AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

HUMAN SETTLEMENT
ASSIGNMENT IV
PROGRAM B.ARCH
BATCH 2013 - 2018

MADE BY :ANKITA GOEL

A1904013152
SECTION- C

Q1. Explain the following theories

A) Concentric City
B) Sectorial city
C) Multi Nucleated City
Answer: Three key theories

E.W. BurgessConcentric Zone

HoytSector Model
Harris and UllmanMultiple Nuclei

A) Concentric Zone Theories

Explained by E.W. Burgess (1925)
Cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of rings.
Correlation between the distance from the CBD and the wealth
of the inhabited area; wealthier families tended to live much
further away from the Central Business District
Burgess's work is based on the bid rent curve.
Five Concentric Zones

Central Business Distric

Transition and Industry
low incomes, oldest housing, Ghettos
Low Income Residential
Middle Income Residential
Suburban estates- good quality, gardens
High Income Residential / Commuter

Assumptions

Older buildings in city centre

Newer buildings at edge of city
Land values highest in city centre
Strong economic and ethnic segregation
Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre.
Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport

This map shows the footprint of every

building in Chicago color-coded by the
period in which the structure was built, a
pattern of concentric zones is quite
strikingly apparent.

Criticism

It describes the peculiar American geography, where the inner city

is poor while suburbs are wealthy
It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape,
doesnt consider topography and physical feature
Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone
but located far from the city
Doesnt consider Decentralization of shops, manufacturing
industry, and entertainment
Urban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive property
can be found in 'low class' housing areas
It does not address local urban politics and forces of globalization
The model does not fit polycentric cities, for example NCR

B) Hoyt Sector Model

Sectors radiating out from the CBD

Cities would tend to grow in wedge-shaped patterns, or sectors
along transportation routes
Higher levels of access translate to higher land values- For eg. Low
income residential along sub urban rail road, where as
manufacturing activity along highway
In many respects, Hoyt's sector model is simply a concentric zone
model modified to account for the impact of transportation
systems on accessibility.

Criticism

Doesnt consider mixed use development

The growth of a sector can be limited by leapfrog land use
It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape,
doesnt consider topography and physical feature
Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone
but located far from the city
Doesnt consider Decentralization of shops, manufacturing
industry, and entertainment
Urban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive property
can be found in 'low class' housing areas
It does not address local urban politics and forces of globalization
The model does not fit polycentric cities, for example NCR

Multiple Nuclei Model

Explained by Harris and Ullman

(1945)
an urban area grows, it develops
around a number of different
business centres or nuclei
Each nucleus acts as a growth
point
Growth occurs outwards from
each nucleus, until they all
merge into one large urban area
refinement of first two, but
incorporates outlying shopping
Q2. Explain
the theories
by Patrick Geddes?
malls, industrial
areasgiven
and large
residential suburbs
Answer:
Patrick Geddes on planning ideals :
developed only with the use of
Our whole life is governed by ideals, good and bad, whether we
know it or not. North, south, east and west are only ideals of
direction: you will never absolutely get there; yet you can never
get anywhere, save indeed straight down into a hole, without
them. Patrick Geddes.
Planning Philosophies
HE HAD THE CONCEPT OF SURVEY BEFORE THE PLAN

The concept of Place, Work and Folk Diagnostic Survey and

Conservative Surgery
The Outlook Tower and Public Participation in planning
Section Principles
Classification of settlements and emphasis of regional planning of
view in planning.

The Concept of Place, Work and

Folk
1. Termed as Geddesian Trad
2. An outcome of Geddes visit to
India in 1915
3. There should be a relationship
between the three fundamentalsPlace, Work
and Folk otherwise the whole
Diagnostic Survey & Conservative Surgery

Diagnostic Survey: City Planning must constantly keep in view the

whole city old and new alike in all its aspects and at all its levels and
then the problem of city planning is to improve the situation by turning
its difficulties into opportunities. Town Planning and City Design are not
a new science but the recovery of the life and thought that is related to
our civilization.
Conservative Surgery: It is more or less a renewal process than a
removal from places. It brings out different and encouraging results
with a far less financial outlay. It demands long and patient study. While
preparing general design for the improvement of areas it may be done
with or without reference to the old town but should be either regular
and formal or individual and informal and the latter is to be encouraged
especially for old towns. e.g. Madurai and Balrampur.

The Valley Section Principles

1. The geographical features, the contour and relief are
associated with the primitive occupation of man.
2. Accordingly the miner, the woodman, and hunter on the
heights, the shepherd on the grassy slopes, the poor
peasant on the lower slopes, the rich peasant on the
plain and finally the fisherman at sea coast.
3. They are not only controlled geographically but also
conditioned by their environment and occupation which
is manifested in their settlements.
4. The violation of these principles will not only result in
daily economic waste but also end in aesthetic ruin.

The Outlook Tower and Public Participation in Planning

1. A tall old building high on the ridge of old Edinburgh
overlooking the city and the surrounding regions.
2. The topmost storey allotted for visitors and artists and
children to have a broader outlook of the city and acted
as an open air gallery.

3. The storeys below allotted for sciences starting from

Geography, Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology, Botany,
Zoology, Anthropology, History, Economics and so on.
4. The storeys further below having city maps, survey data
pertaining to the place continued till the ground floor
which consisted exhibition on the oriental civilization and
general study of man.
CONURBATIONS THEORY
The term "conurbation" was coined in 1915 by Patrick
Geddes in his book Cities In Evolution.
Internationally, the term "urban agglomeration" is often
used to convey a similar meaning to "conurbation".
He drew attention to the ability of the (then) new
technology of electric power and motorised transport to
allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and
gave as examples "Midland ton" in England, the Ruhr in
Germany, Ramstad in the Netherlands, New YorkBoston in the United States, the Greater Tokyo Area and
Taiheiy Belt in Japan and NCR of Delhi in India.
A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities,
large towns, and other urban areas that,
through population growth and physical expansion, have
merged to form one continuous urban and industrially
developed area.
In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban
agglomeration, in which transportation has developed to
link areas to create a single urban labour
market or travel to work area.
The term is used in North America, a metropolitan area
can be defined by the Census Bureau or it may consist of
Theawaves
of population
inflow
to suburbs,
large
NEW YORK
central
city and
its
while
a conurbation
cities, followed by overcrowding and slum
consists
of adjacent
metropolitan
that
areof the New
The areas
expansive
concept
formation,
and then
the wave backflow

metropolitan area (the Tri-State

with one
another by York
urbanization.
the connected
whole process resulting
in amorphous
sprawl, waste and unnecessary
Examples
obsolescence.

Region) centred on New York City,

including 30 counties spread
between New York State, New
Jersey, Connecticut,
and Pennsylvania.

CONSTELLATION THEORY

The map, prominent cities in Maharashtra are shown

to be connected forming a CONSTELLATION shape.
This CONSTELLATION THEORY was also coined by Sir
Patrick Geddes , 4 or more cities, which are not
economically, politically, socially equal come
together in developing a whole region
This theory is mostly used for administrative
purpose in all countries worldwide.
Such theory is most prominently used because
planning cities in a particular shape pattern is not
possible in Todays times.