Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
CE451A
GEOSYNTHETICS
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilised Wall
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilised Wall
CE451A
Geosynthetics
Geosynthetics
Whataregeosynthetics?
Geosyntheticsarehumanmadematerialsmadefromvarioustypesof
polymersusedtoenhance,augmentandmakepossiblecosteffective
environmental,transportationandgeotechnicalengineering
constructionprojects.
Whywouldwewanttousethem?
Howshouldweusethem?
CE451A
Seperation
Filtration
Separation
Drainage
Reinforcement
Containment
Drainage
Protection
Filtration
Geomembrane tension
Reflection cracking
Containment
Drainage
Filtration
Separation
Reinforcement
Combinationof
above
New challenges ! !
Siteconstraints
Tighttimeschedule
Max.usageoflocallyavailable
resources
Leastenvironmentimpact
Least environment impact
Longtermperformance
Highcosteffectiveratio
Theuseofgeosyntheticmaterialshastwoaims:
1) Todothejobbetter(nodeteriorationofmaterialorexcessiveleakage)
2) Todothejobmoreeconomically(eitherthroughlowerinitialcostor
In Subsurface Drainage:
Subgrade dewatering,
Road base drainage,
Structure drainage.
throughdurabilityandlongerlife,thusreducingmaintenancecosts)
Geosynthetics
Geosynthetics
How to emphasize
the reinforcement
effect?
Separation
Prior to Geosynthetics
External
a) base sliding
b) overturning
c) bearing capacity
(excessive settlement)
d) pullout
e) tensile over-stress
g) connection
failure
Internal
f) internal sliding
Facing
Material bowl
and vibrator
charge
Insertion of
vibrator with
geogrid
Pull-out of
Column is
vibrator,
completed
adding material
and compaction
Membrane effect
350mm
220mm
1.2m thick URSB having
overburden pressure
equivalent of landfill cover
systems
Geosynthetics
Chemicallylinkedlargemoleculesofcarbonatoms
withhydrogenorotheratomsattached
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Polyester
Polyamide
Polystyrene
PolyVinylChloride
Geotextiles
Geotextilesareflexible,textilelikefabricsofcontrolledpermeability
usedtoprovidefiltration,separationorreinforcementinsoil,rockand
wastematerials
CHARACTERISTICS
CanbeusedforSeparation,
Reinforcement Filtration Drainage
Reinforcement,Filtration,Drainage.
Porousandallowflowofwaterthroughit.
Composedofpolymerslikepolypropylene,
highdensitypolyethylene,polyester
Theymaybeeitherwovenornonwoven
WovenGeotextiles
NonwovenGeotextiles
PP/Polyester/PEGeosynthetics MostwidelyusedacrosstheGlobe(more
than95percent)
Geotextiles
Coir Geotextiles
Geotextiles
Samples
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geotextile-GSI.JPG
CE451A : Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur
Geomembranes
Geomembranesareverylowpermeabilitysyntheticpolymericsheets
usedasmembranelinerorbarrierforliquidorsolidwastecontainment
systems
CHARACTERISTICS
Canbeusedforwastecontainment.
Relativelyimpermeable(1x1012 to1x1015
m/s)whencomparedtoclayeysoil.
Composedofpolymericmaterialslike
HDPE,LDPE,VFPE,PVC,PP
Availableinsmoothandtexturedsurfaces.
Thesesheetsareprefabricatedinfactory
andtransportedtothejobsite,where
placementandfieldseamingare
performedtohavecompleteisolation
GCL
samples
Geogrids
Geogridsareplanarstructureformedbyaregularnetworkoftensile
elementswithaperturesofsufficientsizetoallowinterlockingwith
surroundingsoil
CHARACTERISTICS
Canbeusedforreinforcement.
Geogrids areformedeitherstretchedin
are formed either stretched in
one(uniaxial geogrids)ortwodirections
(biaxialgeogrids)forimprovedphysical
propertiesormadeonweavingmachinery
byuniquemethods.
Ithashighdimensionalstabilityandhigh
tensilemodulusatverylowelongation.
Basicloadtransferoccursintheformof
passiveearthpressureontransverse
elementofgeogridandinterlockingof
grainparticlesingeogrids.
Uniaxialgeogrid Biaxialgeogrid
10
Geocells
Geocellsarethreedimensional,expandablepanelsmadefromHDPEor
polyesterstripsusedforcellularconfinementsystems.
CHARACTERISTICS
Canbeusedfortensilereinforcementand
shearresistancetoincreasethebearing
capacityofsubgradeandcoversoil.
it f b d
d
il
Comprisesofhighstrengthplasticnetwork
(3D)withsoilfilledwithinthecell.
Internalcellstransformintoreinforcement
andconfinedsoilbuildscompression
insidethestructure.
Cellularconfinementsystemsimprovethe
structuralandfunctionalbehaviourofsoil
infillmaterials
Reuseable/Recyclable
Geonets
Geonetsareplanarstructureconsistingofintegrallyconnectedparallel
setsofribsoverlyingsimilarsetsatvariousanglesforplanardrainageof
liquidsorgases.
CHARACTERISTICS
Canbeusedforinplanedrainage.
Availableinbiplanerandtriplanar
Available in bi planer and tri planar
geonets.Triplanargeonets resistsvertical
compressionunderloadandallowlarger
inplaneflow.
Becauseofitsopenstructure,itmustbe
protectedfrombecomingcloggingbysoil
oradjacentmaterials.
Hence,inmostcasesitmustbeusedalong
withgeotextiles whichformsgeo
composites.
Geonet samples
11
Geopipe
Geopipesarepolymericbasedgeosyntheticmaterialconsistingof
flexibleplasticpipeswhichareplacedbeneaththegroundsurfaceand
subsequentlybackfilled.
CHARACTERISTICS
Canbeusedforundergroundpipeline
transmission of water gas oil and various
transmissionofwater,gas,oilandvarious
otherliquid.
ItmaybemadeofPVC,HDPE,PP,
CelluloseAcetateBuytrate.
Itcanbesolidwallorcorrugated.
Mainlyusedinleachate collectionsystem
tofacilitatecollectionandrapiddrainage
oftheleachate totheremovalsystem.
InBioreactorlandfillsitcanbeusedto
transportandredistributeofleachate
Geocomposite
Geocompositesrepresentsasubsetofgeosyntheticswherebythebest
featuresofdifferentgeosyntheticmaterialsarecombinedtosolvethe
specificproblemintheoptimalmanner.
CHARACTERISTICS
Canbeusedforenhancedperformancein
separation reinforcement filtration
separation,reinforcement,filtration,
drainageandcontainment.
Geotextilegeonet composites:improved
drainage,separationandfiltration
Geotextilegeomembrane composites:
enhanceresistancetopunctureandtear
Geotextilegeogridcomposites:enhance
drainageandmechanicalstrength
Geomembranegeogridcomposites:same
polymerenhancedstrengthandfriction
12
Nonwoven
geotextiles
+ * +
Woven
Geotextiles
* +
Geogrids
Geomembranes
b
Geocells
+
+
Geocomposite
Cover system
Side lining
system
Hydraulic barrier /
can be replaced
with geomembrane
or GCL
geopipe
g
pp
Base lining
system
Geopipe
S - Separation
D -Drainage
F - Filtration
R - Reinforcement
B - Barrier
P - Protection
P t ti
GCL
Geonet
+
+
+
* *
+ Main Function
* Secondary
Function
geopipe
Hydraulic barrier /
Geomembrance / GCL
+
*Adopted
Subgrade soil
from Lecture notes on Landfills from Prof. Gourc, LTHE, Grenoble, France
Geomembrane
GCL with
geotextiles
Geocomposite
Geomembrane
Typical Landfill Base-Lining System
CE451A : Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur
13
Cover soil
Geocomposite
Geomembrane
GCL with geotextiles
Needle punch nonwo en geotextiles
woven
Geogrid
Comparison
Component
Soil
GeosyntheticProduct
Drainagelayer
Coarsegrainedsoils
Geonet,Geocomposite
Filter layer
Coarsegrainedsoils
Geotextiles
Hydraulicbarrier
Clay soil
Geomembrane,
GeosyntheticClayLiner
Gastransmission layer
Coarsegrainedsoils
Geotextiles,Geocomposite
Protectionlayer
Finegrainedsoils
Geotextiles,Geogrid
Erosion
Finegrainedsoils
Geogrid,Geonet,Geocell
Overview of Geosynthetics
Geotextiles flexible,textilelikefabricsofcontrolledpermeabilityused
toprovidefiltration,separationorreinforcementinsoil,rockandwaste
materials
Geomembranes essentiallyimpermeablepolymericsheetsusedas
barriersforliquidorsolidwastecontainment
Geogrids
Geogrids stifforflexiblepolymergridlikesheetswithlargeapertures
stiff or flexible polymer gridlike sheets with large apertures
usedprimarilyasreinforcementofunstablesoilandwastemasses
Geonets stiffpolymernetlikesheetswithinplaneopeningsused
primarilyasadrainagematerialwithinlandfillsorinsoilandrockmasses
Geosyntheticclayliners prefabricatedbentoniteclaylayersincorporated
betweengeotextilesand/orgeomembranesandusedasabarrierfor
liquidorsolidwastecontainment
Major Concerns
Majorissuesrelatedtolongtermperformanceofgeosynthetic
productsinwastecontainmentsystemsare:
LifetimeofGeosyntheticproducts
Interfacefriction
D i ti
DesiccationofGCL
f GCL
Waves(orWrinkles)inGMs
WindUplift
SeamsandDetails
ChemicalResistance
BiologicalClogging
QC/QA
Geocomposites hybridsystemsofany,orall,oftheabovegeosynthetic
typestosolvethespecificproblemintheoptimalmanner
14
GM Wrinkles and
desiccation
Wind uplift
Desiccation of GCL
Differential settlement
Geocomposite
Slope failure
Chemical attack
Blowout of GM
15