1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning

MorphologicalStudyofColonialandTraditionalUrbanSpaceinJava:
AComparativeStudyofTenCities

RonyGunawanSunaryo,2NindyoSoewarno,3Ikaputra,4BaktiSetiawan

ABSTRACT

1.

MostofmorphologicalstudiesofcitiesinJavatendedtoplacetheelementsoftraditionalurban
space such as Alunalun, Mosque, Palace and Market as the main elements of city. Other
elementssuchasthecolonialurbanspaceResidentOffice,Fort,Church,Parkandsoonare
oftenconsideredseparatelyorplacedasacomplementarypart.Throughacomparativestudyof
morphology by exploring ten cities in Java, we found both elements of traditional and colonial
urbanspaceweresetinauniqueandvariouspattern.Therearesomefindingsindicatingthatthe
elementsofcolonialurbanspacesignificantlyinfluencethecitystructureaswellasthoseofthe
traditionalones.Therefore,understandingtheurbanspaceforminJavashouldincludeandput
elementsofbothoftraditionalandcolonialurbanspaceasanintegralpart.

20111stBiennaleICIAP.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:ColonialUrbanSpace,Java,Morphology,TraditionalUrbanSpace

INTRODUCTION

MorphologyofcitiesinJavawherewelivetodayisformedthroughseriesoflongprocesswitha
variety of influencing factors. Some concepts that explain the influences of Buddhist, Hindu,
Islam
and European coloring process of the city formation in Java were generally accepted5. Legacy of
European influence can be seen primarily through the physical artifacts of the Dutch colonial
buildingsspreadinurbanareasofJava.Throughmanyindepthstudies,researchontheinfluenceof
EuropeontheworldofIndonesianarchitecturecanbesaidtohavefoundtheconceptsthatarefairly
stable6. In contrasttothe discipline of architecture in which the scope is one building in urban
designorurbanplanningdisciplineinwhichthescopeisanareauntilacity,thestabilityofsucha
conceptisfoundlacking.ExplanationsregardingtheinfluenceoftheDutchcolonizationtotheurban
spaceconceptinwhichwelivetoday,forexample,arestillquitelimitedandleavemanyquestions.
DutchcolonizationprocessinJavalastedforseveralcenturies,sincetheirtradingpostswerebuilt
in the coastal cities to control infrastructure of transportation throughout Java. Although the
influence of colonization looksso dominant inbuilding a system ofurban network in Java, it is the
oppositeinthescopeofurbanspace.Colonizationprocessdoesnotremovetheconceptsofurban
space forms that have already existed in Java. Alunalun, for example, is the landmark of the city
centerderivedfromtheprecolonialtraditionswhich stillsurvives.Untilnow,the determinationof
the city center or the area of the old town mostly still refers to the position of the Alunalun7. In
contrast, there are some difficulties when we have to identify the elements of the colonial urban
space,partlybecauseoftheabsenceoftheconceptofcolonialurbanspacewhichcanbeappliedin
general.Themaincolonialelementsformingurbanspaceweredifferentfromonecitytoanother,as
well as characters formed later. In some cases, the colonial elements are mixed with traditional
elements,sotheybecomehardertodeterminewhethertheurbanspaceformedistraditionalurban
space or colonial urban space. These facts lead us to a lot of questions, some of the most simple
questions:DoesthecolonialperiodhaveroleinthemorphologyofurbanspaceinJava?Whatarethe
elements forming the colonial urban space? How does the process of interaction between the
elementsofthecolonialurbanspaceandelementsoftraditionalurbanspace?
This paper is the result of a brief literature review and observations on urban space in several
cities in Java. The focus of this study is the morphology of urban space in the colonial period,
especially in the early stages of formation of important structures in the city. The study does not
attempttofindgeneralconceptstoanswerthequestionsinthepreviousparagraph,butratherasan
introductiontotheunderstandingthatfurtherextensiveandindepthstudiesneedtobedoneonthe
focusofthestudy.
1

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Planning, Petra Christian University; Student at Doctoral
Program, Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
ronygunawan@petra.ac.id;rgsunaryo@gmail.com
2
DepartmentofArchitectureandPlanning,FacultyofEngineering,GadjahMadaUniversity
3
DepartmentofArchitectureandPlanning,FacultyofEngineering,GadjahMadaUniversity
4
DepartmentofArchitectureandPlanning,FacultyofEngineering,GadjahMadaUniversity
5
Some general publication resources used by urban researcher among others: Lombard with Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya,
Kajian Sejarah Terpadu (1996); Wiryomartono with Seni Bangunan dan Seni Binakota di Indonesia (1985), Santoso with
ArsitekturkotaJawa,KosmosKultur&Kuasa(2008).
6
SomerecentstudiesfocusingonColonialArchitectureamongothers:HandinotowithArsitekturdanKotakotadiJawa
padaMasaKolonial(2010),andsomearticlesinNas(editor)withMasaLaludalamMasaKini(2010)illustratedtheinterpre
tationwhichisalmostequaltothedevelopmentofcolonialarchitectureinJava.
7
ZerokilometerpointinmanycitiesinJavatakethepositionofAlunalun

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning
2.

MORPHOLOGYASAMETHOD

Morphologyinthecontextofurbandesignisunderstoodasastructuring/formationofanobject
orsystem.Meanwhile,theurbanmorphologyasastructuring/formationofthecityasobjectand
systemcanbeidentifiedbystructural,functionalandvisual(Zahnd,1999).AccordingtoWeishaguna
and Saodih (), the morphology of the city is an approach to understand the city as a collection of
geometric configuration of buildings and artefacts with the configuration of units of a particular
physicalspacewhichareproductsofsociospatialchange.Meanwhile,Widodo(2010)assertsthatin
urbananalysis,morphologyapproachisappropriatetobeusedtoidentifythestructuralrelationships
amongtheartifactsofthecity.

Ingeneral,thestepsperformedinthestudywere:

3.

1. Physicalartifactasanarchive:tracingoldmapandsatellitemapstoidentifytheformation
processofelementsofurbanspacefrombeginninguntilpresentcondition.
2. Synchronicanddiachronicreadings:aliteraturereviewtounderstandthefactorsthatinflu
enceacityformationondifferentperiod.
3. Comprehensivescale:crossdisciplinaryliteraturereviewofhistoryofsocial,politics,culture,
architecture and urban areas in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of inter
scale,frombuildings,anareauntilacity.
4. Verification:Fieldobservationstofeelthespaceisformed.Limitedinterviewswereconduct
edwithcityhistorians,residentsorthebuildingmanagertogettheoverallpicture.

LITERATUREREVIEW

3.1.UrbanSpaceandElementsofUrbanForm

Krier(1975:1516)simplydescribedtheconceptofurbanspaceas:alltypesofspacesbetween
buildings in towns and other Localities as urban space. He further added elements of street and
squareasthebasicelementsofurbanspace:Theyaredifferentiatedonlybythedimensionsofthe
walls which bound them and by the pattern of function and circulation which characterize them.
Studies carried out in his book entitled the same, Urban Space (1979), aimed to realize the im
portance of understanding the urban space as a system. Nevertheless, Kriers analysis can not be
separatedfromhisweaknessbydevelopingtypologiesofurbanspacewithoutahistoricaldimension
(Kostof,1992:146).Inspiteoftheseweaknesses,Krierseffortisanimportantpartofthemanyef
urban designers, and urban planners to understand the city through the
forts from the architects,
elementsofurbanform8.
Broadbent(1990:4)concludedthatthefourbasicprinciplesthatformthecityare:theseparation
ofthebuiltupareafromsurroundingcountryside;thedevelopmentofirrigationsystemsforinten
siveagriculture;thedevelopmentofthepowerstructurebywhichtheirrigationsystems,andother
aspectsofurbanlifecouldbecontrolled;andthedevelopmentofcraftspecialitiestoservenotonly
theneedsofurbanpopulationbutalsoasbasesfortrade.Meanwhile,toseethemanifestationof
theseprinciplestotheurbanphysicalelements,Kostofsexplanationscanhelpus.Kostof(1992:72)
describedfourkindsofspecializedpartitionoftheurbanterritory:theadministrativedistrict,where
therulingauthorityresides;thereligiousdistrict;thedistrictofbusinessandcommerce,andtheres
identialcomponentoftheurbanstructure.Urbanhistoryingeneralnotedthatthefirstthreepoints
as the standard jurisdictional divisions of the public domain, and applied to the physical arrange
ment.Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthatthemainelementsformingurbanspacewhichispublic
domainwillberepresentationofthesethreeentities.

3.2.FormingElementsofJavaUrbanSpace

CitycentersofJavaintheprecolonialperiodareoftenreadthroughtheelementsofAlunalun
and important buildings in the surrounding including Kraton/Regency (The Palace) and Grand
Mosque.TheexistenceofMarketelement,despiteitspositionapartfromthefirstthreeelements,is
theprincipleintheearlyformationofthecity.Thesetofelementisalwaysafixedcompositionand
occupies important positions in the initial formation of the city. Some researchers mention Catur
tunggalconcepttoexplainthecomposition.SantososstudyoftheJavanesecitiesintheprecolonial
periodillustratesthatthiscompositionisamanifestationofthespatialconceptthatisbasedonthe
acceptedprinciplesforcenturiesinJavasincethetimeofprehistoricsettlement9.Consideringthese
notions,itisnoexaggerationtosaythatthesetofCaturtunggal(Alunalun,thePalace,Mosqueand
Markets)isasetofelementsoftraditionalJavaurbanspace.
Abriefdescriptionofeachelementcanbedescribedasfollows:
1. KeratonCenterofpower,akeratoncomplexusedastheresidenceofakingandroyalfamilyas
wellastheadministrativecenteroftheking(Ikaputra,1995:31).ThestructureofKeratonishighly
complexduetoitshighesthierarchicalpositionintypologyofJavaneseresidentialclasssystem10.
8

SeveralsimilareffortsnotedbyKostof(1992)areStubbenwithDerStadtebau1924:PaulZuckerwithTownandSquare
1959:FromtheAgoratotheVillageGreen.MichaelWebbpublishedabookwithasimilartopicwithZucker,AHistorical
Evolution:TheCitySquare1990buttheemphasis was ontheanalysisofthefactorsformingurbanspacesuchaspolitical,
social,culturalandideologicalfactors.
9
Santoso (2008: 187) conveyed that principle of microcosmicdualistic and microcosmichierarchical is the foundation of
civilizationofJava,fromwhichtheconceptsofspaceandtheartofbuildingstructurearederived.
10
ThroughindepthstudiesaboutJavaneseHouseanditsmeaning,SantosaOmah,MembacaMaknaRumahJawa(2000)
presentedfourcasesofJavanesehousefromthesimplesttothemostcomplex:Kraton.

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning
Furthermore,Santosasaid(2000:90):"Asacenterofpower,Keratonmusthavethecapacityto
expressandmaintainsocialorderinwhichtheSultanoccupiedthetopposition."Thecomplexity
ofthefunctionsofthepalacecanbeseenfromamountofspacesthatexistanditsvastness,such
as the Keraton of Sultan Hamengkubuwono in Yogyakarta which covers an area of 14,000 m2
wide.Onareasoutsidetheroyalcity,thecenterofpowerismanifestedintheformofRegents
ResidenceoftencalledKabupatenorKadipaten.AlthoughitisnotascomplexasKeraton,Kabu
patenremainsthemostcomplexbuildingsintheterritory.
2. Alunalun,partofKeratoncomplex.TheexistenceofKeratonischaracterizedbythepresenceof
Alunaluninfrontofitandviceversa.Alunalunshapeisalargerectanglesquareforexample
AlunAlunYogyakarta,oneofthelargestAlunaluninJavawhichhas275lengthand275meter
widewith theexistenceofabanyantreeinthecenterandcircumference asasymbolofthe
harmonyofthemicrocosmosandthemacrocosmosaffordedbytheking(Pigeaud,1940inSanto
so,2008).ActivitiesthattakeplaceinAlunalunaregenerallyassociatedwithKeratonandGreat
Mosqueatitswestside.Santoso(2008)summedupthesquarefunctioninprecolonialperiodas
follows:asymbolofthelegitimacyofthesovereigntyofthekingoverthepeople;thecourseofall
religiousactivitiesandthekingdom;ashowcaseofmilitarypower
3. Mosque and Kauman, located on the west side of Alunalun11, the city's Great Mosque. Large
scalereligiousactivitiesofGarebeg(Maulud,SyawalandGede)threetimesayeartookplacewith
theinvolvementofelementsoftheGreatMosque,KeratonandAlunalun.Thisfactconfirmsthe
existenceofunitybetweenreligionandtheruleratthattime.Meanwhile,Kaumanitselfisaresi
dentialareasuchasthephysicalcharacterofKampungingeneraloutsideofthepalace.Thedif
ferenceistheatmospherethatcharacterizestheIslamicreligiousactivitiesinthatKampung.The
existenceofKaumanandMosqueinYogyakartacasecannotbeseparatedfromKeratonbecause
theperpetratorswerereligiousofficialsappointedbySultan(Ikaputra,1995:36).
4. Market,aspecifiedlocationfortradingactivity.Thecentralfunctionofthemarketactivityisthe
social and economic interactions in a single event (Wiryomartono, 1985). Furthermore, market
positioninJavaisnotorientedtothetownsquareastheconceptofcommercialspaceofmedie
valEuropeancities;otherwise,itspositiontendstoseparatefromthethreepreviouselements.
Javaneseconceptofspaceconsidersmarketasamanifestationofmundaneactivities(Wiryomar
tono,1985:58)andtheconceptthatthenorthsideofcityisaprofanespace(Santoso,2008:177)
simplydescribesthepositionofthemarketwhichisalwaysfarawayonthenorthsideofAlun
alunarea.
ThetopicrelatedtothestudyofurbanspaceinIndonesiaoratleastclosetothescaleofurban
space,especiallyincitiesinJavahasreceivedwideattentionfrommanyresearchers,especiallyinthe
disciplinesofhistory,architectureandurbanplanning.AsfarasIcanobserve,onefocusthatismost
lyattractingattentionfromtheresearchersisprecolonialperiod,whichwaslaterfoundCaturtung
gal concept as a set of traditional elements of the central Javanese urban space12. Nevertheless,
there are somestudiesthat were extended up to thecolonial period.In general
they are explana
tions of factors that influence the formation of city structure and pattern13. The study from Sandi
Siregarisoneofthemostindepthstudiesdepartingfromanalysisofelementandformofthecityto
illustrate the concept of urbanity and architectural identity of Indonesia14. Some of these studies
provideanunderstandingthattheelementsformedbycolonialplayanimportantroleintheevolu
tionofJavaurbanspacesweinhabittoday.

3.3.ColonialCityPrinciples

ThemostdetailtownplanningprinciplesofEuropeancolonialcanbeseenintheLawoftheIndies
in 1573, that became the benchmark of Spanish colonies in forming the structure of their colony
cities (Nuttal, 1921, 1922 in Broadbent, 1990: 4248). Some rules discussing the placement of the
main elements of the city, among others, stated: The placement of the main plaza as the starting
pointofthecity(Ordinance112inKostof,1992:124);themainchurchasthecentralbuildingaspart
of the spread of religion in the colony was placed in the main plaza; the placement of public
buildingssuchastheroyalcouncil,cityhall,arsenal,hospital,merchantsisplacedaroundthemain
plaza without compromising the primacy of the church. Even though it is complete and frequently
usedinmanycitiesofSpainandPortugalcolony,theapplicationofLawoftheIndiesbytheDutch
colony is still
questions and doubts. One of these doubts is the fact of the different orientation of
colonization15 the Spanish has a mission to civilize thecolonies, while the Dutch is more likely to
trade missions therefore, the city established by the Dutch acts more like trading post function
(Broadbent,1990:47).
RecordsthatmightbeclosertothecontextoftheDutchcolonywereanoteontheconceptsof
theidealcityfromSimonStevin(15481620),aQuartermasterGeneralatthetimeofPrinceMaurice
ofNassau.Stevinissuedidealcityconcepts,amongothersparametersandthemainelementsofthe
11

SalatigacityisananomalybecauseoftheexistenceoftheGreatMosqueandKaumanlocatedfarapartwithelementof
AlunalunandKabupaten
Amongothers:Suryanto&Indanoe(1987)Kotagede,ATraditionalSettlement;Santoso(2008)ArsitekturkotaJa
wa,Kosmos,Kultur&Kuasa.
13
Amongothers:Wiryomartono(1985)SeniBangunandanSeniBinakotadiIndonesia;Handinoto(1996)Perkembangan
KotadanArsitekturKolonialBelandadiSurabaya(18701940);Handinoto(2010)ArsitekturdanKotakotadiJawapada
MasaKolonial,Santoso(2009)TheFifthLayerofJakarta
14
Bandung,theArchitectureofaCityinDevelopment,isadoctoralthesisofSandiAminudinSiregaratKatholiekeUniversi
teitLeuven,Belgiumin1990.
15
DutchpolicyclearlylimitedthemixingoftheelementsofEuropeancultureandJavawithaparticularmotivation.Lom
bard(1996:94).
12

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning
city16. Some urban morphological studies refer the model of fortress (Sterctenbouwing) and the
conceptofidealcityfromStevinasabasisfordesigningStevinVOCfortressandfortresscityinthe
earlycolonialperiod17.
Regarding the shape of a city, Stevin wrote: : The foursided rectangle on a flat level piece of
groundisinmyopinionthemostconvenientshapefortowns,inorderthattheymaycontainsuitable
rectangularblocks,suchasplots,houses,gardens,marketsandsquares,whichdonotfitinanother
shape;becausepentagonalandpolygonaltowns,althoughtheycanbedrawninacircle,withawell
ordered market in the centre and streets from there to the bastions, all with a likesided form, yet
manyhouses,blocksandplotsbecomelopsidedandbroaderatoneendthanattheother
Regarding the main elements of the city, Stevins concept put Major Market no less than six
marketsthathesuggestedasthecenterofthecityfollowedbyChurches,ResidenceofthePrince,
CityHall,JailandHouseofCorrection.Theplacementoftheseelementsisplacedinthecenterofthe
city,exceptthattheResidenceofPrince,dueconsiderationtothebalancebetweencontrolandsense
ofsecurityofurbandwellersespeciallyforeignmerchantsnotplacedinthecenteroftownbutin
thecitywall(Heufel,2005:353361)
Infurtherdevelopmentssincethesecondhalfof18thcentury,fortresscitypatternisbecoming
obsolete. Handinoto (2010: 226230, 430431) illustrated that from the typology of cities in the
period of the early 18th century until the late 19th century there were two distinct characters,
namelytheOldDutchEastIndiesCityandtheNewDutchEastIndiesCity.ThepatternoftheOldCity
establishedearlierhastwocitycenters,thenativecitycenterwithAlunalunandKabupatenasthe
mainelementsandthecolonialcitycenterwiththemainelementsoftheResidenceofResidentor
Assistant Resident. Meanwhile, the pattern of the New City was formed later with one city center
characterized
by the merging of indigenous and colonial administrative center in one location, at
Alunalun18.
TheurbanpatternformedafterDecentralizationActintheearly20thcenturywasthecreationof
anewtowncentertryingtoappearmodernandawayfromthetraditionalimageofJavanese.The
newelementslikeMunicipalitiesOfficeandalsothegreatparkswerebuiltonthesiteawayfromthe
oldcitycenter.Handinoto(2010)describedoneofthebackgroundsofthisnewurbandevelopment
isthedesiretodemonstratemoretheexistenceofcolonialpowerinthecolonies19.

3.4.DistinguishingAspects

Kostof(1992:73)proposedaclassificationbasedontopographyanddimensionsoftimeasanas
pect that distinguishes one city from another20. Similar classifications are also used by many re
searchersofcitiesinJava.Thereareaspectsofgeographyandtimeperiod.Basedongeographical
character,researchersdividedthecitiesinJavaintotwocategories(Nas,1986;Zahnd;2008;Handi
noto,2010;Santoso,2008):
1. CoastalcitieswhicharelocatedinthenorthofJavaIsland,onthebasisoftradeandculture
thattendstobeegalitarian.
2. InlandcitieswhicharelocatedinthecenterofJavaIsland,onthebasisofagricultureandcul
turethattendstobefeudal.
Kostofstated(1992:78)thattheanalysisofurbanformmustconsiderthespecificconditionsthe
contextofcultural,politicalandsocialchange;therefore,thedimensionoftimebecomessignificant.
Ingeneral,Nas(1986:5)dividedthetransformationoftheIndonesiancitiesintofourstages:theear
lyIndonesiantown;theIndischetown;thecolonialtown;themoderntown.Althoughthisclassifica
tiondoesnotrepresentexactlythefactsineachcitybecauseitcouldbeforexamplethecontextof
politicalchangeinoneareathatismoreadvancedthanothersbutingeneralitcanbeusedasa
toolofanalysis21.

4.
FindingsandDiscussion

4.1.
MainElementsofColonialSpace

Althoughtheinterpretationofthecolonialelementscanbeinterpretedbyelementsbuiltbythe
colonialparty,inthisstudytheterminologyarelimitedtotheelementsthatfunctionedprimarilyfor
directinterestsofthecolonialauthorities22.Thestudyresultsfoundthatthefollowingelementscan
besaidtoalwaysappearinthecenterofthecityandhasastrongcharacterintheformationofurban
16

Researchby van denHeufel(2005)was acompletestudy todiscussSimonStevinheritage inthefieldof Architecture,

Planning and Civil City: 'De Huysbou' A reconstruction of an unfinished Treatise on architecture, town planning and civil
engineeringbySimonStevin
17
AmongotherstudiesofKwanda(2010:23)aboutProfilKawasanCagarBudayaSurabaya
18
Gilldisertation(1995)proposedthetheorythatthestructureofJavagreatlywasinfluencedbythesystemofadministra
tionpolicies,changesinthesystemaffectedthestructureoftheform.
19
Decentralization arose because of the rapid urbanization in the early 20th century, a dense urban population raised
awarenessthatthecityneededthelocalboardanddidnotdependontheBataviaGovernmentCenter.Itshouldbenoted
longtimebefore,liberalizationfactorintheNetherlands,theopeningoftheSuezCanalwasaglobalfactoraffectingeco
nomicgrowthincitiesinJava.
20
InthecaseofWesternEuropeancities,basedontopographic,Kostofdistinguishedbetweenthecitiesofthehilltopto
thevalleytown.Meanwhile,fortheaspectoftimehedistinguishedbetweenpreindustrialcitiesandthecitiesofthemod
ernindustry.
21
Thepolitical,socialandculturalunitycanbesaidtooccurafterthe20thcentury,beforethattimethepolitical,socialand
culturalchangesineachcitywerenotrunningequally.
22
ThisistoclarifywhytheelementssuchasMosques,andKabupatenbuiltbycolonialonseveralcitiesarenotincludedin
thecategoryofcolonialelement,orviceversaRastenburgfortressbuiltbySultanHamengkubuwonoisnotincludedinthe
categoryoftraditionalelements.

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning
space.Someofthemainelementsinthecitythatcanbeusedtoidentifythecolonialurbanspace
areasfollows:
1. Fort:elementofthecolonialthatgives,forthefirsttime,colortothestructureofcityinJavacan
be saidgenerallythrough its fortress. In the VOC period(beforethe 19thcentury)the fortwas
built for the purpose of defense, and the administrative center of government and symbols of
economicandpoliticaldominationoftheDutchcolonyinthecolony(Gill,1995inMarihandono).
2. ResidentsResidence and Office:Residents inthe periodbefore the20thcenturyweretheoffi
cialsofDutchcolonialgovernmentundertheMinisterofDomesticAffairsofColoniesRegion(Di
recteur Dept. Van Binnenland Bestuur). The territory covers the Residensi, an area of approxi
matelyadistrictinthepresent.Resident'sresidenceorofficeistheadministrativeandauthority
of the Dutch colonial government on the area of Residensi.
On a smaller area under Residensi,
namedAfdeling,thehighestofficialisAssistantResident23.
3. Church:AlthoughtheprinciplesofLawoftheIndesandStevinsconceptasserttheprimacyofthe
Churchelement,therewasverylimitedsourcesthatexplaintheprinciplesofChurchplacement
afterthefortresscity in Java.Somenotes from Lombard and churchhistoryliterature illustrate
that the position of religion in the Dutch colonization did not stand out as it appeared on the
Spanishcolonization.TheDutch,sincethebeginning,didnotincludethespecialroleofreligionin
their mission, and even tended to limit the interference of religion in the administration
of the
24
.Throughthe
colony.Restructuringofthechurchesasanewinstitutionbeganonlyafter1815
25
study of literature related to the history of the church in Java , we can conclude the role of
Protestantmissions(Catholiclater)waslimitedtohumanitarianissuessuchashealthandeduca
tion.
4. Parks: The role of parks in the colonial period rarely discussed in publication, but the fact that
theywerepresentinkeylocationssuchasinfrontofChurch,ResidentsResidenceorMainInter
sectioninthecityshowedtheirsignificanceintheformationofurbanspacestructure.Handinoto
(1996:81)basedonthecaseofSurabayaillustratedthatthedevelopmentforopenspacebefore
the phase of Gemeente came from private initiative. However, more studies need to be done
lookingatthefactthatthereweremajorparksinthecolonialcitycenterbeforethe19thcentury
inwhichprivaterolewasnotdominantasitwasinthe20thcenturyamongothercases,Kediri,
Pekalongan,TegalandSalatiga.
5. Stations&Railways:FollowingtheGreatPostRoadthatconnectedlandlineofJavain1810,the
discourse to the railway came in 1840. The first network that connected SemarangKedungjati
wascompletedin1871.Afterthedevelopmentofacomprehensivenetworkwhichwasintensive
ly carried out, by the year 1894, recorded by Lombard (1996:140), the first line was completed
acrossJava.Networkconstructionwascontinueduntilthe1920's,calledbymanynotesthatthe
railnetworkwasthemostcompletenetworkandthedensestinAsiaatthattime.Thesameas
thepatterninEurope,theplacementofthe stationasa meetingwiththerailnetworkandthe
highwayswaslocatedinthecitycenter(Handinoto,2010:333).Thesefactsaresufficienttoshow
thesignificanceoftheStationasanelementaffectingthestructureofJavaurbanspace.
6. TelecommunicationsandTradeOffice:ImmediatelyaftertheeconomicliberalizationintheNeth
erlandsafter1870,theopportunityforprivatetoconductbusinessinthecolonywasopenwidely.
Theseconditionsledtotheneedsofbusiness&tradeofficesonalargescale26.Withtheincreas
ingeconomictransactionsofthecity,theneedsforcommunicationconnectivitybetweenregions
inthecoloniesaswellasthecoloniestotheNetherlandswereincreasing,sothatthetelecom
municationsofficebuildingssuchaspostal,telephoneandtelegraphappeared.

4.2.
SetofElementsoftheEarlyColonial:FortressCity

Theearlycolonialperiodinthe17thcenturywasmarkedbytheestablishmentofthefortinareas
thatwereconsideredstrategictotheeconomybytheVOC27.Departingfromtheinitialfunctionasa
symbol of existence, it evolved into a center of government and administration activities of the
territory of these business entities (Marihandono, 2007). Establishment of the fort or citadel,
especiallyinthecaseofcoastalcities,aimedatsecuringatradingpostandcommunityinterestsof
internalsecurity.Thefortcanbeconsideredasasmalltown,sothesetofexistingcolonialelements
gatheredinthefort.

AftertheVOCtookstrongerpoliticalpositioninthecity,otherelementsgrewaroundthecastle
like:ResidentsResidence,DutchSettlement,Churches,Parks,PrisonsandMarkets.Placementofthe
elementsinthisperiodissetapartfromthetraditionalsetofelementsthathavebeentherebefore,
namely: Kabupaten/KadipatenAlunalunMosqueMarket. The sense of the word separate here
describesseparationbydistance,asitcanbeseeninthecaseofSemarang,Salatiga,Pekalonganand
23

Handinoto(1996)referringtoCobban(1970)describedthestructureoftheDutchEastIndiesbeforethetwentiethcentu
ry,itappearstherearetwogovernancestructures:theDutchandtheNatives
24
Amongothers,gatheringalltheProtestantcongregationacrossthearchipelagoinProtestanscheDeKerkinOostIndie
andformingtheAssemblyoftheChurchundertheMinistryofTradeandRegionalDevelopmentofColoniesandKingWil
liamChurch(nowImmanuel)asitscenterinBataviain18351839.
25
Regarding the relations with the church in the Dutch colonies, it can be found at Lombard (1996:97102) part Peran
Komunitas Kristen; Sejarah Gereja di Indonesia (2008, archives of GPIB Kediri); and book 75 tahun Jemaat Kristen Jawa
SawokembarGondokusumanYogyakarta(MajelisGKJSawokembarGondokosumanYogyakarta,1988)
26
SomeofbigtradeofficesinJava,amongothersDeJavascheBank,NederlandHandelsMij,Ned.IndischeEscomptoMij,
Ned.IndischeHandelsbank.
27
Handinoto(2010:429)illustratedtheestablishmentoftheVOCfortressonthebanksoftheriverinJeparacitythatserves
asastorehouseoftheearthbeforeitwasbroughttoEurope.

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning
Kediri.Separationthatoccursbetweenelementsofcolonialandtraditionalelementsinthecaseof
PekalonganandKediriisincreasinglypunctuatedwithelementsoftheriverasabarrier.

Separationoftheelementsoftraditionalandcolonialurbanspace,amongothers,wasduetothe
relationthatexistsbetweenlocalauthorities(Duke/Regent)andcolonial(VOCofficials)atthetime.
Intheearlycolonialperiodtherelationswerelimitedtotradeaffairsandtherewasnointentionfrom
theDutchtomeddletoomuchinthenativepoliticalaffairs28.Thisconditionismuchdifferentfrom
thestyleoftheSpanishcolonies,whichdemolishedTenochtitlanelementsoftraditionalurbanspace
sincethebeginningandreplaceditwithSpanishelements29.

Source:AnalysisfromMapandFieldworkin20112012
Figure1.SetofcolonialandtraditionalelementsthatstandsapartatPekalongan(left)andKediri(right)

Case of considerable interest is found in the case of Salatiga. The separation that occurs is not
limited to the elements of colonial and traditional elements, but even each element stands apart
without following the general pattern. The set of traditional elements which are, in general,
caturgatrapatternstandsapart:theGreatMosqueandKaumanwithAlunalunandKabupatenin
which in general pattern become an integral part stand apart in distance. Meanwhile, the set of
colonialelementsthatformanintegralsetaswesawinKediriandPekalongan,cannotbeseenin
Salatiga;elementsoftheResidentAssistantsResidenceParkChurchstandapartfromthefortress
andprison.

28

Lombard (1996:106) citing Schrieke illustrates the difference in perception between the GovernorGeneral Van Imhoff
andHighCommissionerofNetherlandintheyear1802asadifferentperceptionofhowthepositionofRegentstotheGov
ernorGeneralinBatavia
29
Broadbent(1990:4243)describedtheLawsoftheIndesastheprinciplesusedindevelopingthecityintheSpanishcolo
nies,whileLombard(1996:9495)explainedthedifferentbackgroundofVOCpolicythattendedtogiveprioritytotrade
withtheSpanishmissionofcivilizingpeopleinthecolony.

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning

Source:AnalysisfromMapandFieldworkat20112012
Figure2.SetoftraditionalandcolonialelementsthatisfarfromeachotheranddoesnotfollowgeneralpatterninSalatiga

4.3.
SetofElementsoftheMiddleColonial:CentralAdministrationComplex

The composition in which the structures of colonial and traditional sets of elements stand
adjacent can be found in the case of Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Comparing the scale of its range,
Caturtunggalsetofelement(Keraton,AlunalunandGreatMosque)ismoredominantlyvisiblethan
colonialsetofelementsthataresetrightonitsnorthernside.Setofcolonialelementsinbothcities
althoughthecitieswereestablishedatdifferentperiodsalmostthesameasthesetofelementsin
KediriandPekalongan:Fortress,ResidentsResidence30,theChurchandtheDutchSettlement.Inthis
periodthereisnoseparationofthecomponentsoftheMarket,twosetsofelementsappeartouse
thesamemarket;apositioninbothcitiesisequallyclosetothesetofcolonialelements.

30

Source:AnalysisfromMapandFieldworkin20112012
Figure3.Setoftraditionalauthorityelementthatisadjacentwithsetofcolonialauthority

PlacementHomeMinister(hereinafterHouseResident)infrontoftheFortRustenburg(laternamedVredeburg),Yogya
kartawasdescribedbyMarihandono(2007:3)aspartofpoliticsfromDaendelstostrengthentheEuropeanpositioninthe
centralregionoftheJavaneseRoyalCities(Vorstenlanden)

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning

Meanwhile,inthecaseofMagelang,similarconditionsprevail.BuildingsofKabupaten,Residents
Residence (both in the 19th century) and Gemeente Huis (after the 20th century) are in one
administrationbuildingcomplex.DifferencesbetweenSurakartaandYogyakartawereorientedtothe
placementofthechurchthatwasorientedtoAlunalun,andthecastlethatwasreplacedbyPrison
elements.

4.4.
IndisElementSet:Alunalunasthecenter

SomecitiesusetheelementsofAlunalunasthecenteroftheorientationofthemainelements,
both traditional and colonial. Purworejo, former the capital of Karesidenan Bagelen which became
the Regency of Puworejo later, is the most obvious example. Alunalun of Purworejo became the
center of the placement orientation of main elements: Kabupaten, Great Mosque, Assistant
ResidentsResidence,Church,Prison,PostOffice,Hospital,andeventheStation.

Source:AnalysisfromMapandFieldworkat20112012
Figure4.SetoftraditionalelementwhichismixedwithsetofcolonialelementatBandung

CityofBandungatthetimeofinitialsetupwasacasewherethesetofelementsofthecolonial
government set was mixed with traditional elements. Alunalun became the center orientation of
Kabupaten,GreatMosqueandtheResidentAssistantsResidence31.Gill(1995)advancedthethesisof
this pattern as thepattern of
theNew Dutch East Indies City arisingfromthe influenceof colonial
policyofindirectrulesystem32.Meanwhile,furthertothepoliticalaspect,intheopinionofVanden
Boschin1833(inLombard,1996:106),hedescribedthebackgroundandmotivationoftheDutchto
choose to maintain cooperation with the native rulers was for the stability and profitability of the
the composition was an example of influence
Dutch economy. Meanwhile, Nas (1986:7) assumed
fromtheburgeoningIndiescultureatthattime33.

4.5.
SetElementoftheEndColonial:CentralEconomicsandCenterforModernCity

The 19th century can be said to be the influential period on the change of economic and
administrationsysteminthecolonies,especiallyinJava.Someinfluentialeventsinclude:
1. Bankruptcy of the VOC and the shift of power to the Government of the Dutch East Indies
colonyin1800
2. TheGreatPostRoadinfrastructurewascompletedin1810
3. Enforcement Cultuurestelsel in 1830, ended in 1870 with the shift in the concept of liberal
economy.
4. RailtransitsystemacrossJavainthelate19thcentury
31

AnalysisfromSiregar(1990)basedonBandungmapin1822showedthepositionofAssistantResidentsResidencejustin
thenorthofAlunalun.Infurtherdevelopment,theDutchcentralgovernmentmovedfurthertothenorth,themapsafter
1900showedamodelsetofelementsofthecolonialgovernmentaroundPietersPark,orCityHallnow.
32
Regarding indirect rule termed by Lombard (1996:106107) with an iron fist in a velvet glove, a review of the back
groundofthisdualconceptionoftheadministrationwasdescribedbyafairlycomplete.
33
AbriefstudyofIndisCulturecanbereadfromCribb(2003)IndischIdentityandDecolonization,oraindepthstudyfrom
Soekiman(2011),withhisbooktitledKebudayaanIndisdanGayaHidupMasyarakatPendukungnyadiJawa,whichwasa
publicationversionfromhisdisertationin1996.

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning
5. Therapiddevelopmentoftelegraphsystemsinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury
6. Telephonenetworkintheearly20thcentury
7. ImplementationoftheDecentralizationActsduringthefirstthreedecadesofthe20thcentu
ry.
RecordoftheeventsabovesimplyshowsthattheinfrastructureofcitiesinJavawaspreparedby
the Dutch to support the resilient economy system of the region. This fact explains how the main
elements of the 19thand20thcentury cities were formed. The buildings that are part of the main
elements of the city at that time include: the Post and Telegraph Offices, Stations, Office of the
PrivateTrade.Themainelementsofthenewcityformasetofelementsthatareinevitablyaffected
thestructureofthecity. Ingeneral,thepositionofthemainelementsofthiseconomyiscontiguous
andformsasetofspecificcomposition.Lookattheinfluentialparties,itcanbeeasilyconcludedthat
theeconomicelementofthissetisasetofcolonialelements.
Theuniquepartofthesetofelementsofthecolonialeconomyisonthescaleandvarietyofits
placement. Elements such as the Post and Telegraph Office, Office of Trade are generally close
together,andsomeevenformasetofcolonialurbanspacethatisstrongenoughasinPekalongan,
Tegal,Semarang,YogyakartaandSurakarta.Meanwhile,elementsofthecolonialeconomyinthecity
ofBandungandMagelangactuallyputthemselvestojointhetraditionalsetofelements,orientedto
Alunalun.

Source:AnalysisfromMapandFieldworkin20112012
Figure5.SetofstationelementthatisorientedatsetoftraditionalelementinTegal

PlacementofelementsonthestationisgenerallyorientedoratleastadjacenttotheMainMarket
oftheCityandislocatedapartfromthecitycenter.Strongcharacterofurbanspaceisrarelyformed
ofthis composition asin thecase of Pekalongan, Kediri,Bandung and Magelang. Placement ofthe
stationasacitylandmarkcanbeseeninthecaseofTawangStationinSemarangwhichtogetherwith
a polder in frontof it forms the strong character of urbanspace in the Semarang OldCity District.
Meanwhile, in Purworejo we saw the laying of the station in the city center, adjacent to the
Kabupaten, but not forming a strong character of urban space. Tegal case is an example of the
placementofthestationelementswhichareintegratedwithelementsofParks,OfficeoftheBureau
andCaturtunggal,thesetoftraditionalelements.Stationplacementinthispositionisprobablydue
toamainlineandthenearestraillinetothemainmarket,butthedesignofthestationofPontto
combineelementsofthesetsquareisstillauniquecompositionthatisrarelyfoundincitiesinJava34.
Localandinternationaltransportationinfrastructurewhichwereimprovedandthefreedomtotry
brought by liberalism in the colony have driven the rapid rate of urbanization. Urban population
increasedrapidlynotonlyfromthenatives,butalsofromEuropeanswhoweretryingtheirluckinthe
land that promised a lot of opportunity at that time. Complexity of the existing urban drove
awarenessthatthecityneededtobemanagedprofessionallybyalocalinstitution.Decentralization
Actintheearly1900'sbroughtthecitiesinJavatohavespecialautonomouslocaladministrationsto
managetheproblemsofthecity.Fromtheaspectofgovernancestructures,newstructuresemerge
such as the Mayor, Council and the People's Court. Elements such as the Mayor's Reidence, the
House of Representatives and the Court are the last colonial element set. Placement set the last
element is nolonger bundled with the initialset of traditional elementsorIndisset, butoccupies
newterritoryinthecity.SetelementsofMayorsOfficeParkChurchCityCouncilofthechurchand
the court became a separatenewtowncenterwhichstandsapartwiththe centersof the oldcity.
34

AmongothersMalang,ProbolinggodanJakartawhichhavesimilarpattern

1stBiennaleInternationalConferenceonIndonesianArchitectureandPlanning
CompletesetofelementscanbeseeninBandung,whileothercitieslikeSemarangaremodified.

5.
Conclusion
Lookingatthefindingsoffactanddiscussionitcanbeconcludedthat:
1. ColonialperiodplaysanimportantroleinthemorphologyofurbanspaceinJava.Thechanging
contextofsocial,politicalandculturalrightscausedbythecolonialauthoritieseitherconsciously
ornotwassignificantininfluencingtheshapeoftheJavaurbanspaceweliveintoday.
2. Formingelementsofurbanspaceinthecolonialperiodvaries,dependingonthecontextoftime
(changeofpoliticalsystem,economyandtechnology)andgeography(localpotentialandthepo
sitionoftheconstellationofregionaleconomies).
3. Ingeneral,Javaurbanspacehassimilarmainelements;thevariationiftherewerecomesfrom
thecompositionandplacementofthecolonialelements.
4. Compositionofcolonialelementssetisdynamicandthereisnosinglepatternthatcanbeapplied
to all cities. Instead, the set composition of traditional elements namely the Caturtunggal was
static,fixedandfoundinallcities,exceptforthecaseofSalatiga.Thisfactsuggeststheroleofthe
traditional elements of the composition of the set is a fixed element in the central Java urban
space,whiletheroleofthecompositionofcolonialsetofelementsthatdonotfixgivesdiversity
ineachcityofJava,sothateachofthecitiesofJavaisauniqueentity.
5. Referring to the morphological phase of urban space that happens, the use of periodization by
NasColonialCitiesandTownsIndiestoreadtheJavaurbanspaceconceptinthecolonialperi
odbecomeslessrepresentativetothereality.Periodizationoftheproposedclassificationisbased
ontheconceptofadominantforceatthetime:Theperiodofurbanspaceasaspacepower;pe
riodofurbanspaceasthespaceforadministrativecenter;periodofurbanspaceasaneconomic
spaceandtheperiodofexistenceofurbanspaceasaspaceofmodernity.
Some researchers using the urban morphology approach stated the factor that the structure of
Java urban space which was uncertain at the beginning of
its formation was the cause of the
weakness of the conception of urbanity of our cities today35. Cities in the precolonial Java are a
collection ofvillages
that eachhas differentvaluesystem, so thecityisnot aunityof political and
cultural entity36. This character can be seenas a problem in one hand becausethe absence of the
conception of urbanity causes our cities unable to form complete municipal entities: physical and
cultural.Evenso,itcanbeconcludedthattheuncertainstructureofurbanspaceasthesolebasisof
theformationofurbanitymaybeasimplificationthatcanleadtoahurryconclusion.Theimproper
useofglassescouldmakethepotentialofthespatialstructureofJavanotidentifiedandexplored.
TodaymanydesignconceptsofcitiesinIndonesiaimportedwesternprecedent,applyingwithout
sufficient understanding of the background of the concept. New concepts are often applied
regardlessofthebackgroundcontextoftheformationofconcepts,whichhasadifferenthistoryof
the formationof urbanspace fromus.Onthe otherhandwe oftenfailto capture the potentialof
urban spaces that could have been the strength and distinctiveness of the design models of
Indonesian cities because of the lack of understanding of the context of our own urban space
creation.Superblockconcept,forexample,managedtoliftvisualandaestheticqualityofurbanspace
instantly,butontheotherhandremovedthetissuesoftheKampungkotaorremovedtheoldcity
area,anyaspectoftheexclusivebenefitsmarginalizedcertaineconomicgroups.
Efforts to understand the potential of Indonesian urban space must begin from the inside, a
comprehensiveunderstandingtooururbanspace.Studyoftheinteractionbetweentraditionalurban
space and colonial urban space in this paper is small part in the wider efforts to understand the
unique character ofIndonesian urban space. The step is abasic introduction of further step which
can include the study of urban space preservation, design and developmentof unique potentialof
urban space, and so forth. The understanding of the unique character of urban space will lead to
recognition of problems, potential and prospects of our urban space more comprehensively. That
stepisthebasisforustodeterminetheconceptthatbestfitstocreateabetterurbanspacetoward
bettercitylivingquality,orbrieflytheconceptofbetterspacebetterliving.

Acknowledgement

IwouldliketothanktoIr.IkaputraM.Eng,PhD;Prof.Ir.NindyoSuwarnoM.Phil.,PhD;Prof.Ir.Bakti
Setiawan MA., PhD; DR., Ir. Laretna Sita Adishakti; Ir. Handinoto, MT; Timoticin Kwanda,
B.Sc.,MRP.,PhD(Cand);DR(Cand).,WahyuUtami,ST.,MT;DR(Cand),Ir.,MIRirikWinandari,MT;for
all materials, time, thought, and effort provided, especially for the many traveling opportunities
acrosscitiesinJavaandEuropewhichgavealotofinspiration.

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