Engineering 112

Engineering Methods II

Bob LeMaster
College of Engineering
University of Tennessee Martin

Course Format
Two two-hour instruction/laboratory sessions per week.
Session One: Introduction to Linear Algebra and
Computer Programming - Matlab
Instructors: Bob LeMaster (2 Sections)
Robert Benton ( 1 Section)
Session Two: Introduction to Computer Aided Design
Software - AutoCAD
Instructor: Ed Wheeler (all sections)

How will my course grade be

determined?
A grade will be assigned for each session by the
instructor.
The grade for each session will be combined into an
overall course grade - equally weighted.
You must pass both sessions to pass the course.

What is Linear Algebra?

A set of mathematical rules which are used to
manipulate arrays of numbers.

2x1 + 4.5x 2 + 3x 3 = 11.2

3x1 + 9.1x 2 + 1.4x 3 = 15.0
1.6x1 + 2.6x 2 + 5.1x 3 = 1.9

2.0 4.5 3.0 x1 11.2

3.0 9.1 1.4 x = 15.0

1.6 2.6 5.1 x 3 1.9

Ax = B
The theoretical foundations were developed by
mathematicians studying the properties of
linear equations.

What is MATLAB?
MATrix LABoratory
A computer programming language
developed to perform numeral
computations encountered in
science and engineering operations.

Why do I need to know linear

algebra?
Systems of linear and nonlinear equations are encountered
in every engineering discipline.

Structures
Controls

Power Systems
Kinematics

Industrial
Process
Simulation

Circuits
Stress

Fluids

Finite Element Stress Analysis

(SSME Turbopump Example)
Deflection and stress
analysis of the Space
Shuttle Main Engine
(SSME) Alternate
Turbopump Development
(ATD) High Pressure
Oxidizer Turbopump
(HPOTP) required the
simultaneous solution of
approximately 750,000
nonlinear equations using
methods that you will be
exposed to in this class.

Computational Fluid Dynamics

(Space Shuttle Example)
Calculation of temperature
distributions required the
simultaneous solution of
thousands of nonlinear
equations using techniques
that you will be exposed in
this course.

Why do I need to learn to

program in MATLAB?
Computers dominate the industrial workplace.
The fundamental programming concepts
learned using MATLAB will enable you to
adapt to other programming environments.
You will be required to use MATLAB in
future courses.
MATLAB is widely used in industry.

What will I be able to do at the

end of the course?
Represent systems of equations using matrix notation
Compute the Euclidean norm of column or row
matrices
Perform basic linear algebra operations symbolically,
manually, and in MATLAB
Solve systems of equations using Cramers rule
Solve systems of equations using MATLAB
Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices
Develop computational software that employs
structured programming control methodology
Display computed results in tabular and graphical
formats

What will be expected of me?

Attend class
Attendance will be taken
It is professional to be prompt and to have good attendance
Your future employers will expect you to have
acquired these work habits
Attendance record will be taken into account for borderline
grade situations

What will be expected of me?

(Continued)
Do homework
You will not be able to do well on exams
without being proficient in solving problems
There is no other way to become proficient at
problem solving than to solve problems
Keep a notebook of all homework
Will aid in studying for exams
Will aid review for EIT prior to graduation
Facilitates grading

What will be expected of me?

(Continued)
Pass four exams
Each exam will be worth 15% of session
final grade.
Out of class assignments will be worth
20% of session final grade.
Pass Comprehensive Final
Will be worth 20 % of session one final grade.

Resource Materials
(Text)

Etter, D.M., D.C. Kuncicky,

Introduction to MATLAB,
Prentice-Hall.

Resource Materials
(Reference)

Getting Started html document on

Mathworks web site
http:/www.mathworks.com/access
/helpdesk/help/helpdesk.shtml
Click on Getting Started
Click on This manual in PDF
Open or save to disk
Print

Resource Materials
(Linear Algebra Reference Texts)

Linear Equations
(Two Dimensions)

y = mx + b

One independent
variable (x)
One dependent
variable (y)
y-intercept (b)
slope (m)

y=mx+b
m
1
b
x

Linear Equations
(Three Dimensions)

x2

lx1 + mx 2 + nx 3 = b
b
x1 intercept =
l
b
x 2 intercept =
m
b
x 3 intercept =
n

x3

x1

Matrix Notation
Algebraic Format

Symbolic Format

2x1 + 4.5x 2 + 3x 3 = 11.2

[A ]{x} = {B}

3x1 + 9.1x 2 + 1.4x 3 = 15.0

1.6x1 + 2.6x 2 + 5.1x 3 = 1.9
Matrix Format

2.0 4.5 3.0 x1 11.2

3.0 9.1 1.4 x = 15.0

1.6 2.6 5.1 x 3 1.9

2.0 4.5 3.0

[A] = 3.0 9.1 1.4
1.6 2.6 5.1
11.2
x1

{x} = x 2 , {B} = 15.0
1.9
x

Matrix Notation
(Symbols)

[]

Two dimensional array of numbers

{}

Column array of numbers

Row array of numbers

Matrix Notation
(Size Designation)
m is used to designate the number of rows
n is used to designate the number of columns

[m, n] or [ ]m,n

{m} or { }m
n or

Two dimensional array of numbers

having m rows and n columns
Column array of m numbers
Row array containing n numbers

Matrix Notation
(Text Books)
In many text books, it is standard practice to
represent matrices with bold fonts.

Ax=B
Is equivalent to

[A]{x} = {B}

Matrix Notation
(Element Addressing)

[A]3,2

A1,1

= A 2,1
A 3,1

A 1,2
A 2,2
A 3,2

A i, j Element of matrix A located

at the i - row and j - column

Matrix Notation
(Example)

2.0 4.5 3.0

[A] = 3.0 9.1 1.4
1.6 2.6 5.1
x1
11.2

{x} = x 2 , {B} = 15.0
1.9
x
3

A 2,2 = 9.1
A 3,1 = 1.6
x2 = x2
B 2 = 15.0

Reasons for Matrix Notation

Matrix Notation is a Mathematical Shortcut
1) Enables many numbers to be represented as a single
object
2) Represents the object by a single symbol
3) Allows mathematical operations to be performed with the
symbols instead of arrays of numbers

Relationship Between Vectors

and Matrices
x2

Vectors are mathematical

entities used to represent
physical parameters.
Vectors have three
characteristics: 1) magnitude,
2) orientation, and 3) sense.

x3

x1

Relationship Between Vectors

and Matrices
The components of a
vector may be written
in matrix format.

A x1

A x 2 or A x1
A x
3

Ax2

(Components)
x2

A x3

j
k

Not all row or column

matrices are vectors.
x3

A = A x1 i + A x 2 j + A x 3 k

x1

Matrix Addition

[C] = [A] + [B]

Ci, j = A i, j + B i, j

i = 1,..., m
j = 1,..., n

Note that the number of rows and

columns in [A] and [B] must be equal.

Matrix Addition
(Example)

2.0 1.0 3.1

[A] = 1.2 8.5 4.6

2.1 3.6 6.8
5.0 3.0 4.1

[B] = 2.2 4.5 7.6

5.1 6.6 1.8

Ci, j = A i, j + B i, j

7.0 4.0 7.2

[C] = 3.4 13.0 12.2

7.2 10.2 8.6

Properties of Matrix Addition

[A] + [B] = [B] + [A]

([A] + [B]) + [C] = [A ] + ([B] + [C])
[A] + [0] = [A]
[A] + [- A] = 0
[0] all elements are zero
[- A] each element is negative of value in [A ]

Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose [A ] of an (mxn) matrix [A ]
T

is the (nxm) matrix obtained by interchanging

the rows and columns in [A ].
3 4 2
[A] =
6 2 8

1
[B] = 4
2

[A]T

6
3
= 4 2
2 8

[B]T =

1 4 2

Symmetric Matrix
A matrix having real components is symmetric if

[A] = [A]
T

1 2 3

[A] = 2 5 1
3 1 4

[A]

1 2 3

= 2 5 1
3 1 4

Note that symmetric matrices must be square

(i.e. same number of rows as columns).

Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix whose elements above and below the
principal diagonal are all zero is called a diagonal
matrix.

1 0 0
[A ] = 0 5 0
0 0 3

Identity Matrix
A diagonal matrix whose elements on the principal
diagonal are all 1 is called an identity matrix or unit
matrix.

1 0 0
[I] = 0 1 0
0 0 1

Assignment
1. Download a copy of
Getting Started from
The Math Works
website.

5 2
2 3
2. Let [A ] =
, [B] =
,

2 1
0 4
1 2 4
0 1 2
[C] =
, [D] =
.

1 5 3
3 0 4
Find
a) [A] + [B] & [B] + [A]

Problem 2 should
be done on
engineering pad
paper and turned in
next class.

b)[C] + [D]
c)[C] [D]
d)[C] & [A ]
T

e)2[A ] 4[B]

f)[A ] + [B] & ([A ] + [B])

g) Are any of the matrices symmetric?
T