Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement Extends the Horizon for Concrete Construction

Welded wire reinforcement (WWR)

The average quantity of Concrete Superstructure (in-place deck and parapet) placed in Illinois from 1996-1998 was 481.9 cubic meters
(368.4 cubic yards). The statewide average cost for Concrete Superstructure for 1996-1998 was $873.50 per cubic meter ($667.79 per cubic
yard). Using the above prices, the estimated cost of the grid vibration process for an average structure is between 3.75 and 3.95 percent of the
average cost of Concrete Superstructure. For an average project, the cost increase would be $9,471.53. Given that the average bridge
superstructure cost is just over $246,000, it appears that grid vibration adds very little to the cost of the finished deck. Since Concrete
Superstructure is only part of the total cost of a project, the impact on a typical bridge rehabilitation project is low.
(http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/midcon/South.pdf)

ASTM Standard Reinforcing Bars

Soft
Metric
Size

Nom Diam
( mm)

Area
(mm2 )

10

9.5

13

Weight Factors

Weight Factors

Imperial
Size

Nom Diam
(inches)

Area in2

kg/m

kg/ft

lb/ft

lb/m

71

.560

.171

.375

.11

.376

1.234

12.7

129

.994

.303

.500

.20

.668

2.192

16

15.9

199

1.552

.473

.625

.31

1.043

3.422

19

19.1

284

2.235

.681

.750

.44

1.502

4.928

22

22.2

387

3.042

.927

.875

.60

2.044

6.706

25

25.4

510

3.973

1.211

1.000

.79

2.670

8.760

29

28.7

645

5.060

1.542

1.128

1.00

3.400

11.155

32

32.3

819

6.404

1.952

10

1.270

1.27

4.303

14.117

36

35.8

1006

7.907

2.410

11

1.410

1.56

5.313

17.431

43

43.0

1452

11.384

3.470

14

1.693

2.25

7.650

25.098

57

57.3

2581

20.239

6.169

18

2.257

4.00

13.600

44.619

Comparison of Steel Grades

Soft Metric

Imperial

Grade

MPa

Psi

Grade

MPa

Psi

300

300

43,511

40

257.79

40,000

420

420

60,716

60

413.69

60,000

520

520

75,420

75

517.11

75,000

Conversion Factors
To Metric

To Imperial

1/8 inch = 3.175 mm

1 inch = 25.4 mm

1 mm = 0.0394 inches

1 foot = 304.8 mm

1 meter = 3.2808 feet

1000 ft2 = 92.903 m2

100 m2 = 1076.39 ft2

1000 ft3 = 28.317 m3

10m3 = 353.14 ft3

1000 gal = 3.7854 m3

10m3 = 2.641.73

1 pound = 0.4536 kg

1 kg = 2.2046 pounds

1 psf = 4.88243 kg/m2

10 kg/m2 = 2.048 psf

1 pcf = 16.019 kg/m3

10 kg/m3 = 0.624 pcf

short ton = 907.18 kg

(2000 lbs.)

0.90718 = 2000 pounds

tonne

long ton = 1016 kg

(2240 lbs.)

1 tonne = 2204.6 pounds

1000 psi = 6.8948 MPa

1 MPa = 145.0368 psi

Newton (N) = kg m/s2 = kilograms x 9.80665

Pascal (Pa) = N/m2

Recommended End Hooks - All Grades

mm
Soft
Metric
Size

90Hooks

Inches
180 Hooks

D
A or G

A or G

Imperial
Size

90Hooks

180 Hooks

D
A or G

A or G

10

60

150

125

80

2.25

13

80

200

150

105

3.0

16

95

250

175

130

3.75

10

19

115

300

200

155

4.50

12

22

135

375

250

180

5.25

14

10

25

155

425

275

205

6.0

16

11

29

240

475

375

300

9.50

19

15

11.75

32

275

550

425

335

10

10.75

22

17

13.25

36

305

600

475

375

11

12.0

24

19

14.75

43

465

775

675

550

14

18.25

31

27

21.75

57

610

1050

925

725

18

24.0

41

36

28.50

Stirrup and Tie Hooks - All Grades (General)

mm
Soft
Size

Inches

90
Hooks

135 Hooks

Imperial
Size

A or G

A or G H approx

90
Hooks

135 Hooks

A or G A or G H approx

10

40

105

105

65

1.50

2.5

13

50

115

115

80

2.00

4.5

4.5

16

65

155

140

95

2.50

5.5

3.75

19

115

305

205

115

4.50

12

4.5

22

135

355

230

135

5.25

14

5.25

25

155

410

270

155

6.00

16

10.5

Stirrup and Tie Hooks - All Grades (Seismic)

mm
Soft
Metric
Size

Inches

135 Seismic
D
A or G

H approx

Imperial
Size

135 Seismic
D
A or G

H approx

10

40

110

80

1.50

4.25

13

50

115

80

2.00

4.5

16

65

140

95

2.50

5.5

3.75

19

115

205

115

4.50

4.5

22

135

230

135

5.25

5.25

25

155

270

155

6.00

10.5

Uncoated Seven Wire Low-Relaxation Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete

According to ASTM A 416

Weight
Diameter

Breaking
Strength

Area
lb/
kg/
1000
1000m
ft

in

mm

in2

mm2

3/8

9.53

0.080

51.61

272

7/16 11.11 0.108

69.68

1/2

12.70 0.144

Min. Load
Min.
at 1% Extension Elongation to
(1)
Fracture

Relaxation 1,000
h
70% CR

80%
CR

Min. Difference
between center &
outer wire

lbf

KN

lbf

KN

in

mm

405

20,000

89.0

18,000

80.1

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.002

0.0508

367

548

27,000

120.1

24,300

108.1

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.0025

0.0635

92.90

490

730

36,000

160.1

32,400

144.1

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.003

0.0762

0.6

15.24 0.216 139.35

737

1,094

54,000

240.2

48,600

216.2

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.004

0.1016

3/8

9.53

Grade 250

0.085

54.84

290

432

23,000

102.3

20,700

92.1

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.002

0.0508

7/16 11.11 0.115

74.19

390

582

31,000

137.9

27,900

124.1

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.0025

0.0635

1/2

12.70 0.153

98.71

520

775

41,300

183.7

37,170

165.3

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.003

0.0762

0.6

15.24 0.217 140.00

740

1,102

58,600

260.7

52,740

234.6

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.004

0.1016

9/16 14.28 0.191 123.44

651

989

51,700

229.8

46,530

206.8

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.0035

0.0889

1/2

Grade 270

STD
SPECIAL

12.70 0.162

104.3

550

819

45,000

200

40,500

180.0

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.0030

0.0762

9/16 14.28 0.194

125.1

660

982

54,000

240

48,600

216.0

3.5

2.5

3.5

0.0035

0.0889

SUPER