
shall,whcncvcr possible. bc taken during working as well as
after shutting off the transformers. The highest
tcmperalurc thus obtained shall be adopted. When
successive
measurements
show increasing
tcmpcrature after shut-down, the highest value
shall be taken.

A-5.1 The temperature-rise shall be the difference

measured
bctwccn
the highest temperature
under A-4 and the mean temperature measures
under A-3.

lh~reau

o~.Indian Standards

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Review of Indian Standards

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revicwcd periodically; a standard along with amendments is rcaffirmcd when such review indicates that
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of Indian Standards should ascertain that they arc in possession of the latest amendments or cdilion by
referring to the latest issue of BE Handbook and Standards: Monthly Additions.
This Indian Standard has b&n dovclopcd from Dot : No. ETD 21 ( 3694 ).
f

Amendments

Issued Since Publication

Date of Issue

Amend No.

BUREAU

Text Affected

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