BETA 1313

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC &

ELECTRONICS
NAME: SUZIANA BINTI AHMAD
ROOM: FTK building / 1st Floor
PHONE: 06 2346585/ 019-6994023
E-MAIL: suziana@utem.edu.my

Lightning- The Ultimate Power From The

Almighty (Extreme Voltage & Current)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Electricity & Electronics
Electric energy sources, Electrical system, Electric
charge, Movement of electrons and current,
EMF and potential difference, Electrical units,
Electrical measurement instrument,
Symbols of electrical source and components,
Electrical simple connections and applications.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Electricity & Electronics

Electric energy sources, Electrical system, Electric
charge, Movement of electrons and current,
EMF and potential difference, Electrical units,
Electrical measurement instrument,
Symbols of electrical source and components,
Electrical simple connections and applications.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP : The beautiful of

electricity..but

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY &
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Electrical system
Chapter 1

ELECTRICITY SOURCES

Transmission Line

Chapter 1

Control Room

Chapter 1

Substation (Step up/ Step down)

Chapter 1

Load

Horizontal centrifugal electric water pump

Chapter 1

10

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Electric circuit an interconnection of electrical elements.
Basic electrical system consists of 4 elements:
Source - Provide electrical energy to electrical system (i.e DC
or AC source). Can be obtain from battery, generator or
socket outlet.
Transmission system - Conduct and transfer electrical energy
from source to load (i.e insulated wire)
Control - Control the flow of electrical energy (i.e switch).
Permits the energy to flow or else interrupts the flow.
Load - Absorb the electrical energy and perform a given
task/purpose/work. Most domestic electrical equipment
constitutes loads (i.e motor)

Chapter 1

11

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example: Simple System

Torch Light system

Chapter 1

12

Electric Charge

Chapter 1

13

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

All matter of substance is made up of molecules.

Molecules the smallest division of a substance
that could be made without destroying the
identity or properties of the substance.
Atoms the smallest particle of an element that
retains the characteristics of that element.
Most molecules is made up of multiple atoms.
Example:
A molecule of hydrogen gas is a combination of
two hydrogen atoms
Chapter 1

14

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

a molecule of water is a
combination of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom.

Hydrogen gas molecule

Water molecule
Chapter 1

15

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

Atoms is made of three basic particles:

Chapter 1

16

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

Normally, atoms in balance or neutral condition
(# of protons = # of electrons).
Some atoms hold their electrons loosely especially electron that is
located at valence shell (outermost shell).
Easy to loose electron if there is force
The loose electrons (free electron) can be transferred into another
atoms.

When an electron escapes from the atom becomes positive ion

When atom acquire an electron becomes negative ion.
Chapter 1

17

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

A substance/materials that excess of electrons (negative ion) is
said to have negative charge.
Materials with deficiency of electrons (positive ion) is said to
have positive charge.
Electrical charge an electrical property of matter that exists
because of an excess or defiency of electrons.
Charges can be measured in coulomb
1 Coulomb (C) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
1 electron
= 1.602 x 10 -19 C
Materials with charges of opposite polarity attracted.
Materials with charges of same polarity are repelled.
Chapter 1

18

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

The force that attract or repel is called electric field.

For opposite polarity of chargers, a certain amount of
energy must be applied to overcome the attraction
force in order to move the opposite charges a distance
apart.
The separation will create a potential energy between
the chargers.
The difference in potential energy per charge is called
the potential difference or voltage.
Chapter 1

19

ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

Three categories of materials are used in electronics:
Conductor a material that allows the free movement of
many electrons. Good conductor of electricity. Example:
copper, iron, silver
Insulator a material that have no free electrons in their
structure. Example: rubber, glass
Semiconductors elements that are neither true conductors
nor insulators in their ability to permit electrons to flow.
Also can be a basis for electronic devices such as diode,
transistor.
Chapter 1

20

VOLTAGE
To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction
requires some work or energy transfer.
This work can be performed by an external force or called as
electromotive force (emf).
This emf also known as potential difference or voltage.
Voltage (V) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).
Voltage is a measurement of potential between two points.

Chapter 1

21

VOLTAGE contd.

Vab : voltage between point a and b

It is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit
charge from a to b.

plus (+) and minus (-) signs voltage polarity or

reference direction.
Chapter 1

22

VOLTAGE contd.
Voltage (V) is defined as energy/work per unit charge
V = W/Q
where V is voltage in volts(V), W is energy in joules (J) and Q
is charge in coulombs (C).
A voltage source is an that provides electrical energy or
voltage.
Two types of voltage sources:
dc voltage a constant voltage with time. i.e. battery.
ac voltage a voltage that varies sinusoidally with time.
i.e. electric generator, socket outlet.
Chapter 1

23

Current
Voltage provides energy to electron, allowing them to move
through a circuit.
This movement of electrons is the current, which result in work
being done in an electrical circuit.
Consider the following:

negative charges move from the negative terminal of battery

towards the positive terminal.
Chapter 1

24

CURRENT contd.
Flow of current in metallic conductors is due to movement of
electrons.
However, it is universally accepted that current is the net flow of
positive charges.
There are two accepted conventions for the direction of electrical
current:
1. Electron flow direction current is out of the negative
terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.
2. Conventional current direction current is out of the
positive terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and
into the negative terminal of the source.
The conventional current direction is used.
Chapter 1

25

CURRENT contd.
Electric current the time rate of change of charge, measured
in amperes (A).
I=Q/t
where I is current in amperes(A), Q is charge in coulombs (C)
and t is time in seconds.
Generally, have two types of current:
direct current (dc) a current that remains constant with
time.
alternating current (ac) a current that varies sinusoidally
with time.

Chapter 1

26

POWER & ENERGY

Power a certain amount of energy (W) used in a certain
length of time (t),
Denoted by P.

W
P=
t
where

Chapter 1

P
W
t
V
I

P = VI

= power in watts (W)

= energy in joules (J)
= time in seconds (s)
= voltage in volts (V)
= current in amperes (A)
27

POWER & ENERGY contd.

In electric circuit, power can either be absorbed or
supplied by an element the product of voltage across
the element and current through it.

P = VI
Positive power power is absorb by the element.

P = +VI
Negative power power is supplied by the element.

P = VI
How to identify positive and negative power? Based on
the direction of current flow and voltage polarity.
Chapter 1

28

POWER & ENERGY contd.

Note: focus on the direction

of current entering an
element. If enter at:
+ve terminal power
absorbed
-ve terminal power
supplied

Chapter 1

29

POWER & ENERGY contd.

Law of conservation of energy energy cannot be
created or destroyed, but can change its form.
Therefore, the algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any
instant of time, must be zero.

P = 0
This image cannot currently be display ed.

The total power supplied to the circuit must equal to the

total power absorbed.

supplied

Chapter 1

= Pabsorbed
30

POWER & ENERGY contd.

Energy the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
t

t0

t0

w = p dt = vi dt

Chapter 1

31

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Element basic building block of a circuit or electrical
components of an electrical circuit.
Electric circuit
elements.

an

interconnection

of

electrical

Circuit analysis process of determining voltages across

(or the currents through) the elements of the circuit.
Two types of elements in electrical circuits:
Active elements
Passive elements

Chapter 1

32

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

Active elements elements capable of

generating electrical energy i.e. voltage source
& current source.
Passive elements elements not capable of
generating electrical energy i.e. resistor,
capacitor and inductors.
Voltage & current source deliver power to the
electrical circuit.
Two kinds of sources:
Independent sources.
Dependent sources.
Chapter 1

33

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

Ideal independent source an active

elements that provides a specified voltage
or current that is completely independent
of other circuit elements.

Chapter 1

34

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

Ideal dependent (or controlled) source an active
element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

Four types of dependent source:

A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)

A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
A current-controlled current source (CCCS)

Chapter 1

35

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.

Consider the following:

The CCVS is depends on i.

Value = 10i V

Chapter 1

36

SYSTEMS OF UNITS
Basic SI (International System of Units) units:

Chapter 1

Quantity

Unit

Symbol

Charge (q)

coulomb

Energy (E)

joule

Power (P)

watt

Voltage (V)

volt

Current (I)

ampere

Resistance (R)

ohm

Induction (L)

Henry

Capacitance (C)

farad

F
37

SYSTEMS OF UNITS contd.

The SI prefixes:

Chapter 1

Power of 10

Prefix

Symbol

+18

Exa

+15

Peta

+12

Tera

+9

Giga

+6

mega

+3

kilo

+2

hecto

+1

deka

-1

deci

-2

centi

-3

milli

-6

micro

-9

nano

- 12

pico

- 15

femto

- 18

atto

38

NODES, BRANCHES & LOOPS

Branch represents a single elements such as voltage
source or a resistor.
10 V voltage source, 2 A current source and three resistors

Named the branches? Number of branches?

There are 5 branches.

5 branches. There are the 10 V voltage source, 2 A current source

and three resistors.

Chapter 1

39

NODES, BRANCHES & LOOPS contd.

Node a point of connection between two or more
branches.

Chapter 1

40

NODES, BRANCHES & LOOPS contd.

Indicated by a dot.
A node where the point of connection between three or
more branches is called essential node.

Chapter 1

41

NODES, BRANCHES & LOOPS contd.

Chapter 1

42

NODES, BRANCHES & LOOPS contd.

Loop any closed path in a circuit.
A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node,
passing through a set of nodes and returning to the
starting node without passing through any node more
than once.

Chapter 1

43

BASIC CONNECTIONS
Two types of connections:
Series
Parallel
Series connection two elements are joint at a node and no
other element is connected to that node.
Elements in series carry the same current.

Chapter 1

44

BASIC CONNECTIONS contd.

The series connection are:

A&B
D, E & F

Chapter 1

45

BASIC CONNECTIONS contd.

Parallel elements that are connected to the

same pair of terminals.
Elements in parallel have the same voltage
across them

Chapter 1

46

BASIC CONNECTIONS contd.

Parallel connections:
C &D
G, H & J
Series connection A & B

Chapter 1

47

EXAMPLE 1

Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by each

element of the above figure.
Chapter 1

48

EXAMPLE 1 contd.

p1 = 20(5) = 100 W
Since the current leaves the positive terminal thus,
p1 = -100 W

p2 = 12(5) = 60 W
The current enters the positive terminal

p3 = 8(6) = 48 W
The current enters the positive terminal

p4 = 8(0.2I) = 8(0.2 x 5) = 8 W
Since the current leaves the positive terminal thus,
p4 = -8W
Chapter 1

49

EXAMPLE 1 contd.

Algebraic sum of power in the circuit

p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 = -100 + 60 + 48 8 = 0

Chapter 1

50

EXAMPLE 2

Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by each

element of the above figure.
Chapter 1

51

EXAMPLE 2 contd.

p1 = -40 W
p2 = 16 W
p3 = 9 W
p4 = 15 W

p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 = -40 + 16 + 9 15 = 0

Chapter 1

52

EXAMPLE 3

Determine the number of branches and

nodes. Identify which elements are in series
and parallel.
Chapter 1

53

EXAMPLE 3 contd.

Since there are 4 elements, the circuit has 4 branches:

10 V, 5 , 6 and 2 A.
Has 3 nodes.
Series connection: 5 resistor with 10 V voltage
source.
Parallel connection: 6 resistor with 2 A current
source.
Chapter 1

54

EXAMPLE 4

Determine the number of branches and nodes.

Identify which elements are in series and parallel.

Chapter 1

55

EXAMPLE 4 contd.

Since there are 5 elements, the circuit has 5

branches
Has 3 nodes.
Parallel connection:
1 & 2 resistors.
4 resistor with 10 V source.
Chapter 1

56

RECALL
Dc current that remains constant with
time.
Dc voltage voltage that remains constant
with time.
Ac current that varies sinusoidally with
time.
Ac voltage voltage that varies
sinusoidally with time.
Chapter 1

57