School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering

SEMESTER 1, 2012 EXAMINATIONS

ENSC3003
Fluid Mechanics
FAMILY NAME: ____________________________ GIVEN NAMES: ______________________

STUDENT ID:

SIGNATURE: ________________________
This Paper Contains: 18 pages (including title page)
Time allowed: 3 hours 10 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper contains 5 questions, a table of constants and conversions (1 page), a general
equation sheet (3 pages), and the equations of motion in Cartesian and Cylindrical
coordinates (4 pages).
Students should attempt all 5 questions
Each question is worth 30 marks, for a total of 150 marks

PLEASE NOTE
Examination candidates may only bring authorised materials into the examination room. If a supervisor
finds, during the examination, that you have unauthorised material, in whatever form, in the vicinity of your
desk or on your person, whether in the examination room or the toilets or en route to/from the toilets, the
matter will be reported to the head of school and disciplinary action will normally be taken against you. This
action may result in your being deprived of any credit for this examination or even, in some cases, for the
whole unit. This will apply regardless of whether the material has been used at the time it is found.
Therefore, any candidate who has brought any unauthorised material whatsoever into the examination
room should declare it to the supervisor immediately. Candidates who are uncertain whether any material
is authorised should ask the supervisor for clarification.

Supervisors Only Student left at:

This page has been left intentionally blank.

Question 1
(a)

(30 points total)

(15 points) Gas enters a pipe system at section 1 at a velocity of 5.2 m/s and a temperature
of 125C, and leaves at section 2, where the temperature is 80C. The pipe diameter at section
1 is 200 mm, and the pipe diameter at section 2 is 250 mm. The gauge pressures at sections 1
and 2 are 600 kPa and 400 kPa respectively. The system is at steady state. Determine the
following;
The mass flow rate (in kg/s) at section 1
The mass flow rate (in kg/s) at section 2
The flow velocity (in m/s) at section 2
You may assume that at 300 K and standard atmospheric pressure, the density of the gas is
0.7 kg/m3.

(b)

(10 points) A body of water is held back behind a 5 metre long diamond shaped wall, as
illustrated in the diagram below (the diamond is a square rotated to a 45 degree angle). The
water surface is level with the top of the wall, and atmospheric pressure acts at the surface.
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the pressure force (in Newtons) acting on
the dam wall. Your answer must identify the direction in which the force acts. You may use
"shortcuts" in determining your answers, and assume that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3.

2 metres

(c)

(5 points)
The temperature of a liquid undergoing laminar flow in a horizontal circular pipe is
decreased. If the pressure gradient is unchanged, how will this affect the volume flow rate in
the pipe? Justify your answer.

Question 2

(30 marks total)

A liquid is transported through a horizontal circular pipe of radius R via pressure-driven flow, as
illustrated below. The pressure at the upstream end of the duct (z=0) is Po, and at the downstream end
(z=L) is PL. The flow may be regarded as laminar and isothermal, and the oil is a Newtonian liquid;
the duct may be regarded as stationary.
(a)

(20 marks) Starting with the appropriate form of the Continuity Equation and Equations of
Motion (attached at the end of the examination paper), derive an equation for determining the
z component of velocity in the pipe at steady state. Be sure to identify all assumptions and
boundary conditions. You may use the attached equation sheets submit any marked
equation sheets with your examination booklet.

(b)

(5 marks) Derive an equation for the volume flow rate of oil through the pipe at steady state.
You must show all working for full credit.

(c)

(5 marks) In a modified version of this system, the pipe radius tapers from R at z=0 to a
radius of 0.5R at z=L. While continuing to assume isothermal laminar flow, re-derive the
differential forms of the continuity equation and z-direction momentum balance for the
tapered pipe (NOTE do not integrate the resulting equations)

Question 3

(30 marks total)

A centrifugal mixing device, as illustrated in the diagram below, is being developed to stir small
quantities of blood for experimental procedures. The proposed device is confined within a cylinder 2
cm in diameter and 10 cm tall, and uses a stirrer 1 cm in diameter. The proposed operating speed for
the stirrer is 20 rpm.
Blood is very viscous, and significant surface vortex can develop. If this vortex becomes large
enough to reach the stirrer, the delicate cells within the blood will be severely damaged by the
extreme shear gradients arising. It is therefore proposed to build a large scale model using an
alternative fluid in order to investigate the phenomenon. Due to material restrictions, it has been
established that the model cylinder diameter (DCM) must be 10 cm.
If the specific gravity of blood is 1.1, and the viscosity of blood at room temperature is 2.0 cP,
determine
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

The other dimensions (height HM and stirrer diameter DSM) of the model
The kinematic viscosity required of the model fluid (in m2/s)
The speed (in rpm) of the stirrer in the model system

H
DS

DC

Question 4 30 Marks Total

A centrifugal pump is to be installed to transfer water (=1000 kg/m3, =0.001 Pas) between two
reservoirs via the system illustrated in the diagram below.
(a)

(16 marks) The pump curve for the proposed pump is provided overleaf. Calculate the
system curve, plot it on the chart provided, and determine the duty point for the proposed
system. To plot the system curve, calculating 3 points on the curve will be sufficient. (NB
please detach the finished chart and submit it with your solutions). Charts for the friction
factor and fitting loss factors are provided.

(b)

(6 points) It is proposed to increase the flow delivered through the system by operating a
second identical pump with the original pump. Using the system curve you have calculated
and the pump curve provided, determine the optimal arrangement of the two pumps (in terms
of maximising flow rate) and the resulting duty point.

(c)

(3 points) If the pump efficiency at the duty point is 76%, calculate the pump power (in
watts) that must be supplied by the motor when the pump is operating at the regular (single
pump) duty point.

(d)

(5 points) At the duty point, the NPSHR for the proposed pump is 9.2 metres. Under
extreme conditions, the water level in the supply reservoir may fall to as low as 1.5 metres
above the pump inlet centreline. Assuming that the friction losses in the suction side
pipework can be considered to be negligible (for the purpose of NPSH calculation only), is
the pump safe from cavitation ? Show working to support your answer. The vapour pressure
(head) of water at 293 K is 0.238 m (H2O)

90 degree
Long radius
11.5 metres

Sharp entrance
4.3 metres
90 degree
Long radius

(to pump centreline)

P
90 degree
Long radius

Fully Open
Gate Valves

Swing Check
Valve

Pipework
Length 675 metres
Diameter 450 mm
Commercial Steel

Pump Curve for Question 4

Question 5 - 30 marks total

The pipe section shown below is incorporated in an oil delivery system (for the oil, SG=0.9, =2.5
centipoise). The flow velocity at section 1 is 1.5 m/s. The absolute pressures at section 1 is 450 kPa.
The system is at steady state, and the pipe section is horizontal (so that body forces may be
neglected). It may be assumed that =1.05 for this system.
(a)

(14 points) Calculate the absolute pressure (in Pa) at section 2. For the purposes of this
calculation, it may be assumed that the straight pipe losses in the pipe are negligible. Fitting
losses, however, must be taken into account. The loss factor chart was provided for question
4.

(b)

(16 points) Determine the magnitude (in Newtons) and direction of the force exerted on the
pipe section by the flowing oil

10

Constants
9.81 m/s2
1000 kg/m3
0.001 Pas
1.015 x 105 Pa

Gravity
Density of Water
Viscosity of Water
Atmospheric Pressure
Common Unit Conversions
Density
1 lb/ft3

16.02 kg/m3
Force

1 lbf
1 dyn

4.448 N
1 x 10-5 N
Length

1 foot
1 inch

0.3048 m
0.0254 m
Mass

1 pound (lbm)
1 ton (2000 lb)

0.04536 kg
907.0 kg
Pressure
1.015 x 105 Pa
9.806 Pa
133.3 Pa
6895 Pa

1 atmosphere
1 mm H2O
1 mm Hg
1 psi
Viscosity
1 poise
1 lbf.s/ft2
1 lbm/ft.s

0.1 Pa.s
47.88 Pa.s
1.488 Pas
Volume
0.001 m3
0.003785 m3

1 litre
1 gallon

11

EQUATION SHEET : ENSC 3003 SEMESTER 1, 2012

Pressure Gradient
dp
= g
dx3

CONSERVATION OF MASS (MACROSCALE)

General Conservation of Mass for a System
dM
= m in m out = ( Q) in (Q )out
dT

Gauge Pressure
Pgauge = Pabsolute Patmosphere

Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT = mR'T

Pressure Head
P
H=
g

VISCOSITY
Shear Stress & Absolute Viscosity - Newtonian Fluids
du
xy = x
dy

Force Exerted on a Surface by a Pressure Distribution

F = PdA
Area

Kinematic Viscosity

Centre of Pressure
PLdA dM

LC =

Shear Stress & Absolute Viscosity - Bingham Fluids

dux
du
xy = 0 x o if xy o ;
= 0 if xy o
dy
dy

dux
dy

n1

(MW T )

-{The rate of momentum flow out}

+{The sum of all the forces acting on the system} =0

Viscosity of Mixtures of Gases

N
x
MIX = N i i
i=1
x j ij
j=1

Where

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Reynolds Number (General)
UL
Re =

Froude Number (General)

U2
Fr =
gL

1
12
4
1+ i M j
j M i

Weber Number (General)

U 2 L
We =

Temperature Dependence of Viscosity in Liquids

= Ae

dF

Area

Steady state momentum balance for a shell element

{The rate of momentum flow in}

Area

SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCES

Chapman-Enskog Equation: Viscosity of Gases

1 Mi
1+

ij =
8 M j

Archimedes Principle
FB = f gVD

dux
dy

= 2.669310 6

PdA

Area

Shear Stress & Absolute Viscosity - Power-Law Fluids

xy =

Area

Buckingham-Pi Equation
No. of dimensionless groups
= No. of parameters - No. of fundamental dimensions

Falling Ball Viscometer

( F ) gD 2
= S
18U

BOUNDARY LAYER ADJACENT TO A FLAT PLATE

Local Reynolds Number at Laminar to Turbulent Transition
Ux
Trans
5
Re x =
= 5 .0 x 10

Couette Viscometer
k2
T = 4 0 R 2 L
2
1 k

Drag Coefficient - Definition

o
CD =
1
U 2
2

HYDROSTATICS
Specific Gravity

SG =
water

Boundary Layer Thickness - Laminar Boundary Layer

4 .9 1x
Re x

12

Local Surface Shear Stress - Laminar Boundary Layer

0.332U Re x
o =
x

CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

General Pressure Equation (Incompressible Fluid, Steady
State)
U 2 P
0=
+
+ gx3 + EV + W
2

Local Drag Coefficient - Laminar Boundary Layer

0 .664
CD =
Rex

General Head Equation (Incompressible Fluid, Steady

State)
U 2 P
E W
0=
+
+ x3 + V +
2g g
g
g

Mean Drag Coefficient - Laminar Boundary Layer

1.328
CD =
Rex
Surface drag force due to laminar boundary layer
FD = 0 .664UW Re x

General Equation (Isothermal Ideal Gas, Steady State)

U 2 RT p2
+
ln + gx3 + W + E v = 0
2 M p1

Boundary Layer Thickness - Turbulent Boundary Layer

0.377x
=
Re 0.x 2

Friction Loss Straight Pipe Darcy-Wessbach equation

2 fFU 2 L
f U 2L
E
= M

gVSP = gD

2gD

Local Surface Shear Stress - Turbulent Boundary Layer

0.0587U 2
o =
2 Re 0.x 2

Friction Loss Fittings

kU 2
E
gVF 2g

Mean Drag Coefficient - Turbulent Boundary Layer

0.455
CD =
(logRe x )2. 5 8

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A CIRCULAR PIPE

Mean Drag Coefficient - Laminar and Turbulent Boundary

Layer
0.455
1700
CD =

(logRe x )2. 5 8 Re x

Average Flow Velocity

Q
U=
A
Reynolds Number for Flow in a Circular Pipe
UD
Re =

DRAG FORCE ON BODIES IMMERSED IN A FLOW

Reynolds Number for Spheres
UD
Re =

Fanning Friction Factor

TR
f=
1
U 2
2

General Equation: Drag Force Exerted on a Submerged

object
1
2
FD = f U A CD
2

Moody Friction Factor

fM = 4 fF

General Equation: Drag Force Exerted on a Sphere

2
2
FD = FU D CD
8

Fanning Friction Factor for Laminar Flow

16
fF =
Re

Stokes Law : Total Drag Force Exerted on a Sphere for

Creeping Flow
FD = 3 D
- Valid for Re < 0.1

Blausius Equation : Fanning Friction Factor for Turbulent

Flow in Hydraulically Smooth Pipes
0. 2 5
Valid for 4000 < Re < 100000
f = 0 .079Re

Drag Coefficient - Creeping Flow Around a Sphere

24
CD =
- Valid for Re < 0.1
Re

Prandtl Resistance Law : General Equation for Fanning

Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow in Hydraulically Smooth
Pipes
1
= 4 log Re f 0 .4 Valid for 4000 < Re < 3000000
f

Terminal Velocity of a Falling Sphere

4 ( S F ) gD
U =

CD
F
3

Colebrook Equation: General Equation for Fanning Friction

Factor for Turbulent Flow in Rough Pipes

1
1 .255

= 4 log
+
3.7D
f
Re
f

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM (MACROSCALE)

General Equation

u. dV = ( 1Q11U1n 1 ) ( 2Q2 2U 2 n 2 )


t Vol

Dynamic Pressure Loss in Laminar Flow in a Straight

Circular Pipe: Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
8 QL
PD =
R 4

+ ( P1G A1n 1 ) + ( P2G A2 [-n 2 ]) + FR + Mg

Conservation of Momentum - Jet of Incompressible Fluid
deflected by a Moving Blade
0 = Q S u J Sn 1 QS uE S n 2 + F

13

PUMPS AND PIPING SYSTEMS

Mach Cone - Internal Angle

c
1
sin = =
v Ma

Hydraulic Power
WH = gQHP

Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction - Pipe Length

Required to Achieve Sonic Velocity
2
1 Ma 2 1+ (1 + )Ma 4 fLs
=
+
l n
2
2
Ma
2
D
2 + ( 1)Ma

Change In Dynamic Head

p U 2
H P =
+
g 2g
Pump Efficiency
W
= H
WP

Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction - Ratio of Initial

Pressure Divided by the Sonic Pressure

1
p
(1 + )

=
p * Ma 2 + ( 1)Ma 2

Net Positive Suction Head Available

E
U2
E
P
NPSHA = 0 + 0 x3 VSP + VF H VAP
g
g 2g
g

Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction - Ratio of Initial

Temperature Divided by the Sonic Temperature
T
(1 + )
=
T * 2 + ( 1)Ma 2

System Head Curve

U 2
P
E
E
H P =
+ x3 +
+ VSP + VF
g
g
2g
g
FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction - Ratio of Initial

Density Divided by the Sonic Density

Reynolds Number for Flow Through a Packed Bed of

Spheres
U o Dp
Re PM =
(1 )

(1 + )
=
* 2 + ( 1) Ma2

Superficial Velocity
Q
U0 =
A

Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction - Pipe Length

Required to Achieve Maximum Theoretical Velocity
1 Ma2
4 fLT
+ l n(Ma 2 ) =
Ma 2
D

Definition - Friction Factor for Flow in a Packed Bed of

Spheres
3 Dp PD
f=
U 02 L (1 )

Where the maximum theoretical velocity

1
Ma =

Blake-Kozeny Equation - Friction Factor for Laminar Flow in

a Packed Bed of Spheres
150 (1 )
f=
Valid for Re PM < 10
U0 D p

Adiabatic Compressible Frictionless Flow - Ratio of Entrance

Pressure to Reservoir Pressure

p1
1
2
= 1+
Ma

p0
2

Ergun Equation - Transition Flow in a Packed Bed of

Spheres
150 (1 )
f = 1.75 +
Valid for 10 < Re PM < 1000
U 0 Dp

Adiabatic Compressible Frictionless Flow - Ratio of Entrance

Temperature to Reservoir Temperature
1
T1 1
2
= 1+
Ma

2
T0

Darcy's Law - Cartesian Co-ordinates

K dP
U0 = D
dx

Adiabatic Compressible Frictionless Flow - Ratio of Entrance

Density to Reservoir Density
1
1
1 1
2
= 1+
Ma

2
0

Minimum Fluidization Velocity

( P F )g 3 DP2
U 0F =
150 (1 )

Reynolds Number for Compressible Flow in a Pipe

4m
Re =
D

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Speed of Sound in an Ideal Gas
1

Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction - Ratio of Initial

Pressure Divided by the Pressure at Ma*
p
1
=
pT
Ma

Burke-Plummer Equation - Turbulent Flow, Packed Bed of

Spheres
3 D p PD
= 1.75
Valid for RePM > 1000
U 02 L(1 )

R T
c= G
MW

Mach Number
v
Ma =
c

14

The Equations of Motion

The Continuity Equation (Conservation of Mass)
Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinates (x1, x2, x3)
General




Incompressible Isothermal Flow

Cylindrical Coordinates (r, , z)

General












Incompressible Isothermal Flow







Spherical Coordinates (r, , )

General



















Incompressible Isothermal Flow










15


 

The Equation of Motion (Momentum Balance)

Cartesian Coordinates (x1, x2, x3)
General form
x1 component



















































































x2 component



















































































x3 component



















































































In terms of velocity gradients, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid (i.e. with constant
viscosity), under isothermal conditions
x1 component





x2 component





x3 component





Components of the stress tensor, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid (i.e. with constant
viscosity), under isothermal conditions









16







The Equation of Motion (Momentum Balance)

Cylindrical Coordinates (r, , z)
General form
r component
2
u
T
u u u u
u 1
1 T
r + ur r + r + uz r =
(rTrr ) + r + rz + gr
r r r
z r r
z
r
t

component
u
1 T Tz
u u u u u
u 1
+ ur + r + uz = 2 (r 2Tr )+
+
+ g
t
r
r
r
r
z r r
z
z component
u
u u u
u 1
1 Tz Tzz
z + ur z + z + uz z =
rTzr ) +
+
+ gz
(
r
t
r
r
z r r
z
In terms of velocity gradients, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid (i.e. with constant
viscosity), under isothermal conditions
r component

component

1
p
1 2ur 2 u 2 ur

+
ru

+ 2 + gr
+
( )
r r r r r2 2 r2
r
z

u
u u u u u
u
+ ur + r + uz
t
r r
r
z

=
z component

ur u ur u
u
+

+ uz r
r r
r
z
2

+ ur

2
2
1
1 p
1 u 2 ur u
+
(
ru ) + 2

+
+ g
r 2 r 2
r r r
r
z 2

uz
u u u
u
+ ur z + z + uz z
t
r
r
z

1 uz 1 2 uz 2 uz
p
+
+
r
+ 2 + gz
r r r r2 2
z
z

17

Components of the stress tensor, for an incompressible Newtonian fluid (i.e. with constant
viscosity), under isothermal conditions

Trr = p 2
T = p 2

ur
r

1 u ur
+
r
r

Tzz = p 2

uz
z

1 ur
u
Tr = Tr = r +
r r
r
T z = Tz =

u 1 uz
+
z r

Tzr = Trz =

uz ur
+
r
z

18