Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015
MangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:12.87N74.88E
Mangalore
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Forotheruses,seeMangalore(disambiguation).
Mangalore( i /mlr/)alsoknownasMangaluru
isthechiefportcityoftheIndianstateofKarnataka.It
isknownasKudlainTulu,MaikalainBearyBashe,
KodialinKonkaniandMangalapuraminMalayalam.It
islocatedabout371kilometres(230mi)westofthe
statecapital,Bangalore.Mangaloreliesbetweenthe
ArabianSeaandtheWesternGhatmountainranges,and
istheadministrativeheadquartersoftheDakshina
Kannada(formerlySouthCanara)districtinsouth
westernKarnataka.Mangalorewasrankedthe8th
cleanestcityofIndia.[4]MangalorewasrankedIndia's
13thbestdestinationforbusiness.[5]
Mangalore
Mangaluru,Kudla,Kodial,Maikala
MetropolitanCity
Mangaluru
ItdevelopedasaportontheArabianSearemaining,to
thisday,amajorportofIndia.Lyingonthebackwaters
oftheNetravatiandGurupurarivers,Mangaloreisoften
usedasastagingpointforseatrafficalongtheMalabar
Coast.Thecityhasatropicalclimateandliesinthepath
oftheArabianSeabranchoftheSouthWestmonsoons.
Mangalore'sporthandles75percentofIndia'scoffee
exportsandthebulkofthenation'scashewexports.[6]
TownHallofMangalore
Mangalorewasruledbyseveralmajorpowers,including
theKadambas,Alupas,VijayanagarEmpire,Keladi
Nayaks,andthePortuguese.Thecitywasasourceof
contentionbetweentheBritishandtheMysorerulers,
HyderAliandTipuSultan.Eventuallyannexedbythe
Britishin1799,MangaloreremainedpartoftheMadras
PresidencyuntilIndia'sindependencein1947.Thecity
wasunifiedwiththestateofMysore(nowcalled
Karnataka)in1956.[7]
Mangaloreisdemographicallydiversewithseveral
languages,includingTulu,Konkani,Kannada,Urdu,
Malayalam,andBearycommonlyspoken,andisthe
largestcityinDakshinaKannadadistrict.Mangaloreis
oneofthemostcosmopolitannonmetrocitiesofIndia.
ItisalsothelargestcityintheCoastalandMalnad
regionsofKarnataka,besidesbeingaleading
commercial,industrialandpetrochemicalhubonthe
WestCoast.Mangalorecityurbanagglomeration
extendsfromUllalinthesouthtoSurathkalinthenorth,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore
Mangalore
Coordinates:12.87N74.88E
Country
State
District
Namedfor
India
Karnataka
DakshinaKannada
Mangaladevi
Area
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coveringadistanceofover35km.Thecity'slandscape
ischaracterisedbyrollinghills,coconutpalms,
freshwaterstreamsandhardredclaytiledroof
buildings.[8]Withitspristinebeaches,broadroadsand
calmlocalities,Mangalorewasdeclaredtheeleventh
cleanestcityinIndia.[9]
Contents
1Etymology
2History
3Geographyandclimate
4Economy
5Demographics
6Culture
7Civicadministration
8Education
9Transport
10Sports
11Media
12Utilityservices
13Sistercities
14Seealso
15Notes
16References
17Furtherreading
18Externallinks
Total
184.45km2(71.22sqmi)
Elevation
22m(72ft)
Population(2011)[1]
Total
Density
774,785
4,200/km2(11,000/sqmi)
Demonym(s)
Mangalorean/Kudladaru/
Mangalurinavaru/Kodialcho
Language
Official
Regional
Kannada
Tulu,Konkani,Bearybashe
Timezone
IST(UTC+5:30)
PIN
575001to575030[2]
+91(0)824
Telephone
code
Vehicle
registration
Website
KA19,KA62
www.mangalorecity.gov.in
(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in)
Etymology
MangalorewasnamedaftertheHindudeityMangaladevi,thepresidingdeityoftheMangaladevitemple[10]or
asynonymofTaraBhagvatioftheVajrayanaBuddhistsect.[11]Accordingtolocallegend,aprincessfrom
MalabarnamedParimalaorPremaladevirenouncedherkingdomandbecameadiscipleofMatsyendranath,
thefounderoftheNathtradition.HavingconvertedPremaladevitotheNathsect,Matsyendranathrenamed
herMangaladevi.ShearrivedintheareawithMatsyendranath,buthadtosettlenearBolarinMangaloreas
shefellillontheway.Eventuallyshedied,andtheMangaladevitemplewasconsecratedinherhonourat
Bolarbythelocalpeopleafterherdeath.[12]Thecitygotitsnamefromthetemple.[13]
Oneoftheearliestreferencestothecity'snamewasmadein715CEbythePandyanKingChettian,who
calledthecityMangalapuram.[14]AccordingtoK.V.Ramesh,PresidentofthePlaceNamesSocietyofIndia,
Mangaluruwasfirstheardin1345CEduringtheVijayanagarrule.Manyshilashasanas(stones)of
VijayanagarperiodreferthecityasMangalapura.Evenbeforethat,duringtheAlupasperiod,itwasreferred
toasMangalapura.PeoplefromKeralacallitasMangalapuraminMalayalam(Mangaladenotesablessed
land).ThecityiswellknownasMangaluruinKannada,areferencetoMangaladevi(thesuffixurumeans
townorcity).DuringtheBritishoccupationfrom1799,Mangalore(anglicisedfromMangaluru),stuckasthe
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officialappellation.[15]However,accordingtohistorianGeorgeM.Moraes,the
word"Mangalore"isthePortuguesecorruptionofMangaluru.[16]:2Thename
ofthistownalsoappearsinmapsasearlyasthe1652SansonMapofIndia.[17]
Mangalore'sdiversecommunitieshavedifferentnamesforthecityintheir
languages.InTulu,theprimaryspokenlanguage,thecityiscalledKudla,
meaning"junction",sincethecityissituatedattheconfluenceoftheNetravati
andGurupurarivers.InKonkani,MangaloreisreferredtoasKodial,whilethe
BearynameforthecityisMaikala.[18]OntheoccasionofSuvarnaKarnataka
(GoldenKarnataka)in2006,theGovernmentofKarnatakastatedthatthecity
wouldberenamedMangaluru.[19]TheUniongovernmenthasapprovedthis
requestonOctober2014,andMangalorehasbeenrenamed(alongwith12
othercities)toMangaluruonNovember1,2014.[20]
History
ThelocalHindudeity
Mangaladevi,afterwhichthe
cityofMangalorederivesits
name
Mainarticle:HistoryofMangalore
Mangalore'shistoricalimportanceishighlightedbythemanyreferencestothe
citybyforeigntravellers.DuringthefirstcenturyCE,PlinytheElder,a
Romanhistorian,madereferencestoaplacecalledNitrias,asavery
undesirableplacefordisembarkation,onaccountofthepirateswhichfrequentitsvicinity,[21]whileGreek
historianPtolemyinthesecondcenturyCEreferredtoaplacecalledNitra.Ptolemy'sandPlinytheElder's
referenceswereprobablymadetotheNetravatiRiver,whichflowsthroughMangalore.[22]Cosmas
Indicopleustes,aGreekmonk,inhis6thcenturyworkChristianTopographymentionsMalabarasthechief
seatofthepeppertrade,andMangarouth(portofMangalore)asoneofthefivepeppermartswhichexported
pepper.[23][24]
Mangaloreistheheartofadistinctmultilinguisticculturalregion:
TuluNadu,thehomelandoftheTuluspeakingpeople,whichwas
nearlycoterminouswiththemoderndistrictofSouthCanara.[27]Inthe
thirdcenturyBCE,thetownformedpartoftheMauryaEmpire,ruled
bytheBuddhistemperor,AshokaofMagadha.[28]:176Fromthethird
centuryCEtosixthcenturyCE,theKadambadynasty,whosecapital
wasbasedinBanavasiinNorthCanara,ruledovertheentireCanara
regionasindependentrulers.[29]Fromthemiddleoftheseventh
centurytotheendofthe14thcentury,theSouthCanararegionwas
TheSultanBatteryinMangalore,
ruledbyitsownnativeAluparulers.TheAlupasruledovertheregion
builtin1784byTipuSultanto
asfeudatoriesofmajorregionaldynastiesliketheChalukyasof
defendthecityfromenemywarships
Badami,RashtrakutasofManyakheta,ChalukyasofKalyani,and
enteringtheGurupurariver[25][26]
HoysalasofDwarasamudra.[30]:17DuringthereignoftheAlupaking
KaviAlupendra(c.1110c.1160),thecitywasvisitedbytheTunisian
JewishmerchantAbrahamBenYiju,whotravelledbetweentheMiddleEastandIndiaduringthe12th
century.[31]TheMoroccantravellerIbnBattuta,whohadvisitedthetownin1342,referredtoitasManjarur,
andstatedthatthetownwassituatedonalargeestuary,calledthe"estuaryofthewolf,"andwasthegreatest
estuaryinthecountryofMalabar.[32][33]:30By1345,theVijayanagararulersbroughttheregionundertheir
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control.[30]:17DuringtheVijayanagaraperiod(13451550),SouthCanarawasdividedintoMangaloreand
Barkurrajyas(provinces),andtwogovernorswereappointedtolookaftereachofthemfromMangaloreand
Barkur.ButmanytimesonlyonegovernorruledoverbothMangaloreandBarkurrajyas,andwhenthe
authoritypassedintothehandsofKeladirulers(c.15501763),theyhadagovernoratBarkuralone.[30]:19In
1448,AbdurRazzaq,thePersianambassadorofSultanShahRukhofSamarkand,visitedMangalore,enroute
totheVijayanagaracourt.[33]:31TheItaliantraveler,LudovicodiVarthema,whovisitedIndiain1506says
thathewitnessednearlysixtyshipsladenwithricereadyforsailintheportofMangalore.[30]:20
EuropeaninfluenceinMangalorecanbetracedbackto1498,
whenthePortugueseexplorerVascodaGamalandedatStMary's
IslandnearMangalore.[34]Inthe16thcentury,thePortuguese
cametoacquiresubstantialcommercialinterestsinCanara.
Krishnadevaraya(15091529),thethenruleroftheVijaynagara
empiremaintainedfriendlyrelationswiththePortuguese.The
Portuguesetradewasgraduallygatheringmomentumandthey
werestrivingtodestroytheArabandMoplahtradealongthe
ApenandinkdrawingofMangaloreFort
coast.In1524,whenVascodaGamaheardthattheMuslim
madein1783,afterithadbeentakenby
merchantsofCalicuthadagentsatMangaloreandBasrur,he
theEnglishEastIndiaCompany
orderedtheriverstobeblockaded.In1526,thePortugueseunder
theviceroyshipofLopoVazdeSampaiotookpossessionof
Mangalore.ThecoastaltradepassedoutofMuslimhandsintoPortuguesehands.[30]:20In1550,the
Vijayanagararuler,SadashivaRaya,entrustedtheworkofadministeringthecoastalregionofCanarato
SadashivNayakaofKeladi.By1554,hewasabletoestablishpoliticalauthorityoverSouthCanara.The
disintegrationoftheVijaynagaraEmpirein1565gavetherulersofKeladigreaterpowerindealingwiththe
coastalCanararegion.[30]:27TheycontinuedtheVijayanagaraadministrativesystem.Thetwoprovincesof
MangaloreandBarkurcontinuedtoexist.TheGovernorofMangalorealsoactedastheGovernorofthe
Keladiarmyinhisprovince.[30]:30In1695,thetownwastorchedbyArabsinretaliationtoPortuguese
restrictionsonArabtrade.[35]
HyderAli,thedefactoruleroftheKingdomofMysore,conqueredMangalorein1763,[36]consequently
bringingthecityunderhisadministrationuntil1767.MangalorewasruledbytheBritishEastIndiaCompany
from1767to1783,[37]butwassubsequentlywrestedfromtheircontrolin1783byHyderAli'sson,Tipu
SultanwhorenameditJalalabad.[38][39]TheSecondAngloMysoreWarendedwiththeTreatyof
Mangalore,signedbetweenTipuSultanandtheBritishEastIndiaCompanyon11March1784.[40]Afterthe
defeatofTipuattheFourthAngloMysoreWar,thecityremainedincontroloftheBritish,headquarteringthe
CanaradistrictundertheMadrasPresidency.[15][41][42]
AccordingtotheScottishphysicianFrancisBuchananwhovisitedMangalorein1801,Mangalorewasarich
andprosperousportwithflourishingtradingactivity.[43]Ricewasthegrandarticleofexport,andwas
exportedtoMuscat,Bombay,GoaandMalabar.SupariorBetelnutwasexportedtoBombay,Suratand
Kutch.PepperandSandalwoodwereexportedtoBombay.TurmericwasexportedtoMuscat,Kutch,Surat
andBombay,alongwithCassiaCinnamon,Sugar,Iron,Saltpeter,Ginger,ChoirandTimber.[43]
TheBritishcolonialgovernmentdidnotsupportindustrializationintheregion,andlocalcapitalremained
investedmostlyinlandandmoneylending,whichledtothelaterdevelopmentofbankingintheregion.With
thearrivalofEuropeanmissionariesintheearly19thcentury,theregionsawthedevelopmentofeducational
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institutionsandamodernindustrialbase,modeledonEuropeanindustries.TheopeningoftheLutheranSwiss
BaselMissionin1834wascentraltotheindustrializationprocess.Printingpress,clothweavingmillsandtile
factoriesmanufacturingthefamedMangaloretilesweresetupbythemissionaries.[27]WhenCanara(partof
theMadrasPresidencyuntilthistime)wasbifurcatedintoNorth
CanaraandSouthCanarain1859,Mangalorewastransferredinto
SouthCanaraandbecameitsheadquarters.[45]:5SouthCanara
remainedunderMadrasPresidency,whileNorthCanarawasdetached
fromMadrasPresidencyandtransferredtoBombayPresidencyin
1862.[45]:6TheenactmentoftheMadrasTownImprovementAct
(1865)mandatedtheestablishmentoftheMunicipalcouncilon23
May1866,whichwasresponsibleforurbanplanningandproviding
civicamenities.[16]:178TheItalianJesuits,whoarrivedinMangalorein
1878,playedanimportantroleineducation,economy,health,and
socialwelfareofthecity.[46]ThelinkingofMangalorein1907tothe
SouthernRailway,andthesubsequentproliferationofmotorvehicles
inIndia,furtherincreasedtradeandcommunicationbetweenthecity
andtherestofthecountry.[47]Bytheearly20thcentury,Mangalore
hadbecomeamajorsupplierofeducatedmanpowertoBombay,
Bangalore,andtheMiddleEast.[27]
TheLightHouseHilltowerinLight
HouseHill,Hampankatta,servedasa
AsaresultoftheStatesReorganisationAct(1956),Mangalore(partof
watchtowerfortheBritishNavy. [44]
theMadrasPresidencyuntilthistime)wasincorporatedintothe
dominionofthenewlycreatedMysoreState(nowcalled
Karnataka).[7][48]:415MangaloreisthesixthlargestcityofKarnataka,andninthlargestportofIndia,providing
thestatewithaccesstotheArabianSeacoastline.[27]Mangaloreexperiencedsignificantgrowthinthedecades
197080,withtheopeningofNewMangalorePortin1974andcommissioningofMangaloreChemicals&
FertilizersLimitedin1976.[49][50]Today,theMangaloreregionisanationallyknownhighereducationhub
withaflourishingservicesector,particularlyinmedicalservices,asmallbutgrowingITregionalhub,anda
boomingrealestateandbankingindustry,anditremainsadiverseplace,thoughcommunalviolencehas
increasedthanitwasbeforethe1980s.[27]
Geographyandclimate
Mangaloreislocatedat12.87N74.88EintheDakshinaKannada
districtofKarnataka.[51]Ithasanaverageelevationof22metres(72ft)
abovemeansealevel.[52]Itistheadministrativeheadquartersofthe
DakshinaKannadadistrict,thelargesturbancoastalcenterof
Karnataka,andthefourthlargestcityinthestate.[53]Mangaloreis
situatedonthewestcoastofIndia,andisboundedbytheArabianSea
toitswestandtheWesternGhatstoitseast.Mangalorecity,asa
municipalentity,spansanareaof132.45km2(51.14sqmi).[54]
SunsetatPanamburbeach
Mangaloreexperiencesmoderatetogustywindsduringdaytimeand
gentlewindsatnight.[55]Thetopographyofthecityisplainupto
30km(18.64mi)insidethecoastandchangestoundulatinghillyterrainsharplytowardstheeastinWestern
Ghats.[56]Therearefourhillyregionswithnaturalvalleyswithinthecity.Thegeologyofthecityis
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characterisedbyhardlateriteinhillytractsandsandysoilalongtheseashore.[53]TheGeologicalSurveyof
IndiahasidentifiedMangaloreasamoderatelyearthquakeproneurbancentreandcategorisedthecityinthe
SeismicIIIZone.[57]
Mangaloreliesonthe
backwatersoftheNetravatiand
Gurupurarivers.[58]These
riverseffectivelyencirclethe
city,withtheGurupuraflowing
aroundthenorthandthe
Netravatiflowingaroundthe
SunsetatUllalBridgeMangalore
southofthecity.Therivers
formanestuaryatthesouth
westernregionofthecityandsubsequentlyflowintotheArabian
sea.[59]Thecityisoftenusedasastagingpointfortrafficalongthe
MalabarCoast.Thecoastlineofthecityisdottedwithseveralbeaches,
suchasMukka,Panambur,Tannirbavi,Suratkal,andSomeshwara.
Coconuttrees,palmtrees,andAshokatreescomprisetheprimary
vegetationofthecity.
UndertheKppenclimateclassification,Mangalorehasatropical
Aschematicmapshowingthetourist
monsoonclimateandisunderthedirectinfluenceoftheArabianSea
placesinandaroundMangalorecity
branchofthesouthwestmonsoon.Itreceivesabout95percentofits
totalannualrainfallwithinaperiodofaboutsixmonthsfromMayto
October,whileremainingextremelydryfromDecembertoMarch.[60]Theaverageannualprecipitationin
Mangaloreis3,796.9millimetres(149in).[61][62]Humidityisapproximately75percentonaverage,andpeaks
duringMay,JuneandJuly.[63]Themaximumaveragehumidityis93percentinJulyandaverageminimum
humidityis56percentinJanuary.[63]
ThemostpleasantmonthsinMangalorearefromDecembertoFebruary,duringwhichtimethehumidityand
heatareattheirlowest.[64]Duringthisperiod,temperaturesduringthedaystaybelow30C(86F)anddrop
toabout19C(66F)atnight.ThelowestrecordedtemperatureatPanamburis15.6C(60F)onJanuary8,
1992,andatBajpeitis15.9C(61F)onNovember19,1974.Thisseasonissoonfollowedbyahotand
humidsummer,fromMarchtoMay.ThehighesteverrecordedtemperatureinMangaloreis39.8C(104F)
onMarch13,1985atBajpe.[65]Thesummergiveswaytothemonsoonseason,whenthecityexperiences
moreprecipitationthanmosturbancentresinIndia,duetotheWesternGhats.[66]Rainfallupto4,000
millimetres(157in)couldberecordedduringtheperiodfromJunetoSeptember.Therainssubsidein
September,withtheoccasionalrainfallinOctober.[67]
Intheyear1994,Mangalorereceivedveryheavyrainfallof5,083.5millimetres(200in).Thisisthehighest
recordedannualrainfallforanIndiancity.[68]
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ClimatedataforMangalore,India
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record
36.6
38.2
39.8
37.8
38.0
36.4
highC
(97.9) (100.8) (103.6) (100) (100.4) (97.5)
(F)
33.3
(91.9)
33.3
35.4 35.2
36.6
35.8
(91.9) (95.7) (95.4) (97.9) (96.4)
39.8
(103.6)
Average
highC
(F)
29.7
(85.5)
28.2
(82.8)
28.4
29.5 30.9
32.3
(83.1) (85.1) (87.6) (90.1)
31.5
(88.7)
25.1
(77.2)
23.4
(74.1)
22.9
(73.2)
23.0
23.1 23.1
22.4
21.2
(73.4) (73.6) (73.6) (72.3) (70.2)
22.9
(73.2)
17.3
18.8
19.7
20.4
(63.1) (65.8) (67.5) (68.7)
20.5
(68.9)
19.8
(67.6)
19.4
20.2 19.1
15.9
(66.9) (68.4) (66.4) (60.6)
15.9
(60.6)
32.8
(91)
33.0
33.5
34.0
33.3
(91.4) (92.3) (93.2) (91.9)
Average
20.8
21.8
23.6
lowC
(69.4) (71.2) (74.5)
(F)
Record
lowC
(F)
16.1
(61)
25.0
(77)
32.8
(91)
16.1
(61)
Average
rainfall
1.1
0.2
2.9
24.4 183.2 1,027.2 1,200.4 787.3 292.1 190.8 70.9
16.4
3,796.9
mm
(0.043) (0.008) (0.114) (0.961) (7.213) (40.441) (47.26) (30.996) (11.5) (7.512) (2.791) (0.646) (149.484)
(inches)
Average
rainy
days
0.2
0.3
1.6
23.5
27.4
24.9
13.7
9.1
3.6
0.6
111.9
Average
relative
humidity
(%)
62
66
68
71
71
87
89
88
85
79
73
65
75.3
Mean
monthly
sunshine
hours
313
296
299
292
276
119
94
133
178
226
271
292
2,789
Source#1:IndiaMeteorologicalDepartmentMonthlymeanmaximum&minimumtemperatureandtotalrainfall[69][70]
Source#2:WeatherAndClimate(HumidityandSunshinehours)[71][72]
Climatedatafor1994rainfallinMangalore,India
Month
Jan
Feb Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average
rainfall 2.5 0.0 0.0 97.2
66.2 1,920.6 1,549.3 925.2 179.9 290.9
51.7 0.0 5,083.5
mm (0.098) (0) (0) (3.827) (2.606) (75.614) (60.996) (36.425) (7.083) (11.453) (2.035) (0) (200.138)
(inches)
Source#1:IndiaMeteorologicalDepartmentMangaloreclimatesummaryfrom19572000
http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/mean/MANGALORE.htm[73]
Source#2:TuTiempoMangaloreclimatefrom19732014
http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Mangalore_Bajpe/432840.htm[74]
Economy
Mainarticle:EconomyofMangalore
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Mangalore'seconomyisdominatedbytheindustrial,commercial,agriculturalprocessingandportrelated
activities.[75]TheNewMangalorePortisIndia'sseventhlargestport,intermsofcargohandling.Ithandles75
percentofIndia'scoffeeexportsandthebulkofitscashewnuts.[6]
During200001,Mangaloregeneratedarevenueof33.47crore
(US$5.05million)tothestate.[76]Thecity'smajorenterprisesinclude
MangaloreChemicalsandFertilizersLtd.(MCF),KudremukhIronOre
CompanyLtd.(KIOCL),MangaloreRefineryandPetrochemicalsLtd.
(MRPL),BASF,BharatiShipyardLimitedandTotalOilIndiaLimited
(ELFGas).Theleafspringindustryhasanimportantpresencein
Mangalore,withCanaraWorkshopsLtd.andLaminaSuspension
ProductsLtd.inthecity.[75]TheBaikampadyandYeyyadiIndustrial
TheInfosyscampusinMangalore
areasharbourseveralsmallscaleindustries.Importsthrough
Mangaloreharbourincludecrudeoil,edibleoil,LPG,andtimber.[77]
ThecityalongwithTuticorinisalsooneoftwopointsforimportof
woodtoSouthIndia.[78]
Majorinformationtechnology(IT)andoutsourcingcompanieslike
Infosys,CognizantTechnologySolutions,MphasiSBPO,Thomson
ReutershaveestablishedapresenceinMangalore.[6]Planstocreate
threededicatedI.T.parksareunderway,withtwoparks(Export
PromotionIndustrialpark(EPIP)atGanjimuttandSpecialEconomic
Zone(SEZ)nearMangaloreUniversity)currentlyunder
construction.[79]AthirdITSEZisbeingproposedatGanjimutt.[80]
AnotherITSEZ,sponsoredbytheBAgroup,isunderconstructionat
Thumbeandspans2millionsquarefeet(180,000m).[81]
TheOilandNaturalGasCorporation(ONGC)planstoinvestover
35000crore(US$5.28billion)inanew15milliontonnerefinery,
petrochemicalplantandpower,aswellasLNGplantsatthe
AMangaloretilemanufacturedbyJ.
MangaloreSpecialEconomicZone.IndianStrategicPetroleum
H.Morgan&Sons(Mangalore)
ReservesLtd,aspecialpurposevehicleundertheOilIndustry
DevelopmentBoard,isdevelopingstrategiccrudeoilreservesin
MangaloreandtwootherplacesinIndia.[82][83]Outoftheproposed5millionmetrictonnes(MMT)storage,
1.5MMTwouldbeatMangalore.[84]AccordingtoanInternationaleditionofIndiaToday(28November4
December2006),MangaloreisthefastestgrowingnonmetroinSouthIndia.[85]
CorporationBank,[86]CanaraBank,[87]andVijayaBank[88]werethethreenationalisedbanksestablishedin
Mangaloreduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.KarnatakaBank,foundedinMangalore,wasoneofthe
largestbankstohavenotbeentakenoverbytheGovernment.[89]TheMangaloreCatholicCooperativeBank
(MCCBank)Ltd.[90]andSCDCCBank[91]werethescheduledbanksestablishedinMangalore.
TheboatbuildingandfishingindustryhavebeencorebusinessesinMangaloreforgenerations.TheOld
MangalorePortisafishingportlocatedatBunderinMangalore,wherealargenumberofmechanisedboats
anchor.[92]Thetrafficatthisportwas122,000tonnesduringtheyears200304.[93]Thefishingindustry
employsthousandsofpeople,theirproductsbeingexportedtoaroundtheregion.Mangaloreanfirmshavea
majorpresenceinthetile,beedi,coffee,andcashewnutindustry,althoughthetileindustryhasdeclineddueto
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concretebeingpreferredinmodernconstruction.[6][75]TheAlbuquerquetilefactoryinMangaloreisoneof
India'soldestredrooftilemanufacturingfactories.[94][95]CottonindustriesalsoflourishinMangalore.The
UllalsuburbofMangaloreproduceshosieryandcoiryarns,whilebeedirollingisanimportantsourceof
revenuetomanyinthecity.[75]TheprocessofmakingMangaloreCityCorporationintoGreaterMangalore
hasalmostbegunandstepsarebeinginitiatedtoembrace33villagesaroundtheMCC.Inthisregard,the
meetingoftheGramPanchayat,TownMunicipalcouncilandGramPanchayatPresidentsandSecretarieshas
beenconvened.[96]
Demographics
SkylineofMangalore
Mangalorehasapopulationof584,785perthe2011censusof
India.[97][98][99]Theurbanareahasapopulationof774,787,[100][101]
whiletheMangalorecitymetropolitanareahasapopulationof
484,785(2011).[98][102]Thenumberofmaleswas240,651,constituting
50percentofthepopulation,whilethenumberoffemaleswere
244,134.[97]Thedecadalgrowthratewas45.90.[99]Maleliteracywas
96.49percent,whilefemaleliteracywas91.63percent.[97]About8.5
percentpopulationwasundersixyearsofage.[97]Mangalore'sliteracy
rateis94.03percent[97]significantlyhigherthanthenational
GokarnatheshwaraTempleinKudroli
[101]
averageof59.5percent.
Birthratewas13.7percent,whiledeath
rateandinfantmortalityratewereat3.7percentand1.2percentrespectively.[103]TheMangaloreurbanarea
had32recognisedslums,andnearly22,000migrantlabourerslivedinslumswithinthecitylimits.[104][105]
AccordingtotheCrimeReviewReport(2006)bytheDakshinaKannadaPolice,Mangaloreregisteredadrop
inthecrimeratein2005,comparedwith2003.[106]
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ThefourmainlanguagesinMangaloreareTulu,Konkani,Kannada,andBearybassewithTulubeingthe
mothertongueofthemajority.[15]English,Malayalam,Hindi,andUrduarealsowidelyspokeninthecity.A
residentofMangaloreisknownasaMangaloreaninEnglish,KudladaruinTulu,KodialgharinCatholic
Konkani,KodialchiorManglurchiinGoudSaraswatBrahminKonkani,ManglurnavaruinKannada,and
MaikaaltangainBearybasse.
HinduismisthelargestreligioninMangalore,withDevadiga,
Mogaveera,Billavas,Ganigas,Bunts,KotaBrahmins,Shivalli
Brahmins,HavyakaBrahmins,SthanikaBrahmins,GoudSaraswat
Brahmins(GSBs),ChitpavanBrahmins,Kulal'sarethemajor
communitiesinHindus.
ChristiansformasizeablesectionofMangaloreansociety,with
KonkanispeakingCatholicsaccountingforthelargestChristian
community.ProtestantsinMangaloretypicallyspeakKannada.[107]
MangalorehasoneofthehighestpercentageofMuslimsascompared
toothercitiesinKarnataka.MostMuslimsinMangaloreareBearys,
whospeakadialectofMalayalamcalledBearybasse.Majorityof
themfollowtheShafi'ischoolofFiqh(IslamicJurisprudence).
MilagresChurchinHampankatta
ThereisalsoasmallcommunityoflocalJains,andGujaratitraders.[27]
Culture
Mainarticles:CultureofMangaloreandMangaloreancuisine
Seealso:TuluNadu(Culture)
Manyclassicaldanceformsandfolkartarepractisedinthecity.The
Yakshagana,anightlongdanceanddramaperformance,isheldin
Mangalore,[108]whilePilivesha(literally,tigerdance),afolkdance
uniquetothecity,isperformedduringDasaraandKrishna
Janmashtami.[109]KaradiVesha(beardance)isanotherwellknown
danceperformedduringDasara.[110]Paddanas(Balladlikeepics
passedonthroughgenerationsbywordofmouth)aresungbya
communityofimpersonatorsinTuluandareusuallyaccompaniedby
therhythmicdrumbeats.[110]TheBearys'uniquetraditionsare
reflectedinsuchfolksongsaskolkai(sungduringkolata,avalour
folkdanceduringwhichsticksusedasprops),unjalpat(traditional
lullaby),moilanjipat,andoppunepat(sungatweddings).[111]The
EvkaristikPurshanv(Konkani:Eucharisticprocession)isanannual
CatholicreligiousprocessionledonthefirstSundayofeachNew
Year.[110]TheShreemantiBaiMemorialGovernmentMuseuminBejai
istheonlymuseumofMangalore.[112]
Yakshagana,apopulardancedrama
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MostofthepopularIndianfestivalsarecelebratedinthecity,themostimportantbeingDasara,Diwali,
Christmas,Easter,Eid,andGaneshChaturthi.KodialTheru,alsoknownasMangaluruRathotsava
(MangaloreCarFestival)isafestivaluniquetotheGoudSaraswatBrahmincommunity,andiscelebratedat
theSriVenkatramanaTemple.[113][114]TheMangaloreanCatholicscommunity'suniquefestivalsinclude
MontiFest(MotherMary'sfeast),whichcelebratestheNativityfeastandtheblessingofnewharvests.[115]
TheJainMilan,acommitteecomprisingJainfamiliesofMangalore,organisestheJainfoodfestival
annually,[116]whilefestivalssuchasMosaruKudike,whichispartofKrishnaJanmashtamifestival,is
celebratedbythewholecommunity.[117]Aati,afestivalworshipingKalanja,apatronspiritofthecity,occurs
duringtheAashaadhamonthofHinducalendar.FestivalssuchasKaravaliUtsavandKudlostavaare
highlightedbynationalandstatelevelperformancesindance,dramaandmusic.[118]BhutaKola(spirit
worship),isusuallyperformedbytheTuluvacommunityatnight.Nagaradhane(snakeworship)isperformed
inthecityinpraiseofNagaDevatha(theserpentking),whoissaidtobetheprotectorofallsnakes.[119]An
ancientritualassociatedwiththe'daivasthanams'(temples)inruralareas,Hindukorikatta,[120][121]areligious
andspiritualcockfight,isheldatthetemplesandalsoallowediforganisedaspartofreligiousorcultural
events.[122]
MangaloreancuisineislargelyinfluencedbytheSouthIndiancuisine,
withseveralcuisinesbeinguniquetothediversecommunitiesofthe
city.Coconutandcurryleavesarecommoningredientstomost
MangaloreanCurry,asareginger,garlicandchili.MangaloreanFish
CurryisapopulardishinKanara.TheTuluvacommunity'swell
knowndishesincludeKoriRotti(dryriceflakesdippedingravy),
BangudePulimunchi(silvergreymackerels),BeejaManoliUpkari,
Neerdosa(lacyricecrpes),BoothaiGasi,Kadubu,andPatrode.The
Konkanicommunity'sspecialitiesincludeDaalithoy,beebeupkari
(cashewbased),valval,avnasambesasam,Kadgichakko,paagila
podi,andchanagashi.VegetariancuisineinMangalore,alsoknownas
Udupicuisine,isknownandlikedthroughoutthestateandregion.
SinceMangaloreisacoastaltown,fishformsthestapledietofmost
Neerdosa,avariantofdosa,and
people.[123]MangaloreanCatholics'SannaDukraMaas(Sannaidli
pundi(riceball),arenativeto
fluffedwithtoddyoryeastDukraMaasPork),PorkBafat,Sorpotel
Mangalore.
andtheMuttonBiryanioftheMuslimsarewellknowndishes.Pickles
suchashappala,sandigeandpulimunchiareuniquetoMangalore.
Shendi(toddy),acountryliquorpreparedfromcoconutflowersap,ispopular.[110]
Civicadministration
Mainarticle:MangaloreCityCorporation
MangaloreCityofficials[124]
TheMangaloreCityCorporation(MCC)isthe
municipalcorporationinchargeofthecivicand
Mayor
JacinthaVijayaAlfred
infrastructuralassetsofthecity.Municipallimitsbegin
DeputyMayor
PurushotthamChitrapura
withMukkainthenorth,toNetravatiriverbridgeinthe
CommissionerofPolice S.Murugan
southandwesternseashoretoVamanjoorintheeast.
TheMCCcouncilcomprises60electedrepresentatives,
calledcorporators,onefromeachofthe60wards(localities)ofthecity.Electionstothecouncilareheldonce
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everyfiveyears,withresultsbeingdecidedbypopularvote.Acorporatorfromthemajoritypartyisselected
asaMayor.[125]TheheadquartersofMangaloreCityCorporationisatLalbagh.ItssubofficesareatSurathkal
andBikarnakatta.Asof2001,theMangaloremunicipalitycoveredanareaof73.71km2(28.46sqmi).[76]
UntiltherevisionofLokSabhaandthelegislativeconstituenciesby
theDelimitationcommission,Mangalorecontributedtwomembersto
theLokSabha,oneforthesouthernpartofthecitywhichfellunder
theMangaloreLokSabhaConstituency,andanotherforthenorthern
partofthecitywhichfellundertheUdupiLokSabhaConstituency.
Additionally,MangaloresentthreememberstotheKarnatakaState
LegislativeAssembly.Withtherevision,theentireMangaloretaluk
nowfallsundertheDakshinaKannadaLokSabhaconstituency,
resultinginMangalorecontributingonlyoneMemberofParliament
(MP).[126][127]
MangaloreCityCorporation
headquartersatLalbagh
TheMangaloreCityPoliceisresponsibleforthelawandorder
maintenanceinMangalore.Thedepartmentisheadedbya
CommissionerofPolice.MangaloreisalsotheheadquartersoftheWesternRangePolice,coveringthe
westerndistrictsofKarnataka,whichisheadedbyanInspectorGeneralofPolice(IGP).[128]
Education
Mainarticle:ListofeducationalinstitutionsinMangalore
NationalInstituteofTechnology
(Karnataka)inSurathkal,whichisoneof
thepremierinstitutesofIndia,islocated
nearMangalore.
Mangaloreisanimportantcentreforeducationwithstudentsfrom
alloverIndiapursuingvariousprofessionalcoursesinandaround
thecityaddingtoitscosmopolitanlookandappeal.Thepre
collegiatemediumofinstructioninschoolsispredominantly
EnglishandKannada,andmediumofinstructionineducational
institutionsaftermatriculationincollegesisEnglish.Additionally,
othermediaofinstructionexistinMangalore.Recently,a
committeeofexpertsconstitutedbytheTuluSahityaAcademy
recommendedtheinclusionofTulu(inKannadascript)asa
mediumofinstructionineducation.[129]
SchoolsandcollegesinMangaloreareeithergovernmentrunorrunbyprivatetrustsandindividuals.The
schoolsareaffiliatedwitheithertheKarnatakaStateBoard,IndianCertificateofSecondaryEducation(ICSE),
theCentralBoardforSecondaryEducation(CBSE)andtheNationalInstituteofOpenSchooling(NIOS)
boards.Aftercompleting10yearsofschoolinginsecondaryeducation,studentsenrollinHigherSecondary
School,specialisinginoneofthethreestreamsArts,CommerceorScience.Sincethe1980s,therehave
beenalargenumberofprofessionalinstitutionsestablishedinavarietyoffieldsincludingengineering,
medicine,homoeopathicmedicine,dentistry,businessmanagementandhotelmanagement.Theearliest
schoolsestablishedinMangaloreweretheCanaraHighSchool(1891),BaselEvangelicalSchool(1838)and
MilagresSchool(1848).TheKasturbaMedicalCollegeestablishedin1953,wasIndia'sfirstprivatemedical
college.[130]PopulareducationalinstitutionsinthecityareNationalInstituteofTechnology
(Karnataka),SrinivasInstituteofTechnology,SahyadriEducationalInstitutionsCollegeofEngineering&
Management,Adyar,KSHegdeMedicalAcademy,A.J.InstituteofMedicalScience,FatherMullerMedical
College,FatherMullerHomeopathicMedicalCollege,YenepoyaMedicalCollege,SrinivasMedicalCollege
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MangaloreInstituteofTechnology&Engineering(MITE),BearysInstituteofTechnology,StJoseph's
EngineeringCollege,P.A.CollegeofEngineering,St.Agnes,St.AloysiusCollege,SharadaVidyalaya,Canara
HighSchool,CanaraCollege,CanaraEngineeringCollege,KVGCollegeofEngineering[1]
(http://www.kvgengg.com/)AlvasEducationfoundation,S.D.M.College,SriSathyasailokaSevaEducational
Institutions,Alike[2](http://alikeonline.org/)andSt.JosephEngineeringCollege.Apubliclibraryrunbythe
CorporationBank,islocatedatMannaguddainMangalore.[131]MangaloreUniversitywasestablishedon10
September1980.ItcaterstothehighereducationalneedsofDakshinaKannada,UdupiandKodagu
districts[132]andisaNationalAssessmentandAccreditationCouncil(NAAC)accreditedfourstarlevel
institution.[133]
Transport
Mainarticle:TransportinMangalore
Mangalore'slocationmakesitaccessibleviaallformsoftransport
Air,Road,RailandSea.[135]TransportsystemsinMangalorecity
includeprivatebuses,KSRTCbuses,trains,taxisandautorickshaws.
MangaloreInternationalAirport(IATA:IXE)isnearBajpe/Kenjar,
andislocatedabout15kilometres(9mi)northeastofthecitycentre.
ItisthesecondairportinKarnatakatooperateflightstointernational
destinations.Itisthesecondlargestandsecondbusiestairportinthe
stateofKarnataka.VariousairlineoperatorsincludingJetAirways,Air
IndiaExpress,SpiceJet,EtihadAirways,AirIndiahavedailyand
weeklyflightsfromMangalore.Thereareregularflightstoallmajor
citiesinIndiaanddirectinternationalflightstocountrieslikeUnited
ArabEmirates,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia,Bahrain,Kuwait.Thenew
terminalsandrunwaysattheairportaccommodatebothcargoand
passengerrequirements.MangaloreInternationalAirportrecorded
phenomenalgrowthincargoandpassengerhandlingintheyear2013
duetoincreasedcapacityandinfrastructuredevelopment.Staterun
governmentbusesVajraVolvoplybetweenthecityandthe
airport.[136]
FourNationalHighwayspassthroughMangalore.NH66(previously
knownasNH17tillApril2011[137]),whichrunsfromPanvel(in
Maharashtra)toEdapallyJunction(nearCochininKerala),passes
throughMangaloreinanorthsouthdirection,whileNH48(presently
knownasNH75[138])runseastwardtoBangalore.NH13(presently
knownasNH169[138])runsnortheastfromMangaloreto
Solapur.[139]NH234,a715kmlongNationalHighwayconnects
MangaloretoVillupuram.[140]NationalHighwaysAuthorityofIndia
(NHAI)isupgradingthenationalhighwaysconnectingNew
MangalorePorttoSurathkalonNH66andBCRoadjunctiononNH
48.UndertheportconnectivityprogrammeoftheNationalHighways
DevelopmentProject(NHDP),a37.5kilometre(23.3mi)stretchof
thesehighwayswillbeupgradedfromtwolanetofourlaneroads.[141]
MangaloreAirportTerminal [134]
TheNetravatirailwaybridgeserves
asthegatewaytoMangalore.
MangaloreJunctionrailwaystation
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Mangalore'scitybusserviceisoperatedbyprivateoperatorsandprovidesaccesswithincitylimitsand
beyond.Twodistinctsetsofroutesforthebusesexistcityroutesarecoveredbycitybuses,whileintercity
routesarecoveredbyserviceandexpressbuses.KarnatakaStateRoadTransportCorporation(KSRTC)
operateslongdistancebusservicesfromMangaloretootherpartsofthestate.[142]Theotherkeyplayerswho
runbusservicesfromMangalorearetheDakshinaKannadaBusOperatorsAssociation(DKBOA)andthe
CanaraBusOperatorsAssociation(CBOA).[143]ThesebusesusuallyplyfromtheMangaloreBusStation.
Whitecolouredtaxisalsotraversemostofthecity.Anothermodeforlocaltransportistheautorickshaw.
RailconnectivityinMangalorewasestablishedin1907.MangalorewasalsothestartingpointofIndia's
longestrailroute.[47]ThecityhastworailwaystationsMangaloreCentral(atHampankatta)andMangalore
Junction(atKankanadi).[144]Ametregaugerailwaytrack,builtthroughtheWesternGhats,connects
MangalorewithHassan.ThebroadgaugetrackconnectingMangaloretoBangaloreviaHassanwasopenedto
freighttrafficinMay2006[145]andpassengertrafficinDecember2007.[146]Mangaloreisalsoconnectedto
Chennai,Trivandrum,Kochi,Kollam(Quilon)throughtheSouthernRailwayandtoMumbaiviatheKonkan
Railway.[147][148]
TheMangaloreHarbourhasshipping,storage,andlogisticalservices,whiletheNewMangalorePorthandles
dry,bulk,andfluidcargoes.TheNewMangalorePortisalsowellequippedtohandlepetroleumoillubricants,
crudeproductsandLPGcontainers.Itisalsothestationforthecoastguard.ThisartificialharbourisIndia's
ninthlargestport,intermsofcargohandling,andistheonlymajorportinKarnataka.[149][150]
Sports
TraditionalsportslikeKambala(buffalorace),contestedinwaterfilled
paddyfields,andKorikatta(cockfight)areverypopularinthecity.[151]
Cricketisthemostpopularsportinthecity.DakshinaKannada'sonly
fullfledgedcricketstadium,theMangalaStadium,isin
Mangalore.[152]TheSportsAuthorityofIndia(SAI)hasalsosetupa
sportstrainingcentreatthestadium.[153]TheCentralMaidanin
Mangaloreisanotherimportantvenuehostingdomestictournaments
andmanyinterschoolandcollegiatetournaments.[154]TheMangalore
SportsClub(MSC)isapopularorganisationinthecityandhasbeen
electedastheinstitutionalmemberfortheMangaloreZoneofthe
KambalaraceatPilikula
KarnatakaStateCricketAssociation(KSCA).[155][156]Footballisalso
Nisargadhama(Mangalore)
quitepopularinthecityandisusuallyplayedinthemaidans
(grounds),withtheNehruMaidanbeingthemostpopularvenuefor
domestictournaments.Chessisalsoapopularindoorsportinthecity.MangaloreisheadquarterstotheSouth
KanaraDistrictChessAssociation(SKDCA),whichhashostedtwoAllIndiaOpenChess
tournaments.[157][158][159]
Othersportssuchastennis,squash,billiards,badminton,tabletennisandgolfareplayedinthenumerous
clubsandgymkhanas.PilikulaNisargadhama,anintegratedthemepark,hasafullyfunctionalnineholegolf
courseatVamanjoor.[160][161]LokeshRahul,commonlyknownasKLRahulandBudhiKunderan,aformer
IndianwicketkeeperwasfromMangalore.[162]RaviShastri,whorepresentedIndiaforseveralyearsin
internationalcricketasanallrounderandcaptainedtheteam,isofMangaloreandescent.[163]
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Media
AllIndiaRadio'sFMtower
atKadri
MajornationalEnglishlanguagenewspaperssuchasTimesofIndia,The
Hindu,TheNewIndianExpressandDeccanHeraldpublishlocalised
Mangaloreeditions.TheMadipu,Mogaveera,Samparka(Contact)and
Saphala(Fulfillment)arewellknownTuluperiodicalsinMangalore.[164]
PopularKonkanilanguageperiodicalspublishedinthecityareRaknno
(Guardian),KonknniDirvem(KonkaniTreasure),andKannik(Offering).
BearyperiodicalslikeJyothi(Light)andSwatantraBharata(Independent
India)arealsopublishedfromMangalore.AmongKannadanewspapers,
Udayavani(MorningVoice),VijayaKarnataka(VictoryofKarnataka),
Prajavani(VoiceofthePeople),KannadaPrabhaandVarthabharathi(Indian
News)arepopular.EveningnewspaperssuchasKaravaliAle(Wavesfromthe
Coast),MangalooruMitra(FriendofMangalore),Sanjevani(EveningVoice),
andJayakirana(RaysofVictory)arealsopublishedinthecity.TheKonkani
languagenewspaperkodialKhabbarisreleasedfortnightly.Oneofthemajor
MalayalamlanguagenewspaperofKeralaTheMalayalaManoramahaveits
ownlocalisedMangaloreedition.ThefirstKannadalanguagenewspaper
MangaloreSamachara(NewsofMangalore)waspublishedfromMangalore
in1843.[165]
Thestaterun,nationallybroadcastDoordarshanprovidesbothnationalandlocalisedtelevisioncoverage.
Cabletelevisionalsoprovidesbroadcastcablechannelsofindependentlyownedprivatenetworks.CanaraTV
transmitsdailyvideonewschannelsfromMangalore.[166]MangaloreisnotcoveredbytheConditionalaccess
system(CAS)however,aproposaltoprovideCAStotelevisionviewersinMangaloresometimeinthefuture
hasbeeninitiatedbyV4Media,thelocalcableserviceprovider.[167]DirecttoHome(DTH)servicesare
availableinMangaloreviaDishTV,TataSky,SunDirectDTH,AirteldigitalTV,RelianceBIGTVand
VideoconD2h.[168]AllIndiaRadio(AIR)hasastudioatKadri(withfrequency100.3MHz)thatairsprogram
duringscheduledhours.Mangalore'sprivateFMstationsincludeRadioMirchi98.3FM,Big92.7FM[169]and
Red93.5FM.[170]
MangaloreishometotheTuluFilmIndustry,whichhasacatalogueof31films,andreleasesonefilm
annually,onaverage.PopularTulufilmsincludeKadalaMage(SonoftheSea)andSuddha(TheCleansing
Rites).Tuludramas,mostlyplayedintheTownHallatHampankatta,areverypopular.[130]In2006,aTulu
filmfestivalwasorganisedinMangalore.[171]
Utilityservices
ElectricityinMangaloreisregulatedbytheKarnatakaPowerTransmissionCorporationLimited(KPTCL)
anddistributedthroughMangaloreElectricitySupplyCompany(MESCOM).[172][173][174]Mangalore
experiencesscheduledandunscheduledpowercuts,especiallyduringthesummer,duetoexcessconsumption
demands.[175]MajorindustrieslikeMangaloreRefineryandPetrochemicals(MRPL)andMangalore
Chemicals&Fertilizers(MCF)operatetheirowncaptivepowerplants.[176][177]
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PotablewatertothecityissuppliedbyMangaloreCity
Corporation.[178]Almostallwaterisfromtheventeddamconstructed
acrosstheNetravatiRiveratThumbe,14kilometres(9mi)from
Mangalore.[179][180]TheKarnatakaUrbanDevelopmentandCoastal
EnvironmentManagementProject(KUDCEMP)aimtoimprovesafe
watersupplysystemsandreduceleakageandlossesinthedistribution
systeminMangalore.[178]Theofficialgarbagedumpinggroundof
MangaloreisinVamanjoor.[181]Thecitygeneratesanaverageof175
TheKadriParkinKadri
tonsperdayofwaste,whichishandledbythehealthdepartmentofthe
MangaloreCityCorporation.[182]Thecityhasdevelopedandmaintains
publicparkssuchasPilikulaNisargadhama,[183]KadriParkatKadri,TagoreParkatLightHouseHill,Gandhi
ParkatGandhinagar,[184]andCorporationBankParkatNehruMaidan.
FixedLinetelecomservicesareofferedalongsideGSMandCodedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA)mobile
services.MangaloreistheheadquartersoftheDakshinaKannadaTelecomDistrict,thesecondlargesttelecom
districtinKarnataka.[185]ProminentbroadbandinternetserviceprovidersinthecityincludeTata,Airteland
DataOnebyBSNL.[186]
Sistercities
MangaloreistwinnedwithtwoCanadiancities:
Hamilton,Ontario(since1968)[187]
Delta,BritishColumbia(since2010)[188]
Seealso
ListofshoppingmallsinMangalore
ListofbeachesnearMangalore
DakshinaKannada
Notes
1. "Citieshavingpopulation1lakhandabove,Census2011"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011prov
results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf)(PDF).GovernmentofIndia.Retrieved
20130123.
2. "PincodeLocatorTool"(http://pincode.net.in/KARNATAKA/DAKSHINA_KANNADA/M/MANGALORE).
PINcode.Net.In.Retrieved16December2011.
3. "ProvisionalPopulationTotals,CensusofIndia2011UrbanAgglomerations/Citieshavingpopulation1lakhand
above"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011prov
results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf)(PDF).OfficeoftheRegistrar
General&CensusCommissioner,India.Retrieved26March2012.
4. "MangaloresecondcleanestcityinState"(http://www.thehindu.com/todayspaper/tpnational/tp
karnataka/mangaloresecondcleanestcityinstate/article1123227.ece).TheHindu.25January2011.Retrieved
17June2015.
5. http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/58572bangalorerankedindiastopbusinessdestinationmangaloreat13th
16/27
30/08/2015
5. http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/58572bangalorerankedindiastopbusinessdestinationmangaloreat13th
place
6. "MangaloretakesoverasthenewSEZdestination"(http://www.webcitation.org/query?
url=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FFeatures%2FThe_Sunday_ET%2FProperty%2FMangalore
_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination%2Farticleshow%2F2788712.cms&date=20120315).TheEconomic
Times(TheTimesofIndia).17February2008.Retrieved20March2008.
7. "StatesReorganizationAct1956"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/).
CommonwealthLegalInformationInstitute.Archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/)on16May2008.Retrieved1July2008.
8. Babu,SavithaSuresh(17February2007)."Tilesforstyle"(http://www.webcitation.org/query?
url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2007%2F02%2F17%2Fstories%2F2007021701030100.htm&date
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9. "10cleancitiesthatmakeIndiaproud"(http://www.rediff.com/business/report/pixswachhbharatthecleanestcities
inindia/20141008.htm).Rediff.Retrieved15January2015.
10. Kameshwar,G.(2004).Tulutales:asootachronicle.Rupa&Co.p.8.ISBN9788129104274.
11. Sadasivan,S.N.(2000).AsocialhistoryofIndia.NewDelhi:APHPub.Corp.pp.207208.ISBN817648170X.
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past/articleshow/44873377.cms).TheTimesofIndia.20141019.Retrieved20150223.
15. Raghuram,M.(18July2007)."Mangaluru:ithascomealongway"(http://www.webcitation.org/query?
url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F07%2F18%2Fstories%2F2007071855190700.htm&date=2012
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16. Farias,KrantiK.(1999).TheChristianImpactonSouthKanara.ChurchHistoryAssociationofIndia.
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Bhat,P.Gururaja(1969).AntiquitiesofSouthKanara.PrabhakaraPress.
Hoiberg,DaleRamchandani,Indu(2000)."Mangalore".Students'BritannicaIndia
(http://books.google.com/?id=kEj2a7pmVMC&printsec=frontcover).PopularPrakashan.ISBN0
852297602.Retrieved16June2008.
Venn,T.W.(1945).Mangalore.Mysore:WesleyPress.
Externallinks
DCOFFICE,MANGALORE(http://www.dk.nic.in/)
MangaloreCityCorporationWebsite(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/)
Mangalore(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Mangalore/)atDMOZ
26/27
30/08/2015
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore&oldid=678335691"
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