Non-linear Structural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

ACHISINA
Asociacin Chilena de Sismologa e Ingeniera Antissmica

Anlisis Ssmico de Edificios de Hormign Armado.
Respuesta Dentro del Rango No Lineal
Athol J. Carr
Professor of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering
University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand.
Zealand.
Santiago de Chile, 2 al 6 de junio de 2008

Section 2 Non-linear Stiffness Models
Structural Member Modelling

The stiffness of the structure is obtained by assembling the
stiffness matrices of the individual members that constitute
the structure and its foundation.
For non-linear models there are many choices that are
available to represent the non-linear characteristics.
There is also a large amount of data to provide the postyield properties of the members. This means that the
analyses cannot be carried out until the full design of the
structure has been completed.

The member may be very non-prismatic in its properties, e.g.
for a typical reinforced concrete beam member as shown below.
The section flexural stiffness varies markedly along the length of
the member due to cracking of the concrete and possible yielding
of the steel reinforcement.
Realistic
Section
Properties
When carrying
out an analysis
at least use
properties that
represent the
real structure.
This may
require
different data
sets for the
different limit
states
(from NZ
Concrete Code
NZS 3101:1995)
Realistic Section Properties

Table C3.1 Effective Section Properties [NZS 3101:2005]
Axial Load
Serviceability Limit State

Ultimate
Limit State
Type of Member
= 1.25
=3
=6
1. Beams
N.A.
a) Rectangular beams
0.40 Ig
Ig
0.70 Ig
0.40 Ig
b) T- and L- beams
0.35 Ig
Ig
0.60 Ig
0.35 Ig
> 0.5
0.80 Ig
Ig
0.90 Ig
0.80 Ig
0.2
0.60 Ig
Ig
0.80 Ig
0.60 Ig
-0.05
0.40 Ig
Ig
0.70 Ig
0.40 Ig
0.2
0.45 Ig
Ig
0.70Ig
0.45 Ig
0.0
0.25 Ig
Ig
0.50 Ig
0.25 Ig
-0.1
0.15 Ig
Ig
0.40 Ig
0.15 Ig
2. Columns
3. Walls
Beam-Column Members
The Giberson, two-component or any of the other beam
models may be arranged to form a general beam-column
member. The rigid links shown avoid the use of dummy stiff
members in the modeling of the structure.
Beam-Column Members
The beam with 6 external
degrees of freedom {u} has
3 deformation degrees of
freedom {v}

v} = 1

2
u1
u
2
u 3
= [ T ] = [ T ] { u}
u4
u5

u 6
The transformation matrix [T] relates the deformations to the external

displacements.
7
Beam-Column Members Equivalent Nodal

Forces
Using Virtual Displacements it can be shown that the nodal forces
{f} are obtained from the internal member forces {s} using the
transformation matrix [T]
f1
f
2
P
T
T
f 3
{ f } = = [ T ] M 1 = [ T ] { s}
f4
M
2
f5

f 6
The member forces {s} are derived from the member deformations
{v} and the hysteresis rule applicable to the member.
This method of obtaining the equivalent nodal forces is more reliable
than using a secant stiffness matrix approach. These member nodal
forces can be combined to obtain the nodal forces for the whole
structure.
8
Beam-Column Members
For a prismatic linear elastic member

AE
P L

M1 = .
M
2
.
.
4EI
L
2EI
L
2EI
1
L
2
4EI
L
.
where E is the elastic modulus, A is the cross-section area, I is the

cross-section second moment of area and L is the length of the beam
Beam-Column Members - Including Shear

Deformation etc.
To include the effects of shear deformation and end joint flexibility
one needs to add the flexibility due to flexure, the flexibility to shear
deformation and the flexibility of the end connections Fi (e.g. bolted
connections or plastic hinges).
L
AE

1 = .

2
.
.
2L
6EI
L
6EI
.
. P 0 .
0 .
P
L
1

. 1 1 M1 + . F1
M +
6EI 1 GAs L
. 1 1 M 2 . .
M
2L 2
6EI
. P

. M1
F2 M 2
Once the total flexibility is obtained this matrix is inverted to get the
member stiffness matrix.
Note: The shear angle is proportional to the shear force V=(M1-M2)/L
divided by GAs
10
If we take a beam of length L and a rectangular cross-section of depth

d then the shear terms are proportional to (d/L)2. Assuming G=E/2
2.00 1.00
then [ k ] =
no shear deformation
1.00 2.00
2.01 0.99
d 1
=
then [ k ] =
L 10
0.99 2.01
2.06 0.94
d 1
=
then [ k ] =
L 4
0.94 2.06
2.25 0.75
d 1
=
then [ k ] =
L 2
0.75 2.25
=0
d 1
=
L 1
3.00 0.00
then [ k ] =
0.00 3.00
i.e. Shear deformations are important for deep beams and for the
case where As/A is small, i.e. large flanges and thin webs.
11
P-Delta Effects
If there are vertical loads acting on
structures that deform laterally then
there may be significant P-Delta effects
in the response. In most analyses these
are regarded as second order effects, i.e.
usually small and neglected. To be
significant there needs to be large axial
compression forces in the columns and
the columns need to have a significant
inter-storey drift. In the example the
moments caused by the lateral load are
augmented by the moment caused by
the gravity load. The moment at the
base is not Ph as would be obtained
using small deflection theory but is now
Ph+Mg
12
Beam-Column Members P-Delta Effects

The axial force in the beam member affects the lateral flexibility of the
beam. A tension will try to reduce the lateral displacement, increasing
the flexural, or bending, stiffness.
AE
P L

M1 = .
M
2
.
0 . .
2EI PL

+
. 4 1 1
1
L 30
. 1 4 2

4EI 2
L
.
4EI
L
2EI
L
Note that if P is negative (compression) the stiffness of the member is

reduced. An alternative to the PL/30 terms is to use stability
coefficients. If P equals the buckling load the flexural stiffness of the
member becomes zero
13

If one sets the determinant of the stiffness matrix on the previous
slide to zero then the value of the critical buckling load is
EI
Pcr =12 2
L
which is about 21% larger than the correct value of
Pcr = 2
EI
L2
This is due to the limited (cubic) displacement functions associated

with the beam element. This cubic lateral deformation assumed in the
beam is an approximation to the sine function usually associated with
buckling of beams.
In all normal structural analyses the axial forces in the members are
usually well below the buckling load and the difference is not
significant.
14

The terms on the earlier slide show the effects on the members
flexural stiffness matrix due to the axial force. The next step is to
account for the difference in orientation due to large displacements. In
some programs all effects are covered using a geometric stiffness
matrix but then the members moments are in-correctly computed as
the 3 by 3 matrix is missing the axial force effects on the moments.
0 . . . . .
. 1 . . 1 .
P . . 0 . . .
k geomtric =
L . . . 0 . .
. 1 . . 1 .
. . . . . 0
The axial force in the member affects the lateral stiffness of the beam
member. This term is added to the global stiffness of the element.
15
Beam Geometric Stiffness Matrix

The often quoted geometric stiffness matrix for a 2 dimensional
beam member is given by the following expression
.
. .
. 36 3L
2
P . 3L 4L
kG =
30L . .
.
. 36 3L
2
. 3L L
.
3L
3L L2
.
.
36 3L
3L 4L2
.
. 36
.
.
.
.
The better way of forming this geometric stiffness matrix is to

transform the member 3x3 (PL/30) deformation stiffness matrix to a
member global matrix and then add the string (or truss) matrix of the
previous slide. The two step method described in the preceding slides
produces the correct actions in the structural members.
16

Under the variation of bending moment generated by lateral
earthquake excitation any yielding of the reinforcement will
tend to be concentrated at the ends of the member
Cracking and steel yield will enhance the curvature at the
member ends. The stiffness can be obtained either by using
moment area methods or by using the Giberson onecomponent model
17
Giberson One-Component Beam Member (1967)

The in-elastic rotation (curvature) is concentrated into the
rotation of an equivalent plastic hinge spring. If the member
is elastic the spring does not exist (the plastic hinge acts like a
rusty gate hinge, fixed until the moment exceeds the friction).
18
Giberson One-Component Beam Member

The spring stiffness is arranged so that the elastic rotation
over the hinge length plus the plastic hinge rotation is the
same as the rotation implied by the in-elastic curvature over
the plastic hinge length.
19
Giberson One-Component Beam Member

Once the plastic hinge spring stiffness is determined then
the hinge stiffness is inverted to get the spring flexibility
and this is then added to the flexibility of the beam member
in exactly the same manner as end joint flexibilities are
added.
The exception is where there is a perfectly plastic hinge
which in the tangent stiffness is infinitely flexible and the
beam member then acts as a member with a perfect hinge
at one end.
20
10
Two-Component Member Model (1965)

The in-elastic member is assumed to consist of two parallel
members, one representing the in-elastic member and the
sum of the components representing the elastic member.
21

r = bi-linear factor
For the elastic member the stiffness is

AE
L
P
M1 = r .
M
2
.
AE
2EI
1 + (1 r) .
L
2
4EI
.
L
4EI
L
2EI
L

2EI
1
L
2
4EI
L
4EI
L
2EI
L
When a plastic hinge occurs at end 2 of the beam the

stiffness matrix is
AE
L
P
.
=
M
r
1
2
.
.
4E I
L
2E I
L
AE
2E I
.
(1
r
)
1
L
2
4E I
.
L
.
3E I
L
0
.

0 1

0 2
22
11

When a plastic hinge occurs at end 1 the stiffness matrix is
AE
L
P
.
=
M
r
1
M 2
.
AE
2EI
(1
r
)

.
L 1

4EI 2
.
L
.
4EI
L
2EI
L
.
0
0

0 1
3EI 2
When plastic hinges occur at both ends the stiffness matrix is

AE
L
P
M1 = r .
M
2
.
.
4EI
L
2EI
L
AE
2EI
+ (1 r ) .
L 1
.

4EI 2
L
.
.
0
0

0 1
0 2
23
Variable Stiffness Member Model

The effective moment of inertia (second moment of area) is
assumed to vary along the member length in some way and
the member flexibility or stiffness is obtained. This is done
using a series of Giberson hinges or directly using MomentArea methods
24
12
Variable Stiffness Member Model

The effective moment of inertia (second moment of area) is
assumed to vary along the member length in some way and
the member flexibility or stiffness is obtained. This is may also
be done using a finite element approach. The integration is
usually carried out using Gaussian or Lobatto quadrature.
L
i.e.
[k] = N''1
N''2 N''3 N''4 [EI(x)] N''1 N''2 N''3 N''4 dx

T
N''1 (i)
''
N 2 (i)
''
''
''
''
=
k
w(i)
[ ]
'' [ EI(i)] N 1 (1) N 2 (i) N 3 (i) N 4 (i)
i =1,n
N 3 (i)
N''4 (i)
where (i) indicates function evaluated at integration point and w(i)

is the integration weight
25
Variable Flexibility Member Model

Another option is knowing the variation of bending moment
along the beam one may use the appropriate hysteresis
model to evaluate the effective EI at points along the beam
and then assuming a specified variation of EI between
assessment points use moment area relationships to
generate the beam member flexibility matrix and then
invert to get the stiffness matrix.
26
13
Application Using Frame Members
27
Filament Model (e.g. Taylor 1976)

The stiffness of each segment of the cross section is
assumed to follow prescribed stress-strain rules and from
the current strains, usually assuming plane sections remain
plane, the effective tangent modulii of the segments can be
obtained as well as the stress so that the members stiffness
and actions can be computed.
28
14
Filament Model
The cross-section stiffness is integrated along the
member length using Newton-Cotes, Lobatto or Gaussian
quadrature to obtain the member stiffness.
29
Filament Models
Filament models are becoming more popular as the
increasing speed of computers means that the
computational cost of forming the stiffness matrix
becomes less of a problem.
The filament model does represent the behaviour of the
longitudinal stress-strain properties across the crosssection and does model the coupling between the rotation
and beam elongation.
This rotation-elongation coupling does have the
requirement of very small time steps as the longitudinal
stiffness is usually high and brings high frequency modes
in action.
The filament models still use a very crude shear
deformation representation. This can only be properly
represented using a finite element model.
30
15
Simple Filament One-Component Model

The concept of the filament model
can be used to represent the
plastic hinges at the ends of the
member in a way similar to the
Giberson beam.
This example is from Otani and
the program Canny3. In the figure
axial spring should read elastic
beam.
The original model had 9 springs,
(5 concrete and 4 steel springs),
later versions used 5 springs, (4
combined steel-concrete and 1
core concrete spring).
31
Beam-Column Joint Behaviour

Deformed shape
Under lateral loading the beam

column joints transfer shear and
moment. Consideration must be
given to the modelling of the
joints.
CDepth
CDepth
BDepth
BDepth
M
EI
CL
CL
Strain distribution in longitudinal steel
CL
CL
Approximate curvature
32
16
Beam-Column Joint Behaviour

Different beam-column joint models
Rigid elements
2I B
Flexural
springs
Rigid elements
IB
IB
IB
Concentrated
rotations
M
EI
M
EI
Fully Rigid Joint
Partially Rigid Joint
M
EI
Rigid joint with

rotational springs
33
Elongation Background
Elongation is a phenomenon where member grows in length
under inelastic cyclic action
Vary in order of 2~5% of member depth depending on:
Level of Axial force

Type of plastic hinges (Uni-direction and Reversing)
34
17
Analytical Model
LP
Analytical model in RUAUMOKO

1500
Parameters
1)
LP (Length of plastic hinge model)
LP =
(Vyc Vc ) s
Av f vy
Vc = 0
35
Plastic Hinge Model

Concrete Hysteresis (Maekawa)
5
0
Stress (MPa)
Multi-springs element
Concrete and steel springs
Diagonal concrete compression
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
springs
-40
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0.002
0.004
Strain
Steel Hysteresis (Dhakal)

400
300
200
Stress (Mpa)
-5
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
Strain
0.02
0.04
0.06
36
18
Analytical Predictions and Experimental

Comparisons
Test S1B (500kN Compression)
Moment / Rotation
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-60
-40
-20
20
40
-400
-0.04
60
Vertical Displacement (mm)
Elongation
400
Moment (kNm)
Shear Force (kN)
Force / Displacement
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-0.02
0.02
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-60
0.04
-40
Analytical
Predictions
-20
20
40
60
40
60
Elongation (mm)
Rotation (rads)
Experimental
Results
37

Comparisons
Test 2A (No Axial force)
Moment / Rotation
150
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-150
-200
-200
-250
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
-0.04
Analytical
Predictions
Elongation
16
250
Moment (kNm)
Shear Force (kN)
200
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-0.02
0.02
0.04
-60
-40
-20
20
Elongation (mm)
Rotation (rads)
Experimental
Results
38
19

Comparisons
Test I1B (125kN Tension)
Moment / Rotation
200
30
150
200
100
Moment (kNm)
Shear Force (kN)
Elongation
300
50
0
-50
-100
100
0
-100
-150
-200
-200
-300
-0.04
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
Analytical
Predictions
25
20
15
10
5
0
-0.02
0.02
0.04
-60
Rotation (rads)
-40
-20
20
40
60
Elongation (mm)
Experimental
Results
39
Spring Members
Spring type members may be used to represent special
effects such as frictional sliding, contact or concentrated
stiffness or spring members. Similar dashpot or damping
members are also useful.
40
20
Grace Kao 4 Storey Frame Frame and Spring

members
The computer model of the Grace Kao 4 storey frame building
uses a mixture of frame and spring members.
As all the plastic hinges are short concentrated elements they
are modelled as spring members having rotational stiffness and
shear stiffness and as the nodes at each end of the member are
slaved in the longitudinal direction there is no axial deformation
in the hinge units.
The large steel clamp units at each end of the hinge springs are
modelled as rigid links.
The rectangular hollow section beam and column members are
modelled as elastic beam members.
41
Structure on Shake-Table
42
21
Member Numbering In Frame

Members 1,2,3,4,5,6
etc. are spring
members with rigid
end links and
members 28,29,30
and 40,41 etc are
beams.
43
Member Geometry Beam Hinges
44
22
Dashpot or Damper Members

Dashpot members
may be used to
represent the
placement of
damping devices
within the
structure.
45
Application of Spring and Dashpot Members

In this example both spring
and dashpot members are
used to model the
foundation compliance
(flexibility and energy loss)
and to model the stiffness
and damping in the BaseIsolation system.
46
23
Contact Elements
Contact elements are used to model possible lift-off
situations or for modelling pounding between structures.
They have also been extended to model spherical isolation
bearing surfaces.
47
Winkler Distributed Spring Model

To model distributed support conditions such as modelling
supporting foundations, soil-pile interaction or soil coupling
between buildings a distributed Winkler model is useful. In
3D a 2D matt model would be appropriate.
48
24

In this example for Union House in
Auckland (NZ) both springs and
dashpot members are used to model
the foundation compliance (flexibility
and energy loss) and to model the
stiffness and damping in the BaseIsolation system. The piles are
modelled as in-elastic columns
forming hinges top and bottom, the
soil-interaction between the basement
and bedrock is with springs and
dashpots. The piles continue through
the basement and underlying soils in
tubes with 200? mm clearance and
are filled with bentonite. The
superstructure members are assumed
to be elastic.
49
Foundation Modelling for Bridge Piers

250
14000
200
450
8000
48D32 bars
in pairs
1500
1500 1000
1800
1500
H
D12@70 or
140mm
Cover = 50mm
1500
Section A-A
15000
B
B
24D24
1000
1500
1000
1000
The piers are usually

supported on a pilecap which is then
supported on a group
of piles. An
alternative is where
the pier continues
down as a single
caisson member.
D10@65mm
Cover = 50mm
Section B-B
50
25
1500
1100 1220
1100 1220
16001600
Pxi = Kxi uxi
Pzi = Kzi uzi
15000
In this example both spring

and dashpot members are
used to model the pile-soil
interaction in a bridge
structure. The earthquake
motion is applied to the spring
members and the bottom of
the piles.
2500
2500
51
Modelling of Movement Joints in Long Bridges

Transverse
Shear Key
Tie
Gap
Bearing
Pad
Longitudinal
Tie Bar
Joint Gap
Vertical
Restrainer
(a) Movement Joint
(b) Section Through Joint
F
Joint Impact
Springs
Restrainer Cable
Springs
gap -
F
F+y
kT
gap + d
kI
Slaved Nodes
Bearing Pad
Springs
F
F+y
kc
F-y
52
26
Use of Spring members to represent soil-pile

foundations
Frame
Floor diaphragm
Wall
20m
1m
53
Multi-Spring Member Models

These are very useful in representing rocking joints and wall
structures rocking on their foundations. They could also be
used at the ends of the preceding combination member
models.
Spring Typ 1
Spring Typ 2
Spring Typ 3
h1
Spring Typ 4
h2
Node 2
h3
Spring Typ 5
h4
h5
Node 3
Node 4
Node 1
54
27
Multi-Spring Member Models

Multi-spring members were initially developed to model rocking
joints in structures.
They have been used to model rocking wall foundations
They have been used to model uplifting foundation footings in
buildings.
55
Application Using Multi-spring Elements
56
28
Application Using
Multi-spring
Elements
Structure concept and
orientation possibilities on
shake table.
The slab has
opening joints to
match location of
girder joints to
model pre-cast
floor units.
The aim is to
design a
structure which
will avoid
damage in an
earthquake.
57

The
structure
on the
shake-table
58
29

Elevation of
the frame
showing
location of
opening joints
and prestressing
tendons.
59

The initial member
model for the frame
showing the
opening joints,
stabilized by the
pre-stress and with
spring members
modelling the
energy dissipators
acting across the
joints.
60
30
The initial model used two individual spring members to model the
contact surface. This gives a model that is too stiff and too large a
movement in the neutral axis location. The multi-spring element with 8
to 10 springs is more efficient, gives a better stiffness representation
and the correct movement in the neutral axis location
61
The links between the pre-stress tendon and the beam may be
modelled as a rigid slaving or a spring member which models the shearaxial force interaction to represent the friction between the cable and
its surrounding duct.
62
31
Pd /2
beam/column
Application Using
Multi-spring
Elements
Pd /2
?d
?d
ld
Pd
hb or hc
disp amplitude (mm)
4
6
3
2
1
2
0
20
40
60
80
time (s)
(a) Testing displacement path

energy absorbed (J)
30
force (kN)
-2
25
20
specimen 1
-4
15
specimen 2
10
analytical
prediction
-6
5
0
-8
0
-1
displacement amplitude (mm)
displacement (mm)
63
Application Using Multi-Spring Elements

1000
900
Experiment
Neutral Axis Height (mm)
Simulation Lobatto 10
800
700
600
500
400
h
300
200
100
-2
-1.5
-1
0
-0.5 -100 0
0.5
1.5
-200
-300
-400
-500
Drift (%)
Plot showing location of neutral axis as joint opens up in either direction

64
32
Finite Element Models

Quadrilateral finite elements with
nodal displacement degrees of
freedom may be used to model
wall structures and similar
quadrilateral plate-bending
elements may be used to model
floor slabs etc. Three-dimensional
hexahedral elements may be used
to model solid or massive structural
components.
If the material is non-linear then the appropriate tangent constitutive
properties will have to be obtained at each integration point in the
element to compute the tangent element stiffness matrix.
65

For more general solid analysis one needs to use a standard isoparametric finite element based on compatible displacement
functions.
The problem with such elements is that, in general, only
displacement (no rotation) degrees of freedom are used which makes
it difficult to maintain compatibility with frame type members.
Such finite elements would be very useful in modelling soil
foundations and in complex geometries such as pile cap systems and
bridge abutments.
As the strains at each integration point in the element are defined
then general material constitutive relationships are able to be used.
Such elements could also be used to model the proper shear-axial
66
stress interactions in beam members.
33

Finite element
models are very
efficient in
modelling soilstructure
interactions but
care must be used
to ensure that the
model used for the
foundation model
does not lose sight
of the results
needed for the
structure supported
by the soils.
67
Use of finite elements to represent deformable

floor diaphragms
Floor plan aspect ratio varied to see effects of

diaphragm in-plane flexibility on lateral deflections.
68
34
Use of finite elements to represent deformable

floor diaphragms
Variation of Nodal Displacements Across the Centre of the
Diaphragm for Level 3 of a 3 Storey Structure
Displacement (m)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
1:1.5 Geo metric Ratio
1:2 Geo metric Ratio
0.01
1:3 Geo metric Ratio

1:1Geo metric Ratio
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Distance across the diaphragm (m)

69
Masonry Panel Elements

These panel elements were
developed to model South
American style masonry
panels where the reinforced
concrete frame is constructed
around the masonry panel
meaning that there is good
contact between the masonry
panel and the surrounding
frame. The double struts
permit modelling the
interaction between the
diagonal action between the
panel and the surrounding
frame. (Crisafulli 1997)
70
35
Boundary Elements
Boundary elements are useful in modelling the far field and far
boundaries in soil-structure interaction models.
The boundary elements can have a boundary at infinity.
The difficulty is that their properties are usually well defined in the
frequency domain and we need to use them in the time domain. This
requires some approximation but the problems are not insurmountable.
It is possible to model non-homogeneity by using several different
boundary elements in the one model.
The elements are limited to linear material behaviour so local
foundation non-linear effects need to be modelled using finite elements
in the near field.
71
36

Non-linear Structural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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Non-linear Structural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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ACHISINA

Asociacin Chilena de Sismologa e Ingeniera Antissmica

Santiago de Chile, 2 al 6 de junio de 2008

Structural Member Modelling

Structural Member Modelling

Realistic Section Properties

Serviceability Limit State

The transformation matrix [T] relates the deformations to the external

Beam-Column Members Equivalent Nodal

For a prismatic linear elastic member

where E is the elastic modulus, A is the cross-section area, I is the

Beam-Column Members - Including Shear

If we take a beam of length L and a rectangular cross-section of depth

Beam-Column Members P-Delta Effects

Note that if P is negative (compression) the stiffness of the member is

Beam-Column Members P-Delta Effects

This is due to the limited (cubic) displacement functions associated

Beam-Column Members P-Delta Effects

Beam Geometric Stiffness Matrix

The better way of forming this geometric stiffness matrix is to

Structural Member Modelling

Giberson One-Component Beam Member (1967)

Giberson One-Component Beam Member

Giberson One-Component Beam Member

Two-Component Member Model (1965)

Two-Component Member Model (1965)

For the elastic member the stiffness is

When a plastic hinge occurs at end 2 of the beam the

Two-Component Member Model (1965)

When plastic hinges occur at both ends the stiffness matrix is

Variable Stiffness Member Model

Variable Stiffness Member Model

N''2 N''3 N''4 [EI(x)] N''1 N''2 N''3 N''4 dx

where (i) indicates function evaluated at integration point and w(i)

Variable Flexibility Member Model

Application Using Frame Members

Filament Model (e.g. Taylor 1976)

Simple Filament One-Component Model

Beam-Column Joint Behaviour

Under lateral loading the beam

Strain distribution in longitudinal steel

Beam-Column Joint Behaviour

Fully Rigid Joint

Partially Rigid Joint

Rigid joint with

Vary in order of 2~5% of member depth depending on:

Level of Axial force

Analytical model in RUAUMOKO

Plastic Hinge Model

Steel Hysteresis (Dhakal)

Analytical Predictions and Experimental

Vertical Displacement (mm)

Shear Force (kN)

Analytical Predictions and Experimental

Vertical Displacement (mm)

Vertical Displacement (mm)

Shear Force (kN)

Analytical Predictions and Experimental

Shear Force (kN)

Vertical Displacement (mm)

Grace Kao 4 Storey Frame Frame and Spring

Member Numbering In Frame

Member Geometry Beam Hinges