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Nondestructive Testing(NDT)
Nondestructive testing (NDT), also called nondestructive examination
(NDE) and nondestructive inspection (NDI), is testing that does not
destroy the test object.NDT is very important for industry for constructing
and maintaining all types of components,equipments and structures. To
detect different defects such as cracks(sub surface or surface) and
corrosion, there are different methods of testing available, such as X-ray
(where cracks show up on the film) and Ultrasound (where cracks show up
as an echo blip on the screen).Magnetic particle test,Die penetrant
test(DPT),Eddy current test etc.
While destructive testing usually provides a more reliable assessment of
the state of the test object, destruction of the test object usually makes
this type of test more costly to the test object's owner than
nondestructive testing and it is also not possible to carrout destructive
test in running plant.
The need for NDT
It is very difficult to weld or mold a solid object that has the risk of
breaking in service, so testing at manufacture and during operation/use is
often essential. During the process of casting a metal object, for example,
the metal may shrink as it cools, and crack or introduce voids inside the
structure. Even the best welders (and welding machines) do not make
100% perfect welds. Some typical weld defects that need to be found and
repaired are lack of fusion of the weld to the metal and porous bubbles
inside the weld, both of which could cause a structure to break or a
pipeline to rupture.
During their service lives, many industrial components need regular
nondestructive tests to detect damage that may be difficult or expensive
to find by everyday methods. For example:

aircraft skins need regular checking to detect cracks;

underground pipelines subject to corrosion and stress corrosion
cracking;
pipes in industrial plants may be subject to erosion and corrosion
from the products they carry;
concrete structures may be weakened if the inner reinforcing steel is
corroded;
pressure vessels may develop cracks in welds;
the wire ropes in suspension bridges are subject to
weather,vibration and high loads, so testing for broken wires and
other damage is important.

DPT:Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant

inspection (LPI), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used
to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals,
plastics, or ceramics). Penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous
materials, but for inspection of ferrous components magnetic particle
inspection is preferred for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to
detect casting and forging defects, cracks, and leaks in new products, and
fatigue cracks on in-service components
DPI is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid
penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant
may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing.
After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant
is removed, and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw
penetrant out of the flaw where a visible indication becomes visible to the
inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light,
depending upon the type of dye used fluorescent or nonfluorescent
(visible).
Procedures of DPT:
Pre-cleaning:
The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt, paint, oil, grease or any
loose scale that could either keep penetrant out of a defect, or cause
irrelevant or false indications. Cleaning methods may include solvents,
alkaline cleaning steps, vapor degreasing, or media blasting. The end goal
of this step is a clean surface where any defects present are open to the
surface, dry, and free of contamination.
Application of Penetrant:
The penetrant is then applied to the surface of the item being tested. The
penetrant is allowed time to soak into any flaws (generally 10 to 30
minutes). The soak time mainly depends upon the material being testing
and the size of flaws sought. As expected, smaller flaws require a longer
penetration time. Due to their incompatible nature one must be careful
not to apply visible red dye penetrant to a sample that may later be
inspected with fluorescent penetrant.
Excess Penetrant Removal:
The excess penetrant is then removed from the surface. Removal method
is controlled by the type of penetrant used. Water-washable, solventremovable, lipophilic post-emulsifiable, or hydrophilic post-emulsifiable
are the common choices. Emulsifiers represent the highest sensitivity
level, and chemically interact with the oily penetrant to make it removable
with a water spray. When using solvent remover and lint-free cloth it is
important to not spray the solvent on the test surface directly, because

this can the remove the penetrant from the flaws. This process must be
performed under controlled conditions so that all penetrant on the surface
is removed (background noise), but penetrant trapped in real defects
remains in place.
Application of Developer:
After excess penetrant has been removed a white developer is applied to
the sample. Several developer types are available, including: non-aqueous
wet developer, dry powder, water suspendible, and water soluble. Choice
of developer is governed by penetrant compatibility (one can't use watersoluble or suspedible developer with water-washable penetrant), and by
inspection conditions. When using non-aqueous wet developer (NAWD) or
dry powder the sample must be dried prior to application, while soluble
and suspendible developers are applied with the part still wet from the
previous step. NAWD is commercially available in aerosol spray cans, and
may employ acetone ,isopropl alchol or a propellant that is a combination
of the two. Developer should form a thin, even coating on the surface.
The developer draws penetrant from defects out onto the surface to form
a visible indication, a process similar to the action of blotting paper. Any
colored stains indicate the positions and types of defects on the surface
under inspection.
Inspection:
The inspector will use visible light with adequate intensity (100 footcandles is typical) for visible dye penetrant. Ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation of
adequate intensity (1,000 micro-watts per centimeter squared is
common), along with low ambient light levels (less than 2 foot-candles) for
fluorescent penetrant examinations. Inspection of the test surface should
take place after a 10 minute development time. This time delay allows the
blotting action to occur. The inspector may observe the sample for
indication formation when using visible dye, but this should not be done
when using fluorescent penetrant. Also of concern, if one waits too long
after development the indications may "bleed out" such that
interpretation is hindered.
Radiographic testing
Radiographic Testing (RT) is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method of
inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using the ability of short
wavelength electromagnetic radiation to penetrate various materials,
basically it is emmision of photons. Either an X-ray machine or a
radioactive source can be used as a source of photons
Since the amount of radiation emerging from the opposite side of the
material can be detected and measured, variations in this amount (or
intensity) of radiation are used to determine thickness or composition of

material. Penetrating radiations are those restricted to that part of the

electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength less than about 10 nonometers.
Inspection of welds
The beam of radiation must be directed to the middle of the section under
examination and must be normal to the material surface at that point,
except in special techniques where known defects are best revealed by a
different alignment of the beam. The length of weld under examination for
each exposure shall be such that the thickness of the material at the
diagnostic extremities, measured in the direction of the incident beam,
does not exceed the actual thickness at that point by more than 6%. The
specimen to be inspected is placed between the source of radiation and
the detecting device, usually the film in a light tight holder or cassette,
and the radiation is allowed to penetrate the part for the required length
of time to be adequately recorded.
The result is a two-dimensional projection of the part onto the film,
producing a latent image of varying densities according to the amount of
radiation reaching each area. It is known as a radiograph, as distinct from
a photograph produced by light. Because film is cumulative in its response
(the exposure increasing as it absorbs more radiation), relatively weak
radiation can be detected by prolonging the exposure until the film can
record an image that will be visible after development. The radiograph is
examined as a negative, without printing as a positive as in photography.
This is because, in printing, some of the detail is always lost and no useful
purpose is served.
Before commencing a radiographic examination, it is always advisable to
examine the component with one's own eyes, to eliminate any possible
external defects. If the surface of a weld is too irregular, it may be
desirable to grind it to obtain a smooth finish, but this is likely to be
limited to those cases in which the surface irregularities (which will be
visible on the radiograph) may make detecting internal defects difficult.
After this visual examination, the operator will have a clear idea of the
possibilities of access to the two faces of the weld, which is important
both for the setting up of the equipment and for the choice of the most
appropriate technique.
Ultrasonic Test
In ultrasonic testing, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center
frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz are
launched into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize
materials. The technique is also commonly used to determine the
thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.
Principle

In ultrasonic testing, an ultrasound transuder connected to a diagnostic

machine is passed over the object being inspected. The transducer is
typically separated from the test object by a couplant (such as oil) or by
water, as in immersion testing.
There are two methods of receiving the ultrasound waveform, reflection
and attenuation. In reflection (or pulse-echo) mode, the transducer
performs both the sending and the receiving of the pulsed waves as the
"sound" is reflected back to the device. Reflected ultrasound comes from
an interface, such as the back wall of the object or from an imperfection
within the object. The diagnostic machine displays these results in the
form of a signal with an amplitude representing the intensity of the
reflection and the distance, representing the arrival time of the reflection.
In attenuation (or through-transmission) mode, a transmitter sends
ultrasound through one surface, and a separate receiver detects the
amount that has reached it on another surface after traveling through the
medium. Imperfections or other conditions in the space between the
transmitter and receiver reduce the amount of sound transmitted, thus
revealing their presence
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys,
though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with
less resolution.

Ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz

and occasionally up to 50 MHz are launched into materials to detect
internal flaws or to characterize materials. The technique is also
commonly used to determine the thickness of the test object, for example,
to monitor pipework corrosion.
Eddy-current testing
Eddy-current testing uses electromagnetic induction to detect flaws in
conductive materials. There are several limitations, among them: only
conductive materials can be tested, the surface of the material must be
accessible, the finish of the material may cause bad readings, the depth of
penetration into the material is limited, and flaws that lie parallel to the
probe may be undetectable.
However, eddy-current testing can detect very small cracks in or near the
surface of the material, the surfaces need minimal preparation, and
physically complex geometries can be investigated. It is also useful for
making electrical conductivity and coating thickness measurements.
This form of testing relies on the attraction of magnetic particles to the
flux leakage when an eddy current is passed through the material, this is

an indication of the flaws existence, this flux leakage is caused by the flaw
in the ferromagnetic material for which is being tested.
The testing devices are portable, provide immediate feedback, and do not
need to contact the item in question. Recently tomographic notion of ECT
has been explored see for example:
Magnetic-particle inspection
Magnetic particle inspection processes are non destructive methods for
the detection of defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an
externally applied magnetic field or DC current through the material, and
the principle that the magnetic susceptibility of a defect is markedly
poorer (the magnetic resistence is greater) than that of the surrounding
material.
The presence of a surface or near surface flaw (void) in the material
causes distortion in the magnetic flux through it, which in turn causes
leakage of the magnetic fields at the flaw. This deformation of the
magnetic field is not limited to the immediate locality of the defect but
extends for a considerable distance; even through the surface and into the
air if the magnetism is intense enough. Thus the size of the distortion is
much larger than that of the defect and is made visible at the surface of
the part by means of the tiny particles that are attracted to the leakage
fields.
The most common method of magnetic particle inspection uses finely
divided iron or magnetic iron oxide particles, held in suspension in a
suitable liquid (often kerosene). This fluid is referred to as carrier. The
particles are often colored and usually coated with fluorescent dyes that
are made visible with a hand-held ultraviolet (UV) light. The suspension is
sprayed or painted over the magnetized specimen during magnetization
with a direct current or with an electromagnet, to localize areas where the
magnetic field has protruded from the surface. The magnetic particles are
attracted by the surface field in the area of the defect and hold on to the
edges of the defect to reveal it as a build up of particles.
This inspection can be applied to raw material in a steel mill (billets or
slabs), in the early stages of manufacturing (forgings, castings), or most
commonly to machined parts before they are put into service. It is also
very commonly used for inspecting structural parts (e.g., landing gear)
that have been in-service for some time to find fatigue cracks.
Usually tested pieces needs to be demagnetizated by a degaussing tool
before use.
It is a quite economic non destructive test because it is easy to do and
much faster than ultrasonic testing and penetrant testing.

Some ASTM standards related to NDT are given below

A577/A577M, Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination of

Steel Plates.
A578/A578M, Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of
Plain and Clad Steel Plates for Special Applications.
A745/A745M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel
Forgings.
A898/A898M, Standard Specification for Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination of
Rolled Steel Structural Shapes.
A880, Standard Practice for Criteria for Use in Evaluation of Testing Laboratories and
Organizations for Examination and Inspection of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related
Alloys.
B 244, Measurement of Thickness of Anodic Coatings on Aluminum and Other
Nonconductive Coatings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current
Instruments.
B 499, Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic
Coatings on Magnetic Base Metals.
B 457, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Impedance of Anodic Coatings on
Aluminum.
B 548, Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Plate for
Pressure Vessels.
B 594, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Wrought
Products for Aerospace Applications.
B 773, Standard Guide for Ultrasonic C-Scan Bond Evaluation of Brazed or Welded
Electrical Contact Assemblies.
C 1175, Standard Guide to Test Methods and Standards for Nondestructive Testing of
Advanced Ceramics.
C 1331, Standard Test Method for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Advanced
Ceramics with Broadband Pulse-Echo Cross-Correlation Method.
C 1332, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation
Coefficients of Advanced Ceramics by Pulse-Echo Contact Technique.
C 1383, Standard Test Method for Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of
Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method.
C 805, Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete.
C 597, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete.
D1186, Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic
Coatings Applied to a Ferrous Base.
D1400, Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive
Coatings Applied to a Nonferrous Metal Base.
D 4015, Standard Test Methods for Modulus and Damping of Soils by the ResonantColumn Method.
D 4602, Standard Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Pavements Using CyclicLoading Dynamic Deflection Equipment.
D 5339, Standard Practice for Quality Assurance Plan for Structural Steel Fabrication
for Highway Structures.
D 5641, Standard Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum Chamber.
D 5820, Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seamed
Geomembranes.

D 5858, Standard Guide for Calculating In Situ Equivalent Elastic Moduli of

Pavement Materials Using Layered Elastic Theory.
D 6087, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Covered Concrete Bridge
Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar.
D 6365, Standard Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomembrane Seams
using the Spark Tests.
E 94, Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination.
E 114, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Examination by
the Contact Method.
E 125, Standard Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous
Castings.
E 127, Standard Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic
Standard Reference Blocks.
E 142, Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing.
E 155, Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium
Castings.
E 164, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Contact Examination of Weldments.
E 165, Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination.
E 186, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1/2-in. (51 to 114mm)) Steel Castings.
E 192, Standard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace
Applications.
E 213, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing.
E 214, Standard Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Examination by the Reflection
Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves.
E 215, Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment for Electromagnetic
Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube.
E 242, Standard Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as
Certain Parameters Are Changed.
E 243, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Copper
and Copper-Alloy Tubes.
E272, Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and NickelCopper Alloy Castings.
E 273, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the Weld Zone of Welded
Pipe and Tubing.
E 280, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12-in. (114 to
305-mm)) Steel Castings.
E 309, Standard Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tubular Products
Using Magnetic Saturation.
E 310, Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings.
E 317, Standard Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic
Pulse- Echo Examination Instruments and Systems Without the Use of Electronic
Measurement Instruments.
E 329, Standard Specification for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection
of Materials Used in Construction.
E 376, Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or
Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Test Methods.
E 390, Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds.

E 408, Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using
Inspection-Meter Techniques.
E 426, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of
Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys.
E 427, Standard Practice for Testing for Leaks Using the Halogen Leak Detector
(Alkali-Ion Diode).
E 428, Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used
in Ultrasonic Examination.
E 431, Standard Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semiconductors and
Related Devices.
E 432, Standard Guide for Selection of a Leak Testing Method.
E 433, Standard Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspection.
E 446, Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (51 mm) in
Thickness.
E 479, Standard Guide for Preparation of a Leak Testing Specification.
E 493, Standard Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector
in the Inside-Out Testing Mode.
E 494, Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials.
E 498, Standard Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector
or Residual Gas Analyzer in the Tracer Probe Mode.
E 499, Standard Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector
in the Detector Probe Mode.
E 505, Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium
Die Castings.
E 515, Standard Test Method for Leaks Using Bubble Emission Techniques.
E 543, Standard Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing.
E 545, Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal
Neutron Radiographic Examination.
E 566, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous
Metals.
E 569, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During
Controlled Stimulation.
E 570, Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel
Tubular Products.
E 571, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Nickel
and Nickel Alloy Tubular Products.
E 587, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination by the Contact
Method.
E 588, Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel
by the Ultrasonic Method.
E 592, Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for
Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X-Rays and 1 to 6
in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60.
E 650, Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors.
E 664, Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of
Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method.
E 689, Standard Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings.
E 690, Standard Practice for In Situ Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of
Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes.

E 703, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Nonferrous

Metals.
E 709 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination.
E 746, Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of
Industrial Radiographic Film.
E 747, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping
Classification of Wire Image
E 748, Standard Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials.
E 749, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Continuous
Welding.
E 750, Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation.
E 751, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Resistance SpotWelding.
E 797, Standard Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo
Contact Method.
E 801, Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of
Electronic Devices.
E 802, Standard Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to 4 1/2 in. (114
mm) in Thickness.
E 803, Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography
Beams.
E 908, Standard Practice for Calibrating Gaseous Reference Leaks.
E 976, Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission
Sensor Response.
E 977, Standard Practice for Thermoelectric Sorting of Electrically Conductive
Materials.
E 998, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass in Windows,
Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by
Nondestructive Method.
E 999, Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film
Processing.
E 1001, Standard Practice for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by the
Immersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method Using Longitudinal Waves.
E 1002, Standard Test Method for Leaks Using Ultrasonics.
E 1003, Standard Test Method for Hydrostatic Leak Testing.
E 1004, Standard Practice for Determining Electrical Conductivity Using the
Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Method.
E 1025, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping
Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) used for Radiology.
E 1030, Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings.
E 1032, Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments.
E 1033, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Type
F-Continuously Welded (CW) Ferromagnetic Pipe and Tubing Above the Curie
Temperature.
E 1065, Standard Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units.
E 1066, Standard Test Method for Ammonia Colorimetric Leak Testing.
E 1067, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass
Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels.
E 1079, Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers.

E 1106, Standard Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors.

E 1114, Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192
Industrial Radiographic Sources.
E 1118, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced
Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP).
E 1135, Standard Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent
Penetrants.
E 1139, Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from
Metal Pressure Boundaries.
E 1158, Standard Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of Reference Blocks
for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultrasonic Examination of Metal and Metal Alloy
Production Material.
E 1161, Standard Test Method for Radiologic Examination of Semiconductors and
Electronic Components.
E 1165, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray
Tubes by Pinhole Imaging.
E 1208, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using
the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process.
E 1209, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using
the Water-Washable Process.
E 1210, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using
the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process.
E 1211, Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted
Acoustic Emission Sensors.
E 1212, Standard Practice for Quality Control Systems for Nondestructive Testing
Agencies.
E 1213, Standard Test Method for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference for
Thermal Imaging Systems.
E 1219, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using
the Solvent-Removable Process.
E 1220, Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the SolventRemovable Process.
E 1254, Standard Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial
Radiographic Films.
E 1255, Standard Practice for Radioscopy E1316, Standard Terminology for
Nondestructive Examinations.
E 1311, Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for
Thermal Imaging Systems.
E 1312, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of
Ferromagnetic Cylindrical Bar Product Above the Curie Temperature.
E 1315, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel with Convex
Cylindrically Curved Entry Surfaces.
E 1316, Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations.
E 1320, Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings.
E 1324, Standard Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteristics of Ultrasonic
Examination Instruments.
E 1359, Standard Guide for Evaluating Capabilities of Nondestructive Testing
Agencies.
E 1390, Standard Guide for Illuminators Used for Viewing Industrial Radiographs.

E 1411, Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems.

E 1416, Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments.
E 1417, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination.
E 1418, Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the WaterWashable Process.
E 1419, Standard Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas- Filled, Pressure
Vessels Using Acoustic Emission.
E 1441, Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging.
E 1444, Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination.
E 1452, Standard Practice for Preparation of Calibration Solutions for
Spectrophotometric and for Spectroscopic Atomic Analysis.
E 1453, Standard Guide for Storage of Media That Contains Analog or Digital
Radioscopic Data.
E 1454, Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital
Ultrasonic Testing Data
E 1475, Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital
Radiological Test Data.
E 1476, Standard Guide for Metals Identification, Grade Verification, and Sorting.
E 1495, Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites,
Laminates, and Bonded Joints.
E 1496, Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements.
E 1543, Standard Test Method for Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference of
Thermal Imaging Systems.
E 1570, Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination.
E 1571, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel
Wire Rope.
E 1603, Standard Test Methods for Leakage Measurement Using the Mass
Spectrometer Leak Detector or Residual Gas Analyzer in the Hood Mode.
E 1606, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of
Copper Redraw Rod for Electrical Purposes.
E 1629, Standard Practice for Determining the Impedance of Absolute Eddy-Current
Probes.
E 1647, Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radioscopy.
E 1648, Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion
Welds.
E 1672, Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection.
E 1695, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT)
System Performance.
E 1734, Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings.
E 1735, Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality of Industrial
Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to 25 MV.
E 1736, Standard Practice for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Filament-Wound
Pressure Vessels.
E 1742, Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination.
E 1774, Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs).
E 1781, Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors.
E 1814, Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of Castings.
E 1815, Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial
Radiography.

E 1816, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examinations Using Electromagnetic

Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques.
E 1817, Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by
Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)
E 1862-97(2002)e1 Standard Test Methods for Measuring and Compensating for
Reflected Temperature Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers.
E 1888, Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission testing of Pressurized
Containers Made of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic with Balsa Wood Cores.
E 1897, Standard Test Methods for Measuring and Compensating for Transmittance
of an Attenuating Medium Using Infrared Imaging.
E 1901, Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact
Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods.
E 1930, Standard Test Method for Examination of Liquid Filled Atmospheric and
Low Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission.
E 1931, Standard Guide for X-Ray Compton Scatter Tomography.
E 1932, Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts.
E 1933, Standard Test Methods for Measuring and Compensating for Emissivity
Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers.
E 1934, Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with
Infrared Thermography.
E 1935, Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT Density.
E 1936, Standard Reference Radiograph for Evaluating the Performance of
Radiographic Digitization Systems.
E 1955, Standard Radiographic Examination for Soundness of Welds in Steel by
Comparison to Graded ASTM E 390 Reference Radiographs.
E 1961, Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Examination of Girth Welds
Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units.
E1962, Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Surface Examinations Using
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques.
E 2001, Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection
in Both Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts.
E 2002, Standard Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in Radiology.
E 2003, Standard Practice for Fabrication of the Neutron Radiographic Beam Purity
Indicators.
E 2023, Standard Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic Sensitivity
Indicators.
E 2024, Standard Test Methods for Atmospheric Leaks Using a Thermal Conductivity
Leak Detector.
E 2033, Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence
Method).
E 2075, Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response
Using an Acrylic Rod.
E 2076, Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan
Blades Using Acoustic Emission.
E 2096, Standard Practice for In Situ Examination of Ferromagnetic Heat-Exchanger
Tubes Using Remote Field Testing.
E 2104, Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and
Turbine Materials and Components.

E 2191, Standard Test Method for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound

Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission.
E 2192, Standard Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics.
E 2223, Standard Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Steel Pressure
Vessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonic.
G 62, Standard Test Methods for Holiday Detection in Pipeline Coatings.
G 158, Standard Guide for Three Methods of Assessing Buried Steel Tanks.