IMPROVEMENT OF SILTY SOIL AS SUBGRADE MATERIAL BY

STABILIZATION WITH BITUMINOUS EMULSION

A Dissertation Work Submitted to Osmania University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Award of Degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(With Specialization in Transportation Engineering)
BY
PRUDHVI TEJA
(1603-13-741-413)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. MIR IQBAL FAHEEM
Professor& Head of Civil Engineering Department

Department of Civil Engineering

Deccan College of Engineering and Technology
(Affiliated to Osmania University (A))
Darussalam, Hyderabad, Telangana State-500001
2014

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Osmania University)
Darussalam, Hyderabad, Telangana State- 500001

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis Titled Improvement of silty soil as subgrade material by
stabilization with bituminous emulsion submitted by Prudhvi Teja (160313741413) in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Master of Engineering in Civil
Engineering (Transportation Engineering) to Osmania University (A), Hyderabad, Telangana state,
during the academic year 2013-2015 was carried out under my supervision and that this work was
not submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree.

Dr. MIR IQBAL FAHEEM, M.Tech, Ph.D, FIE, FISCE

Vice Principal, Professor & Head of Civil Engineering Dept.
Department of civil Engineering
Deccan college of Engineering and Technology
Hyderabad, Telangana State - 500001

DECLARATION
K.prudhvi teja (160313741413), student of M.E Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering,
Deccan college of engineering and Technology, declare that the project Titled Improvement of silty
soil as subgrade material by stabilization with bituminous emulsion has been independently carried
out under the guidance of Dr. Mir Iqbal Faheem, Professor & Head of Civil Engineering
Department, Deccan College of Engineering and Technology.
No part of the thesis is copied from books/journals/internet and wherever the portion is taken, the
same has been duly referred in the text. The report is based on the project work done entirely by me
and not copied from any other source.

Prudhvi teja

ABSTRACT
Starting from the base, soil is one of natures most abundant construction materials. Almost all type
of construction is built with or upon the soil. The most important part of a road pavement is
subgrade soil and its strength. If strength of soil is poor, then stabilization is normally needed.
Subgrade is sometimes stabilized or replaced with stronger soil material so as to improve the
strength. Such stabilization is also suitable when the available subgrade is made up of weak soil.
Increase in sub grade strength may lead to economy in the structural thicknesses of a pavement.
Cement, fly ash, lime, fibres etc. are very commonly used for soil stabilization.
The main objective of this experimental study is to improve the properties of the gravel soil by
adding bitumen emulsion. An attempt has been made to use emulsion for improving the strength of
gravel soil expressed in terms of CBR values which may prove to be economical. In this study, the
whole laboratory work revolves around the basic properties of soil and its strength in terms of CBR.
A little cement added to provide better soil strength. It is observed that excellent soil strength results
by using cationic bitumen emulsion (CMS) with little quantity of cement used as filler. The
appropriate mixing conditions for gravelly soil with CMS Bitumen emulsion have been first
attempted. This is followed by deciding four particular material conditions to show the variation in
dry density and CBR value to achieve the best possible strength properties of gravel soil.
Keywords: Gravel soil, CBR, Bitumen Stabilization, bitumen emulsion

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Eroded soil is due to strength of bindings among particles forming soil is unable anymore it hold
pressures on it. The load can be in the form of striking and or sparkling of rains fall to the soil
surface due to friction/erosion caused by water flow on soil surface in general the soil has an ability
to hold/control the pressures on it but due to heterogenic soil characteristics there is type of soil
which having insufficient ability. The minerals from soil consisting of elements and chemical
compounds can react with other chemical substances mixed to it. For the soil which has in sufficient
technical ability that has chemical potential the ability can be increased by adding chemical
substances(chemical conservation).
A lot of researches on soil stabilization with emulsion asphalt especially about construction have
been done .For example (1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11) all find out that soil stabilization with emulsified
asphalt can improve soil characteristics the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of soil
stabilization with emulsified asphalt on soil characteristics that can increase its strength to reduce its
erosion flow that is chemical bindings between soil minerals and emulsified asphalt, plasticity and
shear strength of soil.
1.2 SOIL AS SUBGRADE MATERIAL
Starting from the base, soil is a standout amongst the most abundant construction materials of
nature. Just about all kind of construction is based with or upon the soil. Long term performance of
pavement structures is altogether affected by the strength and durability of the subgrade soils. INsitu sub-grades frequently don't provide the support required to achieve acceptable performance
under the traffic loading with increasing environmental demands. Despite the fact that stabilization
is a well-known option for improving soil engineering properties yet the properties determined from
stabilization shift broadly because of heterogeneity in soil creation, contrasts in micro and macro
structure among soils, heterogeneity of geologic stores, and because of chemical contrasts in
concoction interactions between the soil and utilized stabilizers. These properties require the
thought of site-specific treatment alternatives which must be accepted through testing of soilstabilizer mixtures. Whether the pavement is flexible or rigid, it rests on a soil foundation on an
embankment or cutting, normally that is known as subgrade. It may be defined as a compacted
layer, generally occurring local soil just beneath the pavement crust, providing a suitable foundation

for the pavement. The soil in subgrade is normally stressed to certain minimum level of stresses due
to the traffic loads. Subgrade soil should be of good quality and appropriately compacted so as to
utilize its full strength to withstand the stresses due to traffic loads for a particular pavement. This
leads the economic condition for overall pavement thickness. On the other hand the subgrade soil is
characterized for its strength for the purpose of design of any pavement. Improvement of soil
engineering properties is referred to soil stabilization. There are two primary methods of soil
stabilization. One is mechanical method and the other one is chemical or additive methods. Soil is a
gathering or store of earth material, determined regularly from the breakdown of rocks or rot of
undergrowth that could be uncovered promptly with force supplies
In the field or disintegrated by delicate reflex means in the lab. The supporting soil beneath
pavement and its exceptional under course is called sub grade soil. Without interruption soil
underneath the pavement is called regular sub grade. Compacted sub grade is the soil compacted by
inhibited development of distinctive sorts of substantial compactors. Presently every road
construction project will use one or both of these stabilization strategies. The most well-known type
of mechanical soil stabilization is compaction of the soil, while the addition of cement, lime,
bituminous or alternate executors is alluded to as a synthetic or added substance strategy for
stabilization of soil. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) classification system is a soil classification system specially designed for the
construction of roads and highways used by transportation engineers. The system uses the grainsize distribution and Atterberg limits, such as Liquid Limits and Plasticity Index to classify the soil
properties. There are different types of additives available. Not all additives work for all soil types.
Generally, an additive may be used to act as a binder, after the effect of moisture, increase the soil
density. Following are some most widely used additives: Portland cement, Quicklime or Hydrated
Lime, Fly Ash, Calcium Chloride, Bitumen etc. But, mechanical soil stabilization alludes to either
compaction or the introduction of sinewy and other
Non-biodegradable reinforcement of soil. This practice does not oblige compound change of the
soil and it is regular to utilize both mechanical and concoction intends to attain detailed
stabilization. There are a few routines used to accomplish mechanical stabilization like compaction,
combining, soil reinforcement, expansion of graded aggregate materials and mechanical
remediation. Any land-based structure depends upon its foundation characteristics. For that reason,
soil is a very critical element influencing the success of a construction project. Soil is the earliest

part of the foundation or one of the raw materials used in the whole construction process. Therefore
the main thing related to us soil stabilization is nothing but the process of maximizing the CBR
strength of soil for a given construction purpose. So many works have been done on cement, lime
or fly ash stabilization. But very few works have been found on bitumen soil stabilization.
1.3 BITUMEN EMULSION FOR SOIL SATABILISATION OF SOIL SUBGRADE
Emulsified Bitumen usually consists of bitumen droplets suspended in water. Most emulsions are
used for surface treatments. Because of low viscosity of the Emulsion as compared to hot applied
Bitumen, The Emulsion has a good penetration and spreading capacity. The type of emulsifying
agent used in the bituminous emulsion determines whether the emulsion will be anionic or cationic.
In case of cationic emulsions there are bituminous droplets which carry a positive charge and
Anionic emulsions have negatively charged bituminous droplets. Based on their setting rate or
setting time, which indicates how quickly the water separates from the emulsion or settle down,
both anionic and cationic emulsions are further classified into three different types. Those are rapid
setting (RS), medium setting (MS), and slow setting (SS). Among them rapid setting emulsion is
very risky to work with as there is very little time remains before setting. The setting time of MS
emulsion is nearly 6 hours. So, work with medium setting emulsion is very easy and there is
sufficient time to place the material in proper place before setting. The setting rate is basically
controlled by the type and amount of the emulsifying agent. The principal difference between
anionic and cationic emulsions is that the cationic emulsion gives up water faster than the anionic
emulsion. Over a time of time, which may of years, the asphalt stage will in the long run separate
from the water. Asphalt is insoluble in water, and breakdown of the emulsion includes the
combination of droplets. The asphalt droplets in the emulsion have a little charge. The wellspring of
the charge is the emulsifier, and ionisable segments in the asphalt itself. However when two
droplets do attain enough vitality to defeat this hindrance and approach nearly then they hold fast to
one another. Over a time of time, the water layer between droplets in floccules will thin and the
droplets will combine. Components which constrain the droplets together, for example, settlement
under gravity, dissipation of the water, shear or solidifying will quicken the flocculation and
mixture process. In this case mixing with soil slow setting bitumen emulsion is not so much
effective and rapid setting is not easy to work with soil. So here I use medium setting emulsion as
main stabilizing agent. Today the main utilization of bitumen is in the pavement industry for

construction and maintenance. Bitumen emulsions are a scattering of bitumen in a watery

continuous stage, settled by the expansion of an emulsifier. They are ready as emulsions at high
temperatures, however connected as robust scatterings at encompassing temperatures. In pavement
engineering bitumen items are commonly added with aggregate. The solid adhesion that happens
between the bitumen and mineral aggregate empowers the bitumen to go about as a binder, with the
mineral aggregate providing mechanical quality for the way. From the review of present scenario
bitumen emulsion acts as a key tool for mainly for road maintenance and construction. But
effectively here emulsion is going to use as a soil stabilizing agent.
1.4 RESEARCH MOTIVATION
Stabilization of soils to improve strength and durability properties often relies on cement, lime, fly
ash, and asphalt emulsion. These materials are inexpensive, relatively easy to apply, and provide
benefits to many different soil types. Most of the roads develop distress and failures like
undulations, rutting and permanent deformation (rutting).The most common improvements
achieved through stabilization include better soil gradation, reduction of plasticity index or swelling
potential, and increases in durability and strength. In wet weather, stabilization may also be used to
provide a working platform for construction operations. These types of soil quality improvement
are referred to as soil modification. The strength and stiffness of a soil layer can be improved
through the use of additives to permit a reduction in design thickness of the stabilized material
compared with an unsterilized or unbound material. The design thickness strength, stability, and
durability requirements of a base or sub base course can be reduced if further analysis indicates
suitability.
1.5 RESEARCH GAP
The work done on the subgrade with stabilizers was restricted due to its unavailability & the
literatures for this study were mainly related to the performance characteristics of stabilized soil and
different performance tests. Various experimental studies were conducted for performance
evaluation of the pavement. The major work of most of the authors pertains to the improvement of
soil characteristics using stabilizers. Least work has been done with Emulsion as binder to enhance
the performance of Subgrade. The main contribution of this study is to improve the characteristics
of soil for subgrade. Knowing these characteristics may induce ways to improve the performance
of pavement by stabilizing the soil and its better optimization.

1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this experimental study is to improve the properties of the gravely soil by
adding bitumen emulsion as stabilizing agent. An attempt has been made to use emulsion for
improving the strength and geotechnical properties of gravel soil. Very mostly, use of use of
bitumen emulsion is environmentally accepted. To achieve the whole project some experimental
investigation is needed in laboratory. The experiments which to be conducted are Specific Gravity
of the soil sample, Grain size Distribution of soil sample and liquid limit plastic limit test to identify
the material and Standard Proctor test to obtain maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content of soil sample, CBR test of soil sample mixing with emulsion and cement. So the main
objective is to maximize the CBR value by checking some conditions to increase the CBR value of
soil subgrade.
1.7 RESEARCH SCOPE
This discussion covers the determination procedure of optimum emulsion content to be used with
silty soil type and procedures for determining a design treatment level with bituminous emulsion. A
statistical analysis will be applied to identify the comparison between original soil and stabilized
soil with bitumen which may show improvement in CBR, shear strength, maximum dry density and
mechanical properties. The scope of this study is limited to understand various performance
characteristics of stabilized soil with and without laboratory investigation.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF STUDY
This dissertation work is presented in 5 chapters including the introduction chapter
Chapter 2: This chapter contains an overview of the literature on performance parameters, effect of
compaction on performance and about different performance tests. It also provides a review on the
experimental methodology for the present study.
Chapter 3: This chapter explains the methodology followed in this study which includes the
explanation of methodology followed for material collection, material characterization, preparation
of test samples and performance testing

Chapter 4: This chapter discusses different tests and test results of stabilized soil. Performance of
stabilized soil is compared with that of original soil.
Chapter 5: This chapter deals with the validation of the obtained experimental results by ANNOVA
test, regression equation and SPSS.
Chapter 6: This final chapter summarizes the work accomplished in this study and suggests some
directions for future research.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter shows the previous work done on stabilization on soils with the authors name and
year.
S.No
1
2

Author(s)
Yuehuan et al
Chinkulkijniwat and

3
4

Man-Koksung
Razouki et al
Michael

Paul et al

Marandi and
Safapour

Year
Name of the modifier
2010 Foamed bitumen
2010 Bitumen Emulsion
2002 Bitumen Emulsion
2006 Asphalt emulsion
2011 Asphalt binder
2012 Cement and Bitumen

Properties improved
Strength and stiffness improves
Improves pavement rutting
resistance
Improves water resistance
Improved durability of roads
Improved waterproofing of
pavement
Improved waterproofing of
pavement
Improvement in Tensile stress

Jones et al

2012 Asphalt emulsion

Cokca et al

2003 Bitumen Emulsion

Hussain

2008 Bitumen Emulsion

changes bearing ratio of soil

and Plasticity index
Improves bearing ratio of soil
Immunity to Extreme weather

10

L. Lauren

2011 Polymer Emulsion

11

Martinet al.

2009 Foamed Bitumen

12

A. P. Chritz

2006 Bitumen Emulsion

13

Nikraz

2012 Bitumen -cement

14

Al-Khashab

2008 Emulsified Asphalt

15

Newman, K., Tingle, 2004 Emulsion polymer

of soil
Improvement in shear strength
of soil
Improves Water resistance,

conditions
Improves water resistance
Improves indirect tensile
strength
Stabilization of Expansive
Clayey Soil
improves mechanical behavior

J.S.

Yuehuan et al. (2010) This paper investigates the merit of application worked on foamed bitumen
stabilization for Western Australian Pavements. Currently, the popularity of soil cement
stabilization had been challenged by a new Innovative soil improvement technique, known as
foamed bitumen stabilization. Very few of Work have been done on it and application of this type of
stabilization is currently applied in Flexible pavement subgrade stabilization. Numerous Australian
roadway and way offices have Committed noteworthy investigation and stores to investigate this
system so as to attain a more Adaptable and weakness safe balanced out material suitable for an
extensive variety of pavement Conditions. Percent of froth bitumen utilized as 3 to 5 percent. It was
one kind of mix design However here after the mix design process stabilization done and CBR
quality tried. From those literature review part it can be observed that different types of work had
been done previously on bitumen soil stabilization. But in India the number of work on it is very
few. Actually in India there is no any appropriate code for bitumen soil stabilization. As from those
Papers it is very difficult to get any actual idea about how to mix bitumen emulsion with soil and
what will be its actual quantity. This experimental investigation is mainly to make a process for
mixing bitumen emulsion with soil.
Chinkulkijniwat and Man-Koksung (2010) This study investigates a test research on compaction
aspects of non-gravel and gravelly Soils using a little compaction device. The standard delegate test
has been broadly utilized and acknowledged for characterizing soil similarity for field compaction
control. Here additionally indicates about the influence of gravel size and gravel content on
standard delegate test results. In this study a relationship developed between the summed up
optimum water substance of the fine division in the gravelly soil and the gravel content in standard
molds using compaction results from the proposed little device.

Razouki et al. (2002) this paper investigates an experimental study on Granular Stabilized Roads.
Bitumen was used as a stabilizing agent may act as a binder or as a water-proofing material. Soil
bitumen systems had found the greatest used in road bases and surfaces.
Michael (1993) had proposed about Bench-Scale Evaluation of Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization of
Contaminated Soils. In this study, it was discussed about the application of ambient temperature
asphalt emulsion stabilization technology and discussed to the environmental fixation of soils
contaminated by organic contaminants.
Paul et al. (2011) suggested an introduction to soil stabilization in pavement taking a mixture of
bitumen and well-graded gravel or crushed aggregate. After compaction it gave an exceedingly
Steady waterproof mass of subbase or base course quality. The fundamental system involved in
asphalt stabilization of fine-grained soils is a waterproofing wonder. Soil particles or soil
agglomerates were covered with asphalt that forestalls or abates the entrance of water which could
regularly bring about abatement in soil quality. What's more, asphalt stabilization can enhance
durability qualities by making the soil impervious to the unfavorable impacts of water, For example,
volume. In non-iron materials, for example, sands and gravel, pounded gravel, and smashed stone,
two fundamental systems are dynamic: waterproofing and adhesion. The asphalt Coating on the
union less materials gives a film which anticipates or hinders the entrance of water; subsequently
reducing the inclination of the material to lose quality in the vicinity of water. The second
instrument had been distinguished as adhesion and characteristics of gravelly soils.
Marandi and Safapour (2012) worked on Base Course Modification through Stabilization using
cement and bitumen. The main objective of this research was to analyze the use of bitumen
emulsion in base course stabilization. So that it was examined as replacement with conventional
pavement in regions with low quality materials. Stabilization of soils and aggregates with bitumen
shows it differs greatly from cement stabilization. The basic mechanism involved in bitumen
stabilization was a waterproofing phenomenon.

Jones et al. (2012) conducted an experimental study on bitumen soil stabilization. Here asphalt
Emulsion is a mix of asphalt binder, water, and emulsifying agent. In this case, a series of Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Marshal Tests were carried
out. It is liquid at ambient temperature to facilitate handling at lower application temperatures. It
accelerates breaking of the emulsion and for additional early strength to accommodate traffic during
curing of the layer.
Cokca et al. (2003) concentrated on the impacts of compaction dampness content on the shear
quality of an unsaturated mud. In this study, the impacts of compaction dampness substance and
soaking on the unsaturated shear quality parameters of mud were investigated. Experiments were
carried out on specimens compacted at optimum dampness content, on the dry side of optimum and
on the wet side. It was found that edge of erosion reductions quickly with increasing dampness
substance, the union segment of shear quality attained its top worth at around optimum Moisture
substance and afterward diminishes.
Hussain (2008) did an excellent work to establish the correlation between CBR value and
undrained shear strength value from Vane Shear Test. It was shown that un-drained shear strength
value and CBR value increased with increasing plasticity index. Finally it was achieved that shear
strength and CBR value is inversely proportional to the water content of that material.
L. Lauren (2011) performed an experimental take a shot at soil stabilization products like the
polymer emulsion for having all the earmarks of being the stabilization executors for what's to
come. Every one of the three polymer-emulsions was utilized as a part of this testing project
performed eminently making solid examples that all gave suitable CBR qualities to ways. The CBR
test was utilized for this venture on the grounds that it has been effectively related with quality
capability of the subgrade, subbase, and base course material for utilization in street and runway
development.

Martinet al. (2009) developed a paper deals with foam bitumen stabilization. Foamed bitumen is a
mixture of bitumen, air and water. Here 2 percent of cement and 3.5 percent of bitumen foam was
used. From here it has been found that Rehabilitation using foamed bitumen had proved to be
successful because of its ease and speed of construction, its compatibility with a wide range of
aggregate types and its relative immunity to the effects of weather.
A. P. Chritz (2006) discussed about performance evaluation of mixed in place bituminous
stabilized shoulder gravel. Here it was showed an economical maintenance of gravel shoulders, a
very common problem is facing by highway agencies.
Nikraz (2012) worked on Bitumen-cement Stabilized Layer in Pavement Construction Using
Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) Method. In this study, the goal was to mix and blend Portland
concrete and bitumen emulsion with soil for upgrading the quality, strength and durability of the
dirt. So as to upgrade the soil quality and decrease its weakness to water, soil stabilization is obliged
to be connected to the soil. In accordance with this, enhanced burden exchange was added to the
asphalt establishment by having the bond impact which really supports the firmness and Bitumen
emulsion impacts which enhance versatility and soil penetrability of the settled layer.
Yuehuan et al. (2010) worked on foamed bitumen stabilization for Western Australian pavements.
Currently, the popularity of soil cement stabilization had been challenged by anew innovative soil
improvement technique, known as foamed bitumen stabilization. Very few of work have been done
on it and application of this type of stabilization is currently applied in flexible pavement subgrade
stabilization. Numerous Australian roadway and way offices have committed noteworthy
investigation and stores to investigate this system so as to attain a more adaptable and weakness
safe balanced out material suitable for an extensive variety of pavement conditions. Percent of froth
bitumen utilized as 3 to 5 percent. It was one kind of mix design however here after the mix design
process stabilization done and CBR quality tried.

From those literature review part it can be observed that different types of work had been done
previously on bitumen soil stabilization. But in India the number of work on it is very few. Actually
in India there is no any appropriate code for bitumen soil stabilization. As from those papers it is
very difficult to get any actual idea about how to mix bitumen emulsion with soil and what will be
its actual quantity. This experimental investigation is mainly to make a process for mixing bitumen
emulsion with soil.

CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 SOIL STABILIZATION PROCESS

The method involves on site soil improvement by applying stabilizing agent without removing the
bulk soil. This technology offer benefit of improving soils for deep foundations, shallow
foundations and contaminated sites. Planning of the design mix involves the selection and
assessment of engineering properties of stabilized soil and improved ground. The purpose is to
determine the dimensions of improved ground on the basis of appropriate stability and settlement
analyses to satisfy the functional requirements of the supported structure (Keller Inc.). The
technology can be accomplished by injection into soils a cementitious material such cement and
lime in dry or wet forms. The choice to either use dry or wet deep mixing methods depend among
other things; the in-situ soil conditions, in situ moisture contents, effectiveness of binders to be
used, and the nature of construction to be founded. Depending on the depth of treatment, the in situ
stabilization may be regarded as either deep mixing method or mass stabilization.
Mechanical stabilization: Mechanic stabilization is accomplished by mixing or blending soils of
two or more gradations to obtain a material meeting the required specification. The blended
material is then spread and compacted to required densities by conventional means.
Addictive Stabilization: It is achieved by the addition of proper percentages of bituminous
emulsion materials to the silty soil the selection of type and determination of the percentage of
additive to be used is dependent upon the soil classification and the degree of improvement in soil
quality desired generally small amount of additives are required when it is simply desired to modify
soil properties such as gradation workability and plasticity. When it is desired to improve the
strength and durability significantly larger quantities of additives are used after the additive has
been mixed with silty soil, spreading and compaction are achieved by conventional means.
Modification method: Modification refers to the stabilization process that results in improvement
in some property of the soil but doesnt by design result in a significant increase in silty soil
strength and durability.

3.1.1 CURRENT STABILIZING TECHOLOGY

The soil stabilization includes multiple alternatives.one choice involves the pulverization and
homogenization of existing material in-place without the addition of an additive to change or
improve the characteristics of the material this technique is typically performed when the in-situ
material is suitable and when FDR (FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION) can create a new stabilized
base of sufficient thickness and strength for the intended traffic loads. Of course, a surface of some
type must be placed over the stabilized base to protect it.
A second technique of soil stabilization includes the addition of single addictive such as lime,
cement or bitumen. Less common additives include fly ash and mineral filters. Addition of this
stabilization agent was historically done dry. In recent years emphasis on environmental conditions
has led to more frequent utilization of liquid slurry additive applications. The dry stabilization agent
is premixed with water to form slurry which has water content at or slightly below the optimal
moisture content for the material being stabilized. Not only does the use of slurry dramatically
reduce the occurrence of dust during the mixing process and it also permit more accurate and
uniform application and the blending of the addictive into the material being stabilized. When the
stabilizing agent is able to be added during the pulverization pass of the stabilizer, a corresponding
reduction in production costs and time can also be reduced.
The deep mixing method involves the stabilization of soils at large depth. It is an in situ ground
modification technology in which a wet or dry binder is injected into the ground and blended with
in situ soft soils (clay, peat or organic soils) by mechanical or rotary mixing tool. Depending on
applications, the following patterns may be produced (Figure 4); single patterns, block patterns,
panel pattern or stabilized grid pattern. Note that, the aim is to produce the stabilized soil mass
which may interact with natural soil and not, to produce too stiffly stabilized soil mass like a rigid
pile which may independently carry out the design load. The increased strength and stiffness of
stabilized soil should not, therefore, prevent an effective interaction and load distribution between
the stabilized soil and natural soil .Thus the design load should be distributed and carried out partly
by natural soil and partly by stabilized soil mass (column).

3.2 STABILISATION WITH LIME

Experience shows that lime will react with many medium-, moderately fine-, and fine-grained soils
to produce decreased plasticity, increased workability, reduced swell, and increased strength. Soils
classified according to the USCS as CH, CL, MH, ML, OH, OL, SC, SM, GC, GM, SW-SC, SPSC, SM-SC, GWGC, GP-GC, ML-CL, and GM-GC should be considered as potentially capable of
being stabilized with lime. Lime should be considered with all soils having a PI greater than 10 and
more than 25 percent of the soil passing the No. 200 sieve.
3.2 STABILISATION WITH CEMENT
Portland cement can be used either to modify and improve the quality of the soil or to transform the
soil into a cemented mass with increased strength and durability. Cement can be used effectively as
a stabilizer for a wide range of materials; however, the soil should have a PI less than 30. For
coarse-grained soils, the amount passing the No. 4 sieve should be greater than 45 percent. The
amount of cement used depends on whether the soil is to be modified or stabilized.
The soil stabilized with cement is known as soil cement. The cementing action is believed to be the
result of chemical reactions of cement with siliceous soil during hydration reaction. The important
factors affecting the soil-cement are nature of soil content, conditions of mixing, compaction,
curing and admixtures used.
The appropriate amounts of cement needed for different types of soils may be as follows:
Gravels 5 to 10%, Sands 7 to 12%, Silts 12 to 15%, and Clays 12 20%
The quantity of cement for a compressive strength of 25 to 30 kg/cm2 should normally be sufficient
for tropical climate for soil stabilization. If the layer of soil having surface area of A (m2), thickness

H (cm) and dry density rd(tonnes/m3), has to be stabilized with p percentage of cement by weight
on the basis of dry soil and, the amount of cement required for soil stabilization is given by Amount
of cement required, in tonnes. Lime, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and fly
ash are some of the additives commonly used with cement for cement stabilization of soil.

3.3 STABILISATION WITH BITUMEN

Most bituminous soil stabilization has been performed with asphalt cement, cutback asphalt, and
asphalt emulsions. Soils that can be stabilized effectively with bituminous materials usually contain
less than 30 percent passing the No. 200 sieve and have a PI less than 10. Soils classified by the
USCS as SW, SP, SW-SM, SP-SM, SW-SC, SP-SC, SM, SC, SM-SC, GW, GP, SW-GM, SP-GM,
SW-GC, GP-GC, GM, GC, and GM-GC can be effectively stabilized with bituminous materials,
provided the above-mentioned gradation and plasticity requirements are met.
3.3.1 ADDICTIVE SELECTION
Anionic Emulsions: The term anionic is derived from the migration of particles of asphalt under
an electric field. The droplets migrate toward the anode (positive electrode), and hence the emulsion
is called anionic. In an anionic emulsion, there are billions and billions of asphalt droplets with
emulsifying agent at the water asphalt interface. The tail portion of the emulsifying agent aligns
itself in the asphalt while the positive portion of the head floats around in the water leaving the rest
of the head negatively charged and at the surface of the droplet. This imparts a negative charge to
all the droplets. Since negatives repel each other, all the droplets repel each other and remain as
distinct asphalt drops in suspension. A typical anionic emulsifying agent is shown below along with
a diagram showing the orientation of the agent at the asphalt-water interface and the negative
charge imparted to each drop.

Cationic Emulsions: The term cationic is derived from the migration of particles of asphalt under
an electric field also. The droplets migrate toward the cathode (negative electrode), and hence the
emulsion is called cationic. The cationic emulsifying agent functions similarly to the anionic; the
negative portion of the head floats around in the water leaving a positively charged head. This
imparts a positive charge to all the droplets. Since positives repel each other, all the droplets repel
each other and remain as distinct asphalt drops in suspension. A typical cationic emulsifying agent
is shown below along with a diagram showing the orientation of the agent at the asphalt-water
interface and the positive charge imparted to each drop.
3.3.2 USE OF MULTIPLE ADDICTIVES
Combination stabilization is specifically defined as lime-cement, lime-asphalt, and LCF
stabilization. Combinations of lime and cement are often acceptable expedient stabilizers. Lime can
be added to the soil to increase the soils workability and mixing characteristics as well as to reduce
its plasticity. Cement can then be mixed into the soil to provide rapid strength gain. Combinations
of lime and asphalt are often acceptable stabilizers. The lime addition may prevent stripping at the
asphalt-aggregate interface and increase the mixtures stability. Can be added to it to help with
water absorption till the amendments into the soil. If the procedure is conducted in the fall, the
improvements should be apparent by the following spring.
3.4 STABILIZATION WITH FLY ASH
Fly ash, when mixed with lime, can be used effectively to stabilize most coarse- and medium
grained soils; however, the PI should not be greater than 25. Soils classified by the USCS as SW,
SP, SP-SC, SW-SC, SW-SM, GW, GP, GP-GC, GW-GC, GP-GM, GW-GM, GC-GM, and SC-SM
can be stabilized with fly ash.
3.5 STABILIZATION WITH CHEMICALS
Calcium chloride being hygroscopic and deliquescent is used as a water retentive additive in
mechanically stabilized soil bases and surfacing. The vapor pressure gets lowered, surface tension
increases and rate of evaporation decreases. The freezing point of pure water gets lowered and it
results in prevention or reduction of frost heave.

The depressing the electric double layer, the salt reduces the water pick up and thus the loss of
strength of fine grained soils. Calcium chloride acts as a soil flocculent and facilitates compaction.
Frequent application of calcium chloride may be necessary to make up for the loss of chemical by
leaching action. For the salt to be effective, the relative humidity of the atmosphere should be above
30%.
Sodium chloride is the other chemical that can be used for this purpose with a stabilizing action
similar to that of calcium chloride.
Sodium silicate is yet another chemical used for this purpose in combination with other chemicals
such as calcium chloride, polymers, chrome lignin, alkyl chlorosilanes, siliconites, amines and
quarternary ammonium salts, sodium hexametaphosphate, phosphoric acid combined with a wetting
agent.

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains the methodology used find the performance of the properties of materials as
well as the emulsion mix have very much importance in the design and construction of a long
lasting pavement. The experimental methodology used for the study starts with the first step of
selection of materials and extends to the different tests conducted on the emulsion and the soil. The
tests are conducted according to the standards specified in the relevant codes. Silt soil is finer than
sand, but still feels gritty. Silt is commonly found in floodplains and is the soil component that
makes mud. Soils with a lot of silt make excellent farm land, but erode easily. This is the soil blown
away in dust storms and carried downstream in floods.

4.2 SITE DETAILS

The site was located between cities Rajahmundry and Kakinada which connects NH-5 to the
Kakinada city with a corridor of 60.6 kms along with irrigation canals on both sides (7-8 feet)
below the ground water table elevation. The entire site is situated on dredge spoil area which
includes variety of material s like clay, silt, sand and organic matter.

4.3 DATA COLLECTION

Material collection is the primary step for the subsequent steps to be carried out accordingly. The
materials to be collected are
1. Additive: Emulsion slow setting (Ss1).
2. Soil: Soil samples are collected all along the project corridor.

Soil: Silty soil sample was taken from Rajahmundry village as can be seen in fig .4.1
Soil sample was taken in its original and distributed forms. Sample of original soil was taken by
using pipe of diameter 7.5 cm with length 30 cm. Distributed soil sample was taken at the depth of
0 to 50 cm.

Cationic Emulsion: Emulsion type SS1 used especially for soil stabilization was obtained from
Silica manufacturers Fig 4.2. The concentrations of emulsified asphalt used in this study were 1.5%,
3% and 4.5% respectively toward dry soil weight. The term cationic is derived from the migration
of particles of asphalt under an electric field also. The droplets migrate toward the cathode
(negative electrode), and hence the emulsion is called cationic. The cationic emulsifying agent
functions similarly to the anionic; the negative portion of the head floats around in the water leaving
a positively charged head. This imparts a positive charge to all the droplets. Since positives repel
each other, all the droplets repel each other and remain as distinct asphalt drops in suspension. A
typical cationic emulsifying agent is shown below along with a diagram showing the orientation of
the agent at the asphalt-water interface and the positive charge imparted to each drop.

3.4 RESEARCH PROCESS (FLOW CHART)

Selection of
material and
methodology
Specific gravity, Grain size
distribution and other soil property
testing
Prepare sample for CBR Test in
different conditions

Modified proctor test to identify

maximum dry density and optimum
moisture content
Stabilization with bitumen emulsion
and check Yd variation in different
conditions
A comparative study
and analysis of
results, Conclusions

Fig. 4.3 Methodology flow chart

3.5 METHODS OF STABILIZATION

The two general methods of stabilization are mechanical and additive. The effectiveness of stabilization depends upon
the Ability to obtain uniformity in blending the various materials. Mixing in a stationary or traveling plant is preferred;
however, other means of mixing, such as scarifies, plows, disks, graders, and rotary mixers, have been satisfactory. The
method of soil stabilization is determined by the amount of stabilizing required and the conditions encountered on the
project. An accurate soil description and classification is essential to the selection of the correct materials and
Procedures.

3.5.1 Mechanical method

MECHANICAL METHOD
Mechanical stabilization is accomplished by mixing or blending soils of two or more gradations to obtain a material
meeting the required specification. The soil blending may take place at the construction site, at a central plant, or at a
borrow area. The blended material is then spread and compacted to required densities by conventional means.
ADDITIVE METHOD
Additive refers to a manufactured commercial product that, when added to the soil in the properquantities, will improve
the quality of the soil layer. Thischapter is directed towards the use of portland cement,lime, lime-cement-fly ash, and

bitumen, alone or incombination, as additives to stabilize soils. Theselection and determination of the percentage of
additives depend upon the soil classification and the degree of improvement in soil quality desired.Generally, smaller
amounts of additives are required to
alter soil properties, such as gradation, workability, and
plasticity, than to improve the strength and durability
sufficiently to permit a thickness reduction design. After
the additive has been mixed with the soil, spreading and
compacting are accomplished by conventional means.

Table 4.1 Determination of cumulative % wt. of passing.

% wt.
Wt. Of

Of

size(mm retaine retaine

si.no

(gm.)

Cumulativ
e%
wt.

Cumulati
ve wt

retained

passing

4.75

0.7

99.3

12

19

1.9

98.1

0.425

103

122

12.2

87.8

0.075

104

226

22.6

77.4

Gravel (%): 0.7

Sand (%): 21.9
Silt/Clay: 77.4
4.1.1 Conclusion remarks
From the result we get that the taken soil is well graded

4.2 Compaction test using water

To determine the optimum moisture content and corresponding maximum
dry density of a taken soil using standard proctor test

Table 4.2 Determination of Dry density using water

Modified Proctor Compaction Test

Mould weight

4303

Trail No

Mould wet soil

gm

1000

6165

6264

6314

6358

6351

wt. of wet soil

gm

1862

1961

2022

2055

2048

wet density

gm/cc

1.862

1.961

2.022

2.055

2.048

45

40

23

31

17

con no
Con wt.

gm

46.58

48.94

43.83

44.48

46.53

con+wet soil

gm

192.00

212

186

200.41

200.36

con+dry soil

gm

183.25

199.64

172.86

183.21

181.00

water

gm

8.75

12.36

13.14

17.20

19.36

Dry soil

gm

136.67

150.70

129.03

138.73

134.47

Moisture content

6.4

8.2

10.18

12.4

14.4

Dry density

gm/cc

1.750

1.812

1.835

1.828

1.790

Bulk density =

gm/c.c

W = water content
V= wt. of mould
Dry density (g/cc)

volume

Dry
density

Graph 4.1The graph between optimum moisture content and maximum dry density

4.2.1 Observations
Moisture content (%)
Bulk density (

= 2.022 gm/c.c

Water content (W) =

Dry density =

*100

= 1.835 gm/c.c

4.2.2 Conclusion remarks

A compaction curve is plotted between the water content and corresponding dry density as ordinate.
The dry density goes on increase as water content is increased till max density is reached. The water
content corresponding to max density is called optimum moisture content.

the optimum moisture content is 10.18%

Maximum dry density is 1.835 gm./c.c

4.3 compaction test with bituminous emulsion

To determine the optimum bituminous emulsion content and corresponding
maximum dry density of a taken soil using standard proctor test

Table 4.3 Determination of dry density using bituminous emulsion

Modified Proctor Compaction Test

Mould weight
Trail No
Mould+wet soil
wt. of wet soil
wet density
gm/cc
con no
con wet

gm
gm
gm

gm

con+wet soil

gm

con+dry soil
water

gm
gm

Dry soil
gm
Moisture content
%
Dry density
gm/cc

4303
1
6165
1874
1.874
25
48.73
140.0
0
134.6
7
5.33
85.94
6.2
1.765

volum
e
2
6264
1995

3
6314
2052

4
6358
2061

5
6351
2043

1.995
22
46.97

2.052
68
44.95

2.061
49
51.68

162
153.0
9
8.91
106.1
2
8.4
1.840

173
160.8
3
12.17
115.8
8
10.50
1.857

182
167.4
2
14.58
115.7
4
12.6
1.830

2.043
6
45.47
168.0
0
152.2
0
15.80
106.7
3
14.8
1.780

1000 cc

Dry
density

Bituminous content
(%)
Results

MDD: 1.857 g/cc

OBC: 10.50 %

Graph 4.2 Graph between optimum bituminous emulsion content and maximum dry density

4.3.1 Observations
Bulk density () = gm./cc
W = water content
V=wt. of mold
Bulk density = = 2.052 gm. /cc.
Water content (w) =
Dry density =

* 100

= 1.857 gm./cc.

4.3.2 Conclusion remarks

A compaction curve is plotted between the bituminous content and corresponding dry density as
ordinate. The dry density goes on increase as bituminous content is increased till max density is
reached. The bituminous content corresponding to max density is called optimum bituminous
content.

The optimum bituminous content is 10.50%

Maximum dry density is 1.857 gm./c.c

4.4 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST WITH WATER4.

To determine the strength of the taken silty soil
Table 4.4Details of CBR test results using water

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

No.of Blows
Description:

[IS:2720 Part (XVI)]

10

Before soaking

Volume of mould
Wt. Of the mould (m1)
Mass of Mould+compcted soil in gms(m2)
Mass of compacted soil in gms m3=(m2-m1)

Wet Density, gm/cc b=m3/v

Container No.
Mass of Container, (w1)gm.
Mass of Container & Wet Soil (w2) gms.
Mass of Container & Dry Soil (w3) gms.
water content

Dry Density (gm/cc) d= b/(1+w/100)

2250
6850
11536
4686
2
12
46
180
165
13
1.840

No.of Blows

Before soaking

Penetration
(mm)

1
2
3
4

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

2.5

6
7
8
9
10

3.0
4.0
5.0
7.5
10.0
CBR @
2.5mm in
%

Mould No

16

4.37

No.of Blows

65

Before soaking

2250
6529
11576
4726
2
16
44
160
147
12
1.868

Proving Ring Dial Readings

Proving ring capacity:30KN
factor:4.243
16 Mould No
Mould No
S.NO

35

2250
6911
11344
4815
2
20
46
156
144
13
1.896

Proving ring
17

Mould No

18

Dial Gauge
Reading

Unit
Load(k
g)

Dial
Gauge
Reading

Unit
Load(k
g)

Dial
Gauge
Reading

Unit
Load(k
g)

6.5
9.4
11.8
13.2
14.1
15.1
15.9
16.7
17.4
18.1

27.5
39.9
50
55.8
59.9
63.9
67.3
71
73.9
76.9

7.8
10.9
13.4
15.5
16.9
18.1
18.9
19.7
20.3
20.7

32.9
46.3
56.8
65.8
71.9
76.8
80.4
83.4
86
87.9

6.3
12.0
15.3
17.2
18.4
19.5
20.6
21.4
22.1
22.8

26.8
51
65
72.9
77.9
82.9
87.6
90.6
93.6
96.9

CBR @ 5.0
mm in %

3.45

Remark
s:

CBR
value:

5.10
%

17
18

5.25
5.69

4.06
4.41

Graph 4.3 A CBR load-penetration curve using water.

4.4.1 Observations
=

*100=5.10%

4.4.2 Conclusion remarks

The CBR value calculated at 5mm penetration is constantly found to be more

than the CBR value calculated at 5.0mm.for flexible pavement design purpose.
If the CBR calculated at 5.0mm penetration is constantly more than the value at
2.5mm penetration. The CBR at 5.0mm should be taken as the design value.

Hence we repeat the test for three times the obtain CBR values at 2.5mm are
4.37%,5.25%,5.69% from this values we take the average value from graph as
5.1%

4.5 CALFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST WITH BITUMINOUS

EMULSION
To determine the strength of the taken silty soil by bituminous emulsion

Table 4.5 Details of CBR test results using bituminous emulsion

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

No.of Blows
Description:

[IS:2720 Part (XVI)]

10

Before soaking

Volume of mould
Wt. Of the mould (m1)
Mass of Mould+compcted soil in gms(m2)
Mass of compacted soil in gms m3=(m2-m1)

Wet Density, gm/cc b=m3/v

Container No.
Mass of Container, (w1)gm.
Mass of Container & Wet Soil (w2) gms.
Mass of Container & Dry Soil (w3) gms.
water content

Dry Density (gm/cc) d= b/(1+w/100)

2250
7089
11105
4016
1.785
11
38.15
143.93
132.75
11.92
1.596

No.of Blows

Penetration
(mm)

1
2
3
4

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

2.5

3.0

4.0

5.0

7.5

10

10.0
CBR @
2.5mm in
%

Mould No

16
17

6.19
7.43

No.of Blows

65

Before soaking

2250
6750
11228
4478
1.990
17
38.49
159.89
146.65
12.15
1.774

Proving Ring Dial Readings

Proving ring capacity:30KN
factor:4.243
16 Mould No
Mould No
S.NO

35

Before soaking

2250
6899
11584
4684
2.082
41
37.66
143.07
132.08
11.95
1.860

Proving ring
17

Mould No

18

Dial Gauge
Reading

Unit
Load(k
g)

Dial
Gauge
Reading

Unit
Load(k
g)

Dial
Gauge
Reading

Unit
Load(k
g)

5
10
14
17

21.2
42.4
59.4
72.1

8
14
18
21

5
11
17
23

20

84.9

24

22

93.3

26

33.9
59.4
76.4
89.1
101.
8
110.
3

25

106.
1

29

123

36

29

123

31

21.2
46.7
72.1
97.6
118.
8
131.
5
152.
7
169.
7
190.
9
195.
2

152.
7
165.
5

36
39
CBR @ 5.0
mm in %

5.98
6.89

36
41
Remark
s:

131.
5
152.
7
173.
9

28
31

40
45
46
CBR
value:

8.10
%

18

8.67

8.26

Graph 4.4 A CBR load-penetration curve using bituminous emulsion.

4.5.1 Observation

*100=8.10%

4.5.2 Conclusion Remarks

The CBR value calculated at 2.5mm penetration is constantly found to be more

than the CBR value calculated at 5mm.for flexible pavement design purpose.

If the CBR calculated at 5mm penetration is constantly more than the value at
2.5mm penetration. The CBR at 5mm should be taken as the design value.

Hence we repeat the test for three times the obtain CBR values at 5.0mm are
6.19%, 7.43%, 8.69% from this values we take the average value 8.10%.

4.6

Falling head with water

4.6.1 To determine the coefficient of permeability of given soil by falling

head method

The constant head permeability test is used for course grained in a given time.
However the falling head test is used for relatively less permeable soils where
the discharge is small.

Table 4.6 Details of permeability test results using water.

K(Cm/Sec)*

Initial

Final

Time't's

Head

Head

Sino

ec

H1cm

H2cm

H1\H2

H2

40.1

100

50

0.301

1.794

20

50

20

2.5

0.397

4.745

23

100

60

1.66

0.22

2.286

47

60

12

1.079

5.488

9.37

100

70

1.428

0.154

3.92

27

70

40

1.75

0.243

2.151

54.4

100

40

2.5

0.397

1.744

73

100

30

3.33

0.5224

1.711

4.6.2Observations
K=

K=coefficient of permeability.

Log10h1\

A=area of stranded pipe.

L=length of specimen.

=head at time

=head at time

A=cross sectional area of specimen.

T= ~

K=

in sec.

*0.397 =1.794*

4.6.3 Conclusion Remarks

The average value of coefficient of permeable of silty soil sample by variable

head method is k=2.979*

cm/sec., obtained at 95% of MMD

4.7 Falling head with bituminous emulsion

4.7.1 To determine the coefficient of permeability of given

soil by falling head

method

The constant head permeability test is used for course grained in a given time.
However the falling head test is used for relatively less permeable soils where
the discharge is small.

Table 4.7Details of test results using bituminous emulsion

Initial

Final
K(Cm/Sec)*

Time
Head

Head

S.N

'T'

o.

Sec

Cm.

Cm.

39

100

70

1.428

0.154

0.944

30

70

50

1.4

0.146

1.163

56

50

25

2.5

0.3

1.283

43

25

10

2.5

0.39

2.168

15

100

85

1.176

0.07

1.115

42

85

45

1.88

0.27

1.532

57

45

10

4.5

0.65

2.726

10

0.301

1.09

4.7.2 Observation
K=

*0.154=9.44*

cm/sec.

4.7.3 Conclusion Remarks

The average value of coefficient of permeable of silty soil sample by variable

head method is k=1.502*

cm/sec.

Decease in permeability (% ) =
=52%

*100

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

Advantages and uses of using cationic bituminous emulsion. For stabilization

subgrade soil gives good strength
Increasing of CBR value gives good strength, stiffness and cohesiveness
to subgrade soil. Decreasing of permeable value gives good permeability

to the sub grade soil

Test results with water and bituminous emulsion
Optimum moisture content(OMC) is 10.18%
Maximum dry density (MDD) is 1.835gm/cc.
Optimum bituminous content(OBC) is 10.5%
Maximum dry density(MDD) is 1.850gm/c

Table 5.1Comparing of OMC and MDD using water and bituminous emulsion values
Soil admixture with water

Soil admixture with bituminous emulsion

Optimum moisture content(OMC) is Optimum bituminous content(OBC)

10.18%

10.5%

Maximum dry density (MDD) is

Maximum dry density(MDD) is

1.835gm/cc.

1.850gm/cc

CBR@2.5mm is 5.10%

is

 CBR@ 5mm is 4.98%

After trail we take CBR@ 2.5mm is 5.10%

CBR@2.5mmis 8.10%
CBR@5mm is 7.65%
After trial and zero correction we take CBR@2.5mm is 8.10%

Table 5.2 comparing of CBR values using water and bituminous emulsion
Soil admixture with using water

Soil admixture using bituminous emulsion

CBR@2.5mm is 5.10%

CBR@2.5mmis 8.10%

CBR@ 5mm is 4.98%

CBR@5mm is 7.65%

After trial we take CBR@ 2.5mm is After trial and zero correction we take
5.10%

Percentage increase of CBR value =

CBR@2.5mm is 8.10%

=58.82%

The silty soil strength has been increasing by about 58.2% due to using bituminous
emulsion at Optimum content as 8.10 %. From the above results it is concluded that
stabilization with bituminous emulsion will increase strength and durability of
subgrade soil.

The rate of permeability of silty soil decreased by using bituminous emulsion

and the following summary of the test details indicate the same.

Table 5.3 comparing of permeable values using water and bituminous emulsion
Soil admixture with water

Soil admixture with bituminous emulsion

The avg.coefficient of permeability

The avg. Coefficient of permeability is

Is 2.979*

1.502*

cm/sec, obtained at

cm/sec.

95% of MMD
.

Permeability test results with water

The average coefficient of permeable k=2.297*

cm/sec.

Permeable test with bituminous emulsion

The average coefficient of permeable k=1.502*

cm/sec

From above values

2.297*

1.502*

= 1.477*

Decease in permeability (%) =

*100

=52%

Economic analysis of the bituminous emulsion stabilization of the soil is compared with
the conventional soil water stabilization and it is found that the construction cost of
construction also decreased. The following are the details of the economic comparison
made with and without using bituminous emulsion.

5.2Cost analysis

CBR@2.5mm is 5.10%
CBR@ 5mm is 4.98%

After trail we take CBR@2.5mm is 5.10%

Traffic volume= 2msa
,

Bituminous surface
75mm
Base of gravel
(WBM)
100mm

subgrade
100mm

a)

Bituminous surface= 3.75*0.05*1000

= 187*5

= 3.75*0.025*1000

= 93.75

dense bitumen macadam=Rs5221.79

Therefore 187.5*5221.79= Rs979085.62

bitumen concrete=Rs6356.21.

Therefore 93.75*6356.21=595894.68

Bituminous surface cost=1574980.305

Base of gravel(water bond macadam) = 3.75*0.1*1000

b)

= 375

cost = Rs1030.43.

Therefore 375*1030.43 = Rs386411.25.

c)

Granular sub-base = 3.75*0.1*1000

= 375

cost = Rs982.72

Therefore 375*982.7 = Rs368520

d)

The total road cost for 1KM is Rs2329911.55

CBR@2.5mm is 8.10%
CBR@5mm is 7.65%
After trial we take CBR@ 5mm is 8.10%

Bituminous surface
75mm

Base of
gravel(WBM)
160mm

a)

Bituminous surface= 3.75*0.05*1000

= 187*5
= 3.75*0.025*1000
= 93.75

dense bitumen macadam = Rs5221.79

Therefore 187.5*5221.79 = 979085.62

bitumen concrete = Rs6356.2

Therefore 93.75*6356.21 = 595894.68

Bituminous surface cost = 1574980.305

Base of gravel(water bond macadam)=3.75*0.16*1000

b)

=600

cost = Rs1030.43.

Therefore 600*1030.43 = Rs618258.

c)

The cost of cationic bituminous emulsion for 550 liters is Rs23500

The total road cost for 1KM is Rs2219088.305

d)

At final the cost will decrease while applying cationic bituminous emulsion.

The decreasing cost is = 2329911.55-2219088.305

= Rs113173.245
Therefore, the Advantage of using bituminous emulsion per 1 KM is Rs113173.245

5.3 Scope of future work

Occurrence of the silty soils are commonly available type of soil in around the
study of sieve analysis,compaction,CBRand permeable can also be done for
other type soils which are available at different locations where roads are to be
laid.

The silty soil stabilization with bituminous emulsion is also being done with
foamed bituminous emulsion, lime, fly ash, cement, cinder and combinations.

References
1. Dense-Graded

Mixtures

Using

Asphalt

Emulsions,

AEMA

Recommended

Performance
Guidelines 2nd Edition, pp71-76.
2. GEMS The Design and Use of Granular Emulsion Mixes, SABITA (South African
Bitumen and Tar Association), Manual 14.
3. A Basic Emulsion Manual No.19, 3rd Edition, AEMA.
4. Ballantine RW and Rossouw AJ 1989. Stabilization of soils. PPC Lime Handbook.
Johannesberg.
5. Brown S and Needham A. 2000. A study of cement modified bitumen emulsion
mixtures.
6. Proceedings of the Association of Asphalt paving Technologists, AAPT, vol.69,
Reno. USA.
7. Giuliani F. 2001. X-Ray Diffraction method for studying cement-modified
bitumen-emulsion

8. Mixtures in asphalt pavement cold recycling. 1st International symposium on

sub-grade
9. Stabilization and in-situ pavement recycling using cement, Salamanca, Spain.
October.
10.Hodgkinson A L. 2003. Investigation into the role of cementitious binders when
recycling with foamed bitumen or bitumen emulsion. MSc. (Applied Sciences)
project report. University of Pretoria.
11.Liebenberg J J E. 2003. A structural design procedure for emulsion treated
pavement layers. Masters dissertation. Faculty of Engineering. University of
Pretoria. April.
12.Muthen K M. 1998. Foamed asphalt mix design procedure. Report No CR-98/077.
CSIR
Transportek. Pretoria.
13.Sabita Manual 21. 1999. The design and use of emulsiontreated bases. Cape
Town.