V.

MAGESH
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering
SRM University
ME2201-CAD in Manufacturing
UNIT-V-Computer Integrated
Design
MAGESH.V

STANDARDIZATION IN DESIGN
For easy identification of materials, further improvement of machine
elements, and easy replacement of worn-out parts and for quick and easy

manufacturing, the parameters of machine elements are standardized.

In design, the aim is to use as many standard components as possible for a
given mechanism. Standardization is defined as obligatory norms or

standards to which various characteristics of a product should conform. The

characteristics include materials, dimensions and quality of the product,
method of testing and method of marking, packing and storing of the

product. Standardization becomes a global activity to cover all economical,

technical and material aspects of engineering products. The work of
standardization is accomplished by national or international organizations.

Specification and standardisation for

production - Standardisation
standardization - the condition in which a standard has been
successfully established;
"standardization of nuts and bolts had saved industry millions of
dollars"
standardize - cause to conform to standard or norm; "The

weights and measures were standardized standardize evaluate by comparing with a standard

Specification and standardisation for

production - Standardisation

Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of agreeing on standards,

which are (usually voluntary, written) agreements on technical specifications that
define parameters and properties of products (goods and services).

The goals of standardization can be to help with or ensure independence of single

suppliers (commodification), compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or
quality.

In the context of technologies and industries, standardization is the process of

establishing a technical specification, called a standard, among competing entities

in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition

The following standards are used in mechanical engineering

design:
1. Standards for materials, their chemical compositions, mechanical

properties and heat treatment.

2. Shapes and dimensions of commonly used machine elements such as
bolts, screws and nuts, rivets, belts and chains, bearings, wire ropes,

keys, gears etc..

3. Standards for fits, tolerances and surface finish of components.
4. Standards for testing of products such as pressure vessels, boilers,
overhead traveling cranes.
5. Standards for engineering drawing of components.

Three types of standards used in the

design
International standards organization (I.S.O) .
National standards, such as I.S (Bureau of Indian Standards), D.I.N
(Dutch International Number, German), A.I.S.I or S.A.E (American Iron
and Steel Institute, USA), B.S (U.K) standards and J.I.S (Japanese
Standards).
Company standards for use in a particular company or a group of sister
concerns like air-craft and ship-building industries manufacture their
products with their own standard without adopting the general standard
parts. This type of individual plant standardization is known as
Normalization.

objective of standardization
To make the mass production of components easier.

Interchangeability of components is possible due to

standards. Repair and maintenance of machines simple
because the worn out or damaged parts can be easily
replaced by standard ones.
It aims at reduction of design, manufacturing, inventory

and handling costs as well as the efforts to achieve

uniformity, efficiency and a specified quality.

Standardization

Single most effective activity that can occur

Not just within a particular product but across the whole manufacturing activity
within a company

Clearly, standardization of product-specific elements is not practicable but there is a

wide range of stock items which are duplicated in products

Biggest categories are: Separate fasteners; screws, nuts, bolts, washers, rivets,

circlips, spire nuts etc.

Another categories under sealing; O rings, and another group is bearings

Designers attempt to achieve minimum functionality within the specification and

this can result in two levels of adverse costs

First level the item is still a proprietary one and the actual direct cost of the item is
hardly affected but the assembly costs often are

Direct costs refer to materials, labor and expenses related to the production of a
product.

Standardization
At the second level, the item becomes a special
for which the increases in direct cost are
significant as well as the increased assembly cost
Increasing number of companies are now
identifying and minimizing the number of stock
items that they use; if a design calls for items not
approved , appropriate authority is ended for

these items.

Benefits of Standardization
Factors independent of assembly include;
Smaller stocks
Less administration of stock
Less storage for stock
Lower cost stock because of increased quantities of specific items

Factors that are assembly related include :

Less assembly tooling
Less assembly technology
Less development of assembly equipment
Higher confidence in assembly equipment

Interchangeable parts
Most people take interchangeable parts for granted. When a
car breaks down, for example, drivers know that they can
order parts and have them installed by a mechanic. These parts
are made in a centralized manufacturing facility and stored

until they are needed, and they fit in all cars of the same make,
model, and year. Often, manufacturers even standardize parts
across several models and years to make replacement parts
even easier to access.

Interchangeable parts
Prior to the late 1700s, such a thing would have been unthinkable.
Every manufactured item, from clocks to carriages, was made by
hand, with parts uniquely crafted for that particular item. If the item
broke, it needed to be brought to a skilled craftsman for repair, and

this craftsman would either repair the damaged part, or fabricate a

new one. This was an expensive and time consuming process, and
many handmade goods had unreliable performance records; cannon,

for example, could easily misfire or develop other problems in

operation.

Interchangeable parts
In the late 1700s, several manufacturers of guns came up with the

idea of making guns with interchangeable parts.

In one notable demonstration, Eli Whitney brought 10 guns into the
United States Congress, broke the guns into their component parts,

scrambled the parts, and then put the guns back together. His
demonstration proved that interchangeable parts were a possibility,
and demonstrated their clear benefits: when a gun failed in the field,

instead of sending it out for repair, a soldier could quickly replace a

missing or damaged part from a store of such parts, and keep on
fighting.

Interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts are parts that are, for practical
purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that
ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into
any device of the same type. One such part can freely replace

another, without any custom fitting (such as filing). This

interchangeability allows easy assembly of new devices, and
easier repair of existing devices, while minimizing both the
time and skill required of the person doing the assembly or
repair.

Interchangeable parts

The concept of interchangeability was crucial to the introduction of the assembly line at the
beginning of the 20th century, and has become a ubiquitous element of modern

manufacturing.

Interchangeability of parts was achieved by combining a number of innovations and

improvements in machining operations and machine tools. These innovations included

invention of new machine tools, jigs for guiding the machine tools, fixtures for holding the
work piece in the proper position, and blocks and gauges to check the accuracy of the finished
parts. Electrification allowed individual machine tools to be powered by electric motors,
eliminating line shaft drives from steam engines or water power and allowing higher speeds,
making modern large scale manufacturing possible. Modern machines tools often have
numerical control (NC) which evolved into CNC (computerized numeric control) when
microprocessors became available.

Interchangeable parts
Harder steels for cutting edges were developed which allowed steel
rather than iron to be used for parts, eliminating the problem of
warping and dimensional changes associated with heat treatment
hardening of iron parts after machining. Modern cutting edges use
materials such as tungsten carbide. Other innovations were drop
forging and stamped steel parts, which reduced or eliminated the
amount of machining.
The system for producing interchangeable parts is alternately called
The American system of manufacturing because it was first most
fully developed in the US, although contributions were made by
other nations who soon implemented it.

Interchangeable assembly

All parts are toleranced to permit them to be assembled and

function without the need for machining or fitting at assembly.

Parts are therefore interchangeable.

Interchangeable Manufacture
Compared with making to suit or selective assembly the advantages
of such a system, especially with respect to quality is enormous.
It is not even necessary to measure the parts. Limit gauges can be
used to ensure that the parts are within the size limits fixed by the

designer.
Skilled workers is not required, semi skilled operators can do the job.
Part can be assembled instead of fitted, i.e they will not need final
adjustments of a skilled worker in order to produce satisfactory
assemblies.

Interchangeable Manufacture
Assemblies so made can be serviced by a simple system of

replacement parts drawn from stock. This is convenient for the user
and is cheaper than reconditioning involving the manufacture of
new parts to special sizes.
Interchangeable manufacturing also means, parts can be made in
widely separated localities and then be brought together for
assembly, where the parts will fit together properly. This is an

essential element of mass production.

Without interchangeable manufacturing, modern industry could not
exist.

Interchangeable Manufacture
Before a system of interchangeable assembly can be operated ,
certain fundamental conditions must be met
The permissible variation (tolerance) of each dimension must
be fixed.
The mating condition (clearance, transition, interference) of
each pair of parts assembled must be decided.

These conditions are generally satisfied by use of a system of

limits and fits.

Interchangeable Manufacture
In the case of big assemblies, several units to manufacture
individual parts can be located in different parts of country
depending on availability of specialised labour, raw material,
power, water and other facilities.

Final assembly of all individual components manufactured in

several units can be done at one place.
The replacement of worn out or defective parts and repairs is
rendered very easy and the cost of maintenance is very much
reduced and shut down time also reduced to minimum

Interchangeable Manufacture
When all parts to be assembled are made in the same manufacturing
unit, local standards may be followed (condition being known as
local interchangeability) but for reasons of obtaining spares from
any other sources it is again desirable that these local standards be

also traceable to international standards

The required fit in an assembly can be obtained in two ways, namely
1.Universal or full interchangeability
2.Selective Assembly

Interchangeable Manufacture
Interchangeability is possible only when certain standards are
strictly followed
Universal interchangeability (the parts drawn from any two
altogether

different

manufacturing

sources

for

mating

purposes) is desirable and for this it is essential that common

standards be followed by all, and all standards used by various

manufacturing units should be traceable to a single source, i.e

International standards

Interchangeable Manufacture
Ideally a method of production is required in which
The most economic methods of manufacturing the part can
be used.
All parts are completely interchangeable, i.e. if one bin
contains 1000 shafts and another 1000 holes, any pair of
parts selected at random will go together to make a satisfactory
assembly
All assemblies produced will be uniformly acceptable. There
will be some variation in the fits produced but the amount
of variation will have been predetermined by the designer
so that the assembly will function correctly throughout its
design life.

Full Interchangeability
It means that any component will mat with any other mating

component without classifying in subgroup or without

carrying out any minor alterations for mating purposes.
This type of interchangeability is not must for interchangeable
production and many times not feasible also as it requires
machines capable of maintaining high process capability and

very high accuracy and very close supervision on production

from time to time.