Science

Physical Aspects:

Investigate the energy or stamina requirement in each of them according to the

type of movement involved.
Hockey:Hockey is a skillful and energy intensive game. Hockey is played withtwo teams. In each
team it has 11 players and the game is played with a small solid leather ball. It has two goal
posts and has a referee, two linemen. The players wear boot for grip, power and safety.
Playing hockey involves very hard work and great stamina. Players not only constantly run
around the field but also dribble the ball, which takes a lot of effort.When the ball hits and
rolls over theground, itactually loses momentum by transferring some of its energy into a
different form. This means that to keep the ball running, players must continually put more
energy into the ball.In hockey use of hand is very important as stick is held in hands and so
muscular strength of hand is very important.
Energy requirement:

Playing hockey for about 15 Minutes requires about 120 calories

Playing hockey for an hour requires about 475 calories

Power and stamina requirement:

Players: Starting power, reactive power, acceleration power, deceleration power,

balancing, strong shoulder, strong arm power etc.
Goalkeeper: Starting power, reactive power, defensive power, balancing, holding
power etc.

Football:Football is a skillful and very high-energy intensive game, played withtwo teams. In each
team it has 11 players and the game is played with a large air filled ball. It has two goal
posts and has a referee, two linemen.
In football players run around, dribble, stroke the ball and all these requires energy. In fact,
in almost every move of football energy is involved. It is energy intensive game and requires
lots of running, dribbling, shooting and balancing.
The amount of energy that is put into a football is tremendously high. The one main
potential energy used in a football is gravitational potential energy. When a wide receiver or
quarterback is holding a football, the football has gravitational potential energy. The main

types of used energy that are used in a football are kinetic energy and heat energy. So
when the quarterback is about to throw the football, or the kicker is about to kick the football,
there is 100% of gravitational potential energy. Once the football is thrown we will say 80%
of the gravitational potential energy is kinetic energy and 20% is heat energy.
Energy requirement:

Playing football for about 15 Minutes requires about 135 calories

Playing football for an hour requires about 545 calories

Power and stamina requirement:

Players: Starting power, reactive power, acceleration power, deceleration power,

balancing, throwing power etc.
Goalkeeper: Starting power, reactive power, defensive power, throwing power,
balancing, strong head etc.

Playing football and hockey requires

Health-Related Components

Muscular Strength is the maximum amount of force that one can generate in a
specific movement pattern at a specific velocity of contraction.

Muscular Endurance is the ability to sustain submaximal activity for extended periods
of time and resist fatigue.
Study the direction and magnitude of force and pressure required for different strokes or
moves made by the players in these games.
DIRECTION AND MAGNITUDE OF FORCE AND PRESSURE: FOOTBALLAND
HOCKEY:-


Flight Direction: When socceror a hockey ball is kicked or hit the resulting motion
of the ball is determined by Newton's laws of motion.

Weight: Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the earth. In
general, the magnitude of the weight depends on the mass of an object as
determined by Newton's law of gravitation. The center of gravity is the average
location of the weight of an object. To first order, the center of gravity for a soccer
ball is located at the exact center of the ball.

Drag: As the ball moves through the air, the air resists the motion of the ball and the
resistance force is called drag. Drag is directed along and opposed to the flight
direction. The square of the velocity of the object, and conditions of the air;
particularly, the density and viscosity of the air. Determining the magnitude of the
drag force is difficult because it depends on the details of how the flow interacts with
the surface of the object. For a soccer ball, this is particularly difficult because
stitches are used to hold the ball together. So the surface of the ball is not smooth.
Lift: Lift is the component of the aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the

flight direction. A rotating cylinder and a spinning ball also generate

aerodynamic lift. Like the drag, the magnitude of the lift depends on several
factors related to the conditions of the air and the object, and the velocity
between the object and the air. For a spinning ball, the speed of rotation

affects the magnitude of the aerodynamic force.

Flight Direction: When socceror a hockey ball is kicked or hit the resulting motion
of the ball is determined by Newton's laws of motion.

Hockey: Most of the principles also applies in hockey also except lift and air flight.
Hockey ball is slightly heavier so it carries high momentum and speed as compared
to soccer ball. The force required to be put in hockey mainly comes from strong arm
and shoulder while in soccer it comes mainly from foot. Many a times only some
direction is needed to be given to a high-speed ball to score a goal. For giving pass
to some player not much force is required but directional push is required.

Also study the grip requirement for gloves, shoes etc to enable the player to
hold the bat, racket or hockey stick properly and to run effectively with proper
balance. Give due consideration to the friction
Grip strength is the force applied by the hand to pull on or suspend from objects and is a
specific part of hand strength. Optimum-sized objects permit the hand to wrap around a
cylindrical or spherical shape. Hockey stick is an example of where shape and diameter are
critical for proper grip.
Grip strength is referring to the muscular power and force that they can generate with their
hands. In hockey, it is critical for holding hockey stick.

Hockey: Gripping a hockey stick is very essential in hockey. A proper grip enables
players to hold the stick firmly while hitting the ball and while dribbling. Normally a
hockey stick is wrapped with leather so that a player can grip it properly, it provides a
good friction resistance between hand and stick due to rough surface of leather. If
grip is not proper chances are there that stick can come out of hand due to low
friction resistance between hand and stick.
Football: In football for Goal keeper gloves is must for holding the ball properly.
When goalkeeper receives the ball, the ball having high kinetic energy and rotational
motion comes to rest. To achieve this goalkeeper must wear proper gloves, which
provide a good frictional resistance between ball and hand so that ball can come to
rest without loosing control.

Fig: (a) A goal keeper saving a goal (b) A hockey player flicking a ball

CHEMISTRY
According to the energy requirement of each sport suggest the energy
supplements to the players and find their compositions.
FOOTBALL:- Football is a demanding sport at any level. A solid nutrition and supplement plan is
essential for players.
Below are the 10 supplements recommended for football players
1. Protein: and calcium
Proteins are the Lego blocks of muscles. It helps to build the muscle and strength. Calcium is
essential for bone.
2. Fish Oil
Fish oil not only helps body to deal with injuries, swelling and inflammation, it also lubricates joints
so they get less wear and tear.
3. Green Supplements
A football player who eats enough vegetables and gets the right amount of vitamins and minerals
daily
4. Vitamin D
We all know vitamin D comes from sunlight. It helps keep immune system functioning optimally so
one can spend more time on the field and less in bed sick.

5. Coconut Oil
Adding a tablespoon of coconut oil to meals is a great way to increase calories. Coconut oil is a
Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT), which means it's a healthy fat source that the body can easily
break down for energy.
6. Water
Drinking water is probably the simplest thing one can do to stay healthy and strong for football
games, practices and off-season workouts. The body is made up of 70 percent water, and muscles
hold most of that.
7. Creatine:
Creatine increases strength and size by stimulating muscle growth; however, it should be taken during
the off-season.
8. Branched Chain Amino Acids(BCAA)
BCAAs are the building blocks of protein. During the long process of digestion, protein breaks down
into amino acids the body can use. By taking BCAAs during or after your training session, players
give their muscles the exact amino acids they need quicker.
9. Caffeine
Everyone needs a boost now and then, and caffeine is Mother Nature's version of a swift kick in the
pants.
10. Multi-Probiotic
If oneeat and eat and eat to put on size and get stronger.A mutli-probiotic can have millions of the
microorganisms found in the stomach and intestinal lining.
HOCKEY:- Best 3 energy supplements for Hockey:1: Creatine Monohydrate
Creatine Monohydrate is without a doubt still the king creatine on the market, if you will refer to my blog a little while back on creatine
use for hockey players, youll quickly find out why. Creatine is a source of ATP (the energy currency of the body) and supplementing with
creatine increases intra-muscular storage of creatine.

2: Carbohydrate Powder
Carbohydrate powder is probably the most underrated supplementation tool in hockey today. Carbohydrates
are the preferred energy source for both the muscular system and nervous system, especially during
anaerobic physical activity.

3: Beta Alanine
Beta Alanine was a real up and comer in the 2000s with some real hit studies, but also had a couple misses
as well which temporarily delayed it sitting atop the mountain alongside creatine and carbohydrate powder.

You may also list the medicine and their chemical compositions of medicines
required for quick healing in case of injury or accident.
FOOTBALL:- Football combines speed, agility, power and strength and therefore requires quick
movements and changes in direction in addition to avoiding contact with others in a high-speed
environment; consequently, the risk of injury is fairly high. The most common football injuries are
Metatarsal fracture, Sprained ankle, Groin Strain, Hamstring injuries etc.
Medicines required for quick healing in case of injury or accident are:-

VOLINI
MOVE
VOLINI:- Composition of Volini:Diclofenac Diethylamine BP 1.16% W/W
(Equivalent to Diclofenac Sodium- 1% W/W)
Linseed Oil BP 3% W/W
Methyl Salicylate IP 10% W/W
Menthol IP 5% W/W
MOVE:- Composition of Move
Oil of Wintergreen 15.0% W/W
Pudinah ka Phool 5.0% W/W
Tarpin ka Tel 3.0% W/W
Nilgiri Tel 2.0% W/W

HOCKEY:Biology aspect:

Investigate the effects (good and bad) of the medicines used by the players on their health.
Also warn the players regarding the ill effects of certain medicines which may be considered
as steroids and the players may be charged for drug abuse or doping.

The use of performance enhancing drugs in football (soccer)or hockey is banned. The case of
Diego Maradona and cocaine in 1991 being the best known example. The use of performance
enhancing drugs (commonly disparaged as "doping" by sports organizations) in football or
hockey is detrimental for players. In case of found guilty they may be banned for lifetime.

You may suggest the type of physical exercises for helping the players rejuvenate and tone
up their muscles.

The basic set up of this workout is to incorporate 3 days of weight lifting, upper body, lower body and
full body/explosiveness, one day of plyometrics and another day for speed and agility work.
Upper Body

Flat Bench Press

Incline DB Press

Rows

Shrugs

Military Press

Lower Body

Squats

Front Squats

Deadlifts

Leg Curls

Calf Raises

Full Body/Explosiveness

Push Press

Power Cleans

Snatches

Abs

Speed/Agility/Acceleration

Warm up with a 5-minute jog and dynamic stretching.

**It is important to have proper rest between sets when working on speed and acceleration. Always
rest until you can run the sprint again between 90-100% of what you accomplished on the previous
run.
We first start with acceleration sprints; these focus on shorter distances focusing to hitting top speed.
Acceleration

3x10m Sprints

2x25m Sprints

2x20m Uphill Sprints

Now we focus more to maintaining that speed and trying to build on it. I don't really suggest using
more than 60-meter sprints, because realistically, it's not everyday you will be running the length of
the field at full speed.
Speed

4x40m Sprints

3x60m Sprints

Agility plays a large role in many positions. Agility is the ability to make cuts and run
side to side on the field, and preferably without losing balance.
Agility

4x20m Shuttle

Never do multiple speed and agility trainings one day after the other as it will be very taxing on your
body. Also, refrain from doing cardio after a speed workout as they are opposite working forms of
running, and doing long distance cardio may slow down the progress of your speed training.
Plyometrics

Finally, plyometrics, this can be done on the same day as another workout, just not the same day as
the speed training, nor the day before or after. So what can plyometrics do for you? Plyometrics help
build elasticity within the muscles; they play a large role in improving strength, explosiveness, speed
and jumping ability.

Depth jumps

Vertical jumps

One leg jumps

Power skips

Double leg jumps

Squat jumps