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16. Aquatic
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AQUATIC
JENSEN CHERNOFF THOMPSON ARCHITECTS
16. Aquatic
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OCTOBER 17, 2008 ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 3
DRAFT
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2.2 GENERAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION
1. Introduction
The aquaculture industry in North America is faced with the challenges of environment
sustainability and maintaining profitability through minimizing costs. To meet with these
often-conflicting objectives, recirculation technology is being considered as an option to
traditional fish rearing techniques.
In any aquaculture facility, a constant flow of water is required to carry oxygen to the fish
and to carry waste products out of the culture tanks. In conventional flow-through
systems, water is typically pumped from a well or from a stream and heated to ideal fish
rearing temperatures. The heated water is then passed through the culture tanks and is
discharged back to the aquatic environment, carrying with it the waste products of the
fish rearing process. In recirculating systems, advanced water-purification processes are
used, allowing a portion or all of the hatchery water to be reused. By implementing
recirculation technology, water consumption and effluent volumes may be dramatically
reduced. Also, because the heated water is treated and reused, optimized temperatures
can be economically achieved despite the outside climate, allowing ideal fish growing
conditions to be maintained year-round. Reducing influent water demands also lowers
the risk of disease entry into the facility by eliminating the use of surface water.
Recirculation technology allows the reuse of a portion or all of the culture water by
reproducing water-purifying processes that occur in nature. Fundamentally, the
recirculation treatment train consists of four basic processes: solids separation to remove
fish feces and waste feed, biofiltration to covert toxic ammonia-nitrogen to the less toxic
nitrate, carbon dioxide removal, and oxygenation. Figure 1 is a process diagram for the
proposed system. The larval room and all research rooms will have a LS system see
separate brochure for description.
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The facility is to consist of a large fish culture system, an incubation and larval room; two
small research rooms one of which will be a quarantine unit and a large research room.
Each system has its own treatment cell and is able to operate independently. The large
fish culture room will have 2 -6M tanks, 4 -2m tanks and 2 -2.46m tanks. The larval room
will have an incubation unit, and 6 1.6m combi tanks (each will have its own RAS).
The small research room which is also the quarantine unit will have 16 1m tanks and
the other small research room will have the capability to hold 20 -1m tanks, the large
research room will contain 8 -2m tanks. All research rooms will have their own RAS.
The flow rates and culture volumes required were calculated according to the biological
requirements of the species. Each system is designed to operate at a high recirculation
rate with only 2% of the system flow rates. Total make-up water is estimated to be 55
lpm or roughly 15 gpm. The amount of system water discharged per day can be reduced
depending upon site requirements and energy costs, which may dictate a lower exchange
strategy. High internal flow rates through the culture tanks are used to keep
supplementary oxygen requirements to a minimum while facilitating the self-cleaning
attributes of the tanks.
Figure 1: Proposed Large Culture room recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) process
diagram.
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The key to high water clarity and quality is the rapid removal of solids from the system.
Three main mechanisms of solids removal are included in the proposed system. First, the
solids-laden water from the tank drains passes through a radial flow separator, then a
micro-screen drum filter, located in the filtration cell, for the bulk removal of solids.
Thirdly, a high efficiency foam fractionator (with ozone) will be used to further remove
fine particulates from the system.
3.1.1 MICRO-SCREEN DRUM FILTER
All of the water from the bottom drain of the culture tank is passed through a rotary drum
filter for the rapid removal of solids. Solids are removed as quickly as possible in the
filtration system to prevent the degradation of solids during pumping and the fouling of
subsequent filtration processes. In particular, failure to remove solids prior to
biofiltration may result in excessive heterotrophic growth that may be detrimental to the
nitrification process.
The Drum Filter operates under the simple principle of a mechanical sieve. Figure 3 is a
schematic of the operating configuration of the drum filter. The dirty water enters into the
center of the drum where it contacts the screen material. The clean water flows through
while the solids adhere to the screen. As the particles settle in the drum, the screens
become plugged. As the water level in the drum rises, a level control switch
automatically activates the rotation and backwash systems. As the drum turns, the solids
are backwashed into a tray from which they flow out of the drum filter to an off-line
sludge digester. The motor and backwash system automatically shut down to save
backwash water and power.
Clean water from the drum filter passes through a level control standpipe into a collection
sump. The standpipe ensures that a necessary water level, as specified by the filter
manufacturer, will be maintained around the drum filter at all times. See Fig. 4 for a
commercial drum filter. From the sump, water is pumped to the subsequent filtration
processes.
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The effluent or the supernatant from the closed contained systems will be micro screened
60 90 micron (drum filter) and the solids (supernatant) from the screens and separators
will be pumped or gravity discharged to municipal sewer. Depending upon site
considerations and the requirements to minimize water discharge from the operation,
active recapture of discharge water for further recycle in the facility or University may be
necessary. In this case, a Geotube reclamation system may be employed (Option 1) or a
constructed wet land (Option 2) which can take all the effluent. For a Geotube system,
the supernatant from the drum filters will be mixed with a polymer (Magnafloc,
Hyperfloc or equivalent) and the reaction that takes place will extract all the water from
the liquid slurry. The water then will drain from the Geotube and be treated prior to
discharge.
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When drying beds are emptied composted manure is
applied to hay and vegetable fields.
All Hydroponics and CWL technology works only with
fresh water.
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Drying
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The AquafilterTM filter is a simple filter similar to a trickling filter, but uses a large
quantity of buoyant microbeads (2mm polystyrene balls) for media. The beads provide
surface area on which the nitrifying bacteria are able to grow, forming a biofilm that
comes into contact with the water for treatment. Water is pumped to the top of the filter
and distributed evenly over the bead bed through the use of an orifice plate. Even
distribution of water is important to ensure that the beads distribute evenly.
Inconsistencies in the bead depth may result in short-circuiting of flow through the filter,
limiting the nitrification capacity of the filter. In large vessels where the even
distribution of beads is more difficult to achieve, proprietary methods are used to more
easily control bead movement. The beads float on top of the treated water that collects at
the bottom of the filter. The filter depth and outlet pipe are designed such that the design
water level is maintained and the beads may not be carried out of the vessel with the
flow. The reservoir at the bottom of the biofilter acts as a header tank from which treated
water returns by gravity to the culture tanks at a constant head. Figure 5 is a photograph
of micro-bead biofilters in operation.
F
s in operation.
Figurre 4: Foam Fractionators
In thee rearing of sturgeon
s
goood water quaality and clarrity is desireed. The air would
w
be
replaced by a con
ntinuous suppply of ozonee. The ozonee would breaak down the small
particcles and protteins more efficiently thuus improvingg water clariity.
3.3 BIOFILTRATION
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Dissolved oxygen levels in hatchery waters are depleted through the respiration of the
cultured fish and by the oxidation of organic matter in the water. Increased temperature in
the system not only decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the water; it also increases
the metabolic rate of the fish, depleting the oxygen concentration of the water more
rapidly through increased respiration. Because recirculation systems are typically run at
higher temperatures than flow through hatcheries, due to increased ability to heat, the
aeration and oxygenation of the water in recirculating hatcheries becomes increasingly
important.
Having the ability to heat and cool the water allows for much greater control of fish
growth rates. Recirculation systems make it possible to economically maintain ideal
water temperature year round. In this case heat pumps will be used one for each area.
The heating or cooling will be transferred via immersion radiators.
The same reactions that deplete oxygen tend to increase carbon dioxide concentrations in
the system. As the culture becomes more intensive, the carbon dioxide accumulates in
the system and the need to remove it becomes increasingly important. Heightened levels
of carbon dioxide in the system reduce the oxygen carrying ability of the blood
hemoglobin, causing respiratory distress despite adequate oxygen levels in the water.
Carbon dioxide levels also affect the pH of the system by overwhelming the buffering
capacity of the water, tipping the equilibrium towards acidity. However, excessive
stripping of carbon dioxide can cause the pH to be too high causing ammonia toxicity
issues. Careful control of pH is required.
Carbon dioxide removal and aeration of the water to saturation are accomplished
simultaneously using a custom designed, forced-air carbon dioxide stripper. Water enters
at the top of the vessel and is broken into a spray by a series of low-pressure nozzles or
splash screens, providing a high water surface area. The water then falls through an
air/water contact chamber of approximately 1.2 meters in height. Airflow from a high
volume, fan style blower is passed counter flow through the water spray. As air travels
across the water droplets, carbon dioxide is driven off and oxygen is absorbed until the
dissolved gases are essentially at equilibrium with air (i.e. saturation is reached). Ducting
is used to directly exhaust air to outside of the building space from the CO2 stripping
chamber, minimizing moisture and CO2 loads on the structure, and noise levels within the
building. Consequently, worker comfort is greatly improved inside the rearing facility.
The CO2 stripper is designed to work integrally with the Aquafilter. The two units are
stacked with the CO2 stripper on the top and the biofilter on the bottom. By stacking the
units and flowing directly from one to the other, equipment footprint and capital cost are
minimized while preserving hydraulic head.
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Make-up water will be form the City of Nanaimo and as a result it will be chlorinated.
The make-up water is a relatively small flow 15 gpm. It will pass through an aeration
tower to strip most of the chlorine and then it will be subjected to activated carbon to
further removal all residual chlorine.
Monitoring systems may range from simple critical limit monitoring of dissolved oxygen,
level, and pH, to full control systems with remote telemetry and Internet connectivity. It
is suggested that such a system be utilized in this case a PT4 oxygen monitoring system
(Point Four Systems, #100-13720 Mayfield Place, Richmond BC V6V 2E4, Canada).
Each large tank will have its own probe whilst the smaller systems and tanks may have
have one common probe. Such monitors provide the ability to continuously monitor
parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, conductivity, and may also
be configured for inputs from level and flow sensors. Additionally, such monitors may
provide programmable control functionality for the operation of devices such as
solenoids and metering pumps based on monitored parameters.
4.0 Summary
The process utilized in this design is intended to optimize operational flexibility while
maintaining optimal water quality for the culture of the fish. The design is similar in
concept to many successful commercial and research facilities that are currently in
operation in North America. Furthermore, the system was designed to be inexpensive to
operate and easy to maintain.
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Curler Advance X-1 Bio-Media
for crystal clear water.
Curler Advance X-1 is a revolutionary
new Bio-Media for use in Moving Bed
Biofilters for water purification in
recirculating aquaculture systems
developed by Inter Aqua Advance.
Easy to Clean
PBF-3 PBF-5 PBF-5S PBF-10 PBF-10S PBF-25 PBF-25S PBF-50 PBF-50S PBF-100 PBF-100S
1Flow Rate
(gpm)
2Max Daily
Feed Input
(lbs)
Food Protein
3Estimated
30
50
100
100
200
200
300
300
600
600
1,200
15
25
25
50
50
125
125
250
250
500
500
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
Total Daily
TAN
220
366
366
732
732
1,830
1,830
3,656
3,659
7,318
7,318
Production
(g TAN/lb
feed-day)
Assumes 95% Oxygen Saturation in Bio-Reactor with Volumetric TAN Removal Rate of 17.14 g TAN/ft3 Curler
Advance X-1 Media at 25 to 30 deg C
Volume of
16
26.75 26.75
53.5
53.5
133.5
133.5
267
267
534
534
Media
Required (ft3)
4Reactor
240
400
400
800
800
2,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
8,000
8,000
Volume @
50% fill (gal)
5Retention
8
8
4
8
4
10
7
13
7
13
7
Time in BioReactor (min)
Estimated Air
Required to
3.5
5.75
4.5
11.25
11.25
28
28
55.75
55.75
111.25
111.25
Mix Media
(cfm)
Assumes 95% Oxygen Saturation in Bio-Reactor with Volumetric TAN Removal Rate of 13.26 g TAN/ft3 Curler
Advance X-1 Media at 15 to 20 deg C
Volume of
21
34.5
34.5
69
69
172.5
172.5
345
345
690
690
Media
Required (ft3)
4Reactor
Volume @
50% fill (gal)
310
525
525
1,050
1,050
2,600
2,600
5,200
5,200
10,350
10,350
5Retention
10.5 10.5
5.25
10.5
5.25
13
8.75
17.5
8.75
17.5
8.75
Time in BioReactor (min)
Estimated Air
Required to
4.5
7.25
5.75
14.5
14.5
36
36
72
72
145
145
Mix Media
(cfm)
Assumes 95% Oxygen Saturation in Bio-Reactor with Volumetric TAN Removal Rate of 10.14 g TAN/ft3 Curler
Advance X-1 Media at 5 to 10 deg C
Volume of
27
45
45
90
90
226
226
451
451
902
902
Media
Required (ft3)
4Reactor
400
675
675
1,400
1,400
3,400
3,400
6,750
6,750
13,500
13,500
Volume @
50% fill (gal)
5Retention
13.5
Time in BioReactor (min)
Estimated Air
Required to
5.75
Mix Media
(cfm)
13.5
6.75
13.5
6.75
17
11.25
22.5
11.25
22.5
11.25
9.5
7.65
19
19
47
47
94
94
188
188
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PBF-5 Specifications
Min. ROOM HEIGHT b
Motor Mount
Head
Outlet
Flange
A
Window
Inlet /
Sludge
Drain
Coupling
C
D
H
E
Emergency
Drain
G
Overall Diameter
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
~77.5
68
60
56
52
30
34
38.5
3
82
7.5FT
7.40/3.60-3.70
50 gpm
5
2,000
1.5 Fipt
(1) 2 Fipt
1 Fipt
1.5 Fipt
1.25 Fipt
6-10 gal
20 PSI
425 Lbs
Assumes mixing motor removed from filter. Minimum height required to drop propeller shaft and
remove filter head.
Assumes mixing motor removed from filter. Minimum height required to remove filter head with
propeller shaft installed. Does not include excess height for installation of lifting device.
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V4/03-04-2008