Integration,

Cooperation
&
Extension

CONTENTS:Sr. No.

Topics

Indian Economy

Animal husbandry

Fishery (Pond Fish farming)

Agriculture (Hydroponics)

Horticulture (Green house)

Integration

Waste management

Cooperation

Extension development

10

Bibliography

Indian Economy:Agriculture sector is one of the pillars of Indian economy. About 43% of Indias geographical area is used for
agricultural activity and the sector accounts for 8.56% of
Indias exports. The livestock and fisheries sector
contributed over 4.07 % of total GDP during 2008-2009. Agriculture & Allied sectors which used to contribute
19 per cent of GDP in 2004-05 has come down to 14 per cent in 2011-12 at 2004-05 prices. Agriculture and
allied sectors such as forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 18.81% of the GDP in 2005 and employed
60% of the countrys population.
As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics, India is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits and
vegetables, milk, major spices, select fresh meats, select fibrous crops such as jute, several staples such as
millets and castor oil seed. India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice, the world's major food staples.
India is also the world's second or third largest producer of several fruits, agriculture based textile raw materials,
roots and tuber crops, pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut, sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India ranked
within the world's five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many cash crops
such as coffee and cotton, in 2010. India is also ranked 1st in milk production & one of the world's five largest
producers of livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest growth rates, as of 2011.Hence, there is a lots of
areas are still remaining to improve. As far as the population of India concern then we are far away from other
country in agriculture and allied sector.

Animal husbandry:India has a largest population of livestock as well as respectable poultry population. Animals are kept for thee
purpose which is depending on the requirement of the farmer. Generally animals are kept for the milk, meat,
eggs etc. India is ranked 1st in milk production. Hence, as far as population of animal concern it is very less milk
production per animal. We are also far away in exporting the milk due to lack of milk standard. So there are lots
of area of improvement for getting better production, better income, and better sustainable development of the
farmer as well as of India.

Animal Genetic Potential:-

It is depend on the breed of the animal .Different breeds have their different
characteristics feature. HF, Jersey, Sahiwal, etc. breeds have potential of the more milk production as compare
to the other cow. So, genetic make up is more important while making of selection of the cow .

Environment:- Environment has a very important role in production. Example like If we bring exotic breed
to the our local area , then it will give lesser milk production as it give in its own domicile. So ,Environment
effect is more frequently seen . We have to provide a micro environment or we can say adequate environment
for that particular herd which is selected for the production.

Disease Control Policy:- Disease control policy is depend on the which kind of infection is prevalent into
the area. For highly contagious and infectious diseases animal there are some different strategies.
Culling policy:- Inidia is a country where cow is consider as a mother. There are some state where slaughter of
cow is prohibited like Gujarat. But whenever there is incidence of the disease which can only control by culling
of that particular animal that is restricted in India. So, we required changes in our religious taboo for the better
future of the India.

Plane of nutrition:- Malnutrition is the biggest problem of our village farmer. Due to lack of the knowledge
animal cannot get proper plane of nutrition , feed additives and feed suppliments . So for overcome of the
problem proper extension work is required.

Fishery:Marine fish and pond fish and other sea foods are produce in India. People like to have fish ,prawns, shrimp and
other sea foods. Pond fish farming is the best farming where there is no sea, lack of sea food. So, in a large
population whereas requirement is also high , on that area requirement can be achieved by enhancing and
encouraging the pond fish farming.

POND FISH FARMING

Fish Farming is an age old activity

and in practice from ancient times.
The concept of composite fish
culture was developed by ICAR in
late seventies under a coordinated
composite fish culture project. This
comprises the culture of 3
indigenous species of fish viz. rohu,
catla and mrigal and 3 exotic fish
i.e silver carp, grass carp and
common carp, keeping in view their
different food habit and habitat.
This practice has been very well
accepted by the farmers of Haryana as its cultural practices are analogous to agriculture. The successful fish
culture requires ploughing of pond, addition of manure, stocking of fish seed; eradication of unwanted aquatic
plants and animals, watering the pond; harvesting the crop and marketing of the produce. The fish culture
technologies and economics are simple and understandable to the fish farmers. To produce one kilogram fish,
the requirements are:- one cubic meter water
- one kilogram manure and 100 gm inorganic fertilizer
- one kilogram supplementary feed and one year time

Generally Rohu,catla, mrigal and common carp are used for culture. The stocking density is kept at 20000 fish
seed per hectare. Farmers have adopted the technique of multiple harvesting. which give better returns. Govt.
provides 20% subsidy to general category while 25% to scheduled caste fish farmers for excavation of new
pond/ renovation of old pond and fisheries inputs.

Economics of Fish Farming

a)

b)

c)

Expenditure
Construction of Pond,Water Supply Channel, Installation of
Tubewell/Renovation/Lease Amount
Electricity & Water charges
Cost of 250Kg Lime
20000 Fish Seeds
Organic Fertilizer
Inorganic Fertilizer
Supplimentry feed
Medicine, Fishing, Watch & Ward
TOTAL EXPENDITURE

Rs.
25000
17500
1000
1500
10000
5000
30000
10000
100000

Income
Sale of 5600 KG Fish @ 50 KG at pond site

280000

Net Income (B-A)

180000

Agriculture:Hydroponics

Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrients
evolutions, in water, without soil.
Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert
medium, such as perlite, gravel, mineral wool, expanded clay or coconut husk.
Researchers discovered in the 18th century that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as
inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil
itself is not essential to plant growth.
When the mineral nutrients in the soil dissolve in water, plant roots are able to absorb them. When
the required mineral nutrients are introduced into a plant's water supply artificially, soil is no longer
required for the plant to thrive.
Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with hydroponics.
Hydroponics is also a standard technique in biology research and teaching.

Basic Hydroponic Systems and How They Work

There are 6 basic types of hydroponic systems; Wick, Water Culture, Ebb and Flow (Flood &
Drain), Drip (recovery or non-recovery), N.F.T. (Nutrient Film Technique) and Aeroponic. There are hundreds
of variations on these basic types of systems, but all hydroponic methods are a variation (or combination) of
these six. Scroll down this page (or click on the system names) to see drawings and a description of each type of
hydroponic system.
WICK SYSTEM
The Wick system is by far the simplest type of hydroponic
system. This is a passive system, which means there are no
moving parts. The nutrient solution is drawn into the
growing medium from the reservoir with a wick. Free plans
for a simple wick system are available (click here for
plans).
This system can use a variety of growing medium. Perlite,
Vermiculite, Pro-Mix and Coconut Fiber are among the
most popular.
The biggest draw back of this system is that plants that are
large or use large amounts of water may use up the nutrient
solution faster than the wick(s) can supply it.
WATER CULTURE
The water culture system is the simplest of all active hydroponic systems. The platform that holds the plants is
usually made of Styrofoam and floats directly on the nutrient solution. An air pump supplies air to the air stone
that bubbles the nutrient solution and supplies oxygen to the roots of the plants.

Water culture is the system of choice for growing leaf

lettuce, which are fast growing water loving plants, making
them an ideal choice for this type of hydroponic system.
Very few plants other than lettuce will do well in this type
of system.
This type of hydroponic system is great for the classroom
and is popular with teachers. A very inexpensive system
can be made out of an old aquarium or other water tight
container. We have free plans and instructions for a simply
water culture system.
The biggest draw back of this kind of system is that it doesn't work well with large plants or with long-term
plants.
EBB & FLOW - (FLOOD AND DRAIN)
The Ebb and Flow system works by temporarily
flooding the grow tray with nutrient solution and
then draining the solution back into the reservoir.
This action is normally done with a submerged
pump that is connected to a timer.
When the timer turns the pump on nutrient
solution is pumped into the grow tray. When the
timer shuts the pump off the nutrient solution
flows back into the reservoir. The Timer is set to
come on several times a day, depending on the
size and type of plants, temperature and humidity
and the type of growing medium used.
The Ebb & Flow is a versatile system that can be used with a variety of growing mediums. The entire grow tray
can be filled with Grow Rocks, gravel or granular Rockwool. Many people like to use individual pots filled with
growing medium, this makes it easier to move plants around or even move them in or out of the system. The
main disadvantage of this type of system is that with some types of growing medium (Gravel, Growrocks,
Perlite), there is a vulnerability to power outages as well as pump and timer failures. The roots can dry out
quickly when the watering cycles are interrupted. This problem can be relieved somewhat by using growing
media that retains more water (Rockwool, Vermiculite, coconut fiber or a good soiless mix like Pro-mix or
Faffard's).
DRIP SYSTEMS
RECOVERY / NON-RECOVERY
Drip systems are probably the most widely used type of hydroponic system in the world. Operation is simple, a
timer controls a submersed pump. The timer turns the pump on and nutrient solution is dripped onto the base of
each plant by a small drip line. In a Recovery Drip System the excess nutrient solution that runs off is collected
back in the reservoir for re-use. The Non-Recovery System does not collect the run off.

A recovery system uses nutrient solution a

bit more efficiently, as excess solution is
reused, this also allows for the use of a
more inexpensive timer because a
recovery system doesn't require precise
control of the watering cycles. The nonrecovery system needs to have a more
precise timer so that watering cycles can
be adjusted to insure that the plants get
enough nutrient solution and the runoff is
kept to a minimum.
The non-recovery system requires less
maintenance due to the fact that the excess
nutrient solution isn't recycled back into
the reservoir, so the nutrient strength and pH of the reservoir will not vary. This means that you can fill the
reservoir with pH adjusted nutrient solution and then forget it until you need to mix more. A recovery system
can have large shifts in the pH and nutrient strength levels that require periodic checking and adjusting.
N.F.T.
(Nutrient Film Technique)
This is the kind of hydroponic system most
people think of when they think about
hydroponics. N.F.T. systems have a constant
flow of nutrient solution so no timer required for
the submersible pump. The nutrient solution is
pumped into the growing tray (usually a tube)
and flows over the roots of the plants, and then
drains back into the reservoir.
There is usually no growing medium used other
than air, which saves the expense of replacing
the growing medium after every crop. Normally
the plant is supported in a small plastic basket
with the roots dangling into the nutrient solution.
N.F.T. systems are very susceptible to power outages and
pump failures. The roots dry out very rapidly when the
flow of nutrient solution is interrupted.
AEROPONIC
The aeroponic system is probably the most high-tech type
of hydroponic gardening. Like the N.F.T. system above
the growing medium is primarily air. The roots hang in
the air and are misted with nutrient solution. The mistings
are usually done every few minutes. Because the roots are
exposed to the air like the N.F.T. system, the roots will

dry out rapidly if the misting cycles are interrupted.

A timer controls the nutrient pump much like other types of hydroponic systems, except the aeroponic system
needs a short cycle timer that runs the pump for a few seconds every couple of minutes.

Horticulture:Green House
Greenhouses are frames of inflated structure covered with a transparent material in which crops are grown
under controlled environment conditions. Greenhouse cultivation as well as other modes of controlled
environment cultivation have been evolved to create favorable micro-climates, which favours the crop
production could be possible all through the year or part of the year as required. Greenhouses and other
technologies for controlled environment plant production are associated with the off-season production of
ornamentals and foods of high value in cold climate areas where outdoor production is not possible. The
primary environmental parameter traditionally controlled is temperature, usually providing heat to overcome
extreme cold conditions. However, environmental control can also include cooling to mitigate excessive
temperatures, light control either shading or adding supplemental light, carbon dioxide levels, relative humidity,
water, plant nutrients and pest control.
Advantages:Ability to control temperature
The greenhouse design lets light in, and when this light is absorbed by objects inside the greenhouse and turns
to heat energy, it is not permitted to escape. The air temperature in the greenhouse will exceed the outside
temperature. If it gets too hot, all you have to do is open up some of the ventilation panels (or just open the
door, depending on the design) and the temperature will drop. Greenhouses are able to regulate temperatures;
temperature fluctuations can stress plants and slow growth.
Ability to control pests
As most greenhouses have a pretty good covering over all the structure, pests can't get in as easily as they could
if your plants were just out in the open. This also applies to seeds and even pollen from unwanted plants (such
as weeds).
Ability to control humidity
The air-tight covering on a greenhouse causes it to become quite hot and humid inside during the day time. The
moisture evaporating from the soil, and the moisture given off by photosynthesizing plants (transpiration) fills
the air. Once the air is very humid, it becomes harder for plants to lose water through evaporation, and likewise
with the soil. This helps to keep everything from drying out on a hot sunny day. Therefore, it is essential to have
air circulation to exhaust excessive humidity and regulate air exchange.
Stealth
Nosey neighbors will have their view obstructed by your greenhouse if you choose to use slightly shaded
glass/plastic, which still lets enough light through for strong plant growth, but is opaque enough as to obscure
vision from the outside.
Protects your plants from adverse weather conditions
Storms can't blow your plants over and tear them to shreds when they're safely inside your greenhouse! Also
helps protect plants in areas where frosts are common.

Project components
For cut flower production
1. Land
2. Greenhouse
3. Planting material
4. Irrigation
5. Fertilization system
6. Grading and packing room
7. Refrigerated van
8. Office equipment
9. Import of technology
10. Labour charge
11. Technical manpower
12. Pesticides, Fertilizers, preservatives
Give the costing for each of the major components and classify them into
A. Fixed cost Permanent items
B. Recurring cost planting, cultivation, maintenance, storage, packing and transportation costs.
E. Project yield
Estimate the total production expected in different years and the realization expected through sales.
F. Margin money
25% of the total cost that has to be invested by the entrepreneur.
G. Repayment
Principal and interest are to be repayable in seven years with a moratorium for the first year on interest and for 2
years on principal.
Budget requirement
For a one hectare greenhouse to produce Rose cut flowers.
A. Fixed cost
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Item
Land and development
Green house
Cold storage
Grading and packing room
Office area
Refrigerated van
Generator set
Fax, telephone, Computer
Furniture
Power supply installations
Water supply system, drip irrigation and misting
liners
Planting material and planting
Total fixed cost

Amount in lakhs
4.0
13.0
10.0
5.0
2.5
1.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
1.5
6.0
30.0
76.5 lakhs

B. Recurring costs
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Item
Electricity charges / year
Manures and fertilizers
Plant protection
Preservatives
Packing material
Air freight
Labour charges
Commission / duty/ insurance
Salaries
Overhead costs
Maintenance cost
Miscellaneous
Total recurring cost

Amount in lakhs
6.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
125.0
3.0
15.0
5.0
0.5
1.0
3.7
166.2

Total investment for the project = Fixed cost + Recurring cost = 76.5 + 166.2 in first year= 242.7.
Project yield
No. of rose plants per hectare of greenhouse = 60,000
No. of flowers expected per plant = 100 to 150
No. of exportable quality flowers /plant = 60 to 100
Price per flower in international market = Rs. 6 to 11
Total exportable flowers /ha @ 100 flowers /plant = 60 lakhs flowers
Gross income through exports @ 50 flowers/plant = 300 lakhs (minimum).

Modern Green house

Integration:Integration means to collaborate the two different or similar things. Integration in Agriculture and allied sector
is required for getting more production and to achieve better income.

Integrated livestock-crop farming :-

Benefits of Cropping for Livestock Production

Speed and economy. The crop-livestock system facilitates the crop-livestock integration (maintaining the
same forage species) or the renovation (changing the forage species) of the pasture because the return on
investment is faster. This is due to the fact that grain crops can be produced in four to six months. On the other
hand, pasture formation after cropping is rapid and at a lower cost. Its worth emphasizing that the better the soil
nutrients the better the forage productivity and quality whether in the intercropping, succession or rotation
systems.
Residual fertilizer supply. The forages under intercropping, succession or rotation benefit from the mineral
nutrients supplied to the annual crops, which were not taken up. In the case of succession or rotation with
soybean, the forage can benefit even more from the additional 100 kg/ha of N symbiotically fixed by the
legume.

 Forage production in the most critical time of the year. After the summer annual crop one can sow the
annual forages such as forage maize, sorghum for silage, for pasture, millet and oats in regions with a colder
winter. In this way one produces cattle feed as much under pasture (oats, millet and sorghum forages) as a
supplement through hay (oats and sorghum) and silage (maize and forage sorghum). Also, one can sow the
perennial forages after the annual crop in the inter-harvest period, knowing that at this time - and due to climatic
factors - their establishment will be partially compromised resulting in lower forage production during the dry
season.
Experience has shown that the perennial forages, principally the brachiaras, are more productive in the first year
following establishment; also staying green during the main part of the dry season. As an example of this
Broch et al. (1997) obtained meat yields of 375, 225 and 135 kg/ha/year in the first, second and third
respectively of pasture after the soybean crop.
Other advantages of agriculture for crop husbandry speak of the faster return on capital investment, pasture
recuperation, economy perennial pasture establishment and the ease of changing forage species.
Benefits of Livestock Production for Cropping
Crop rotation. The crop-livestock integration demands a greater rotation frequency of annual crops x forages.
This offers a reduction in the inoculum of pests, diseases and includes breaking their cycles.
Physical, chemical and biological soil recuperation. Thanks to the abundance and aggressiveness of the roots
of tropical forages, as well as the constant emission of new roots, also allied to the greater soil biological
activity, they promote nutrient recycling, the deposition of large quantities of surface and soil organic material
and soil aeration at depths that would be difficult to reach with conventional equipment.
Improvement of Soil Structure. The structuring improvement, a fundamental physical condition in tropical
soils, mainly due to the organic material and root exhudates, leads to a better soil porosity, water storage
capacity and root growth of annual crops.
Soil water. There is a greater soil water storage capacity, mainly due to biological aeration and the increase in
the level of organic matter.
Soil cover. As well as animal forage production, the forage species serve as a source of soil cover for the
direct drilling system at the moment of transition to agriculture. The forage straw, when properly managed, is
sufficient to guarantee complete soil surface protection. As well as reducing soil water evaporation it inhibits
weed emergence and the attack of soil-borne fungi on cultivated plants.
Advantages of Crop and Livestock Integration

Increase in the grain and meat production;

Reduced production costs;
Farmers with more capital;
Improvement and conservation of the soil productive capacities;
Rural sector development;
Greater economic stability;
Creation of direct and indirect employment; and
Sustainability of crop and livestock production.

Integrated fish farming

Fisheries Department provides technical and financial assistance for integrated fish farming. The Integrated fish
farming practices utilize the waste from different components of thc system viz. live stock, poultry, duckery, piggery
and agriculture byproducts for fish production. 40-50 kg of organic wastes are converted into one kg of fish, while the
pond silt is utilized as fertilizers for the fodder crops, which in turn is used to raise livestock. The system of integrated
farming
is
very
wide.
The system provides meal, milk, eggs, fruits, vegetables, mushroom, fodder & grains in addition to fish. It utilizes the
pond dykes which otherwise remain unutilized for the production of additional food and income to the farmer. The
possible'integrated farming systems are given below:

a) Fish cum Agriculture System

Fish cum Paddy Culture
Fish cum water chestnut
Fish cum Pappaya
Fish cum Mulberry
Fish cum Mushroom

b) Fish cum Animal System

Fish Cum Dairy
Fish cum Pig Farming
Fish cum Rabbit Farming
Fish cum Poultry
Fish cum Duck Farming

Fish cum Dairy

Fish-cum-Dairy Farming is considered as an excellent
innovation for the use of organic wastes. Use of cow/buffalo
manure in fish farming is a commonly prevailing practice.
On an average, one cow/buffalo excretes 12000 kg of dung
and 8000 litre urine per year. The cattle faeces and urine are
beneficial to the filter-feeding and omnivorous fishes. On an
average, 3-4 cows/buffaloes can provide sufficient manure to
fertilize one hectare pond. In this system, farmer gets milk,
fish and calf as well, which increases revenue and reduces
input costs. The system gives a net profit of Rs.2,97,000/per year from one hectare land.

a)

b)

Economics of Fish cum Dairy

Expenditure
Construction of Pond,Water Supply Channel, Installation of
Tubewell/Renovation/Lease Amount
Electricity & Water charges
2000 Fish Seeds
Construction of Shed for Animals (Rs. 150000/- for 10 years)
Purchase of 5 Murrah Buffalo (Rs 40000/- for 5 years)
13000 Kg Animal Feed
Medicine for Animals & Fishes
Labour Charges
TOTAL EXPENDITURE
Income
Sale of 5600 KG Fish
Sale of 10000 Ltr. Milk
Sale of 5 Young ones of Buffalo
TOTAL INCOME

Rs.
25000
17500
1500
15000
40000
234000
10000
40000
383000

280000
300000
100000
680000

c)

Net Income (B-A)

297000

Fish cum Piggery

The pig dung as an organic manure for fish
culture has certain advantages over cattle manure.
The waste produced by 20-30 pigs is equivalent
to one ton of Ammonium Sulphate applied to the
soil.The pigs are fed largely on kitchen waste,
aquatic plants and crop byproducts. At present,
fish-pig integration is practiced in all the
developing countries. Several exotic breeds of
pigs have been introduced in the country to
augment pork production. The popular races are
the white Yorkshire,Berkshire and Landrace. The
pigsties should provide adequate protection from
adverse weather conditions. A run or courtyard
adjacent to the pig house is essential. The size of
the pig house depends on the number of pigs to
be reared. Floor space is provided @3-4 m2 for
every pig weighing 70-90 kg.The pigsties are
built mostly at the pond sites and even over the
ponds. The washings from the pigsties containing dung and urine are either channelised directly into the pond or
composed before its application. The boars, sows and finishing stocks are housed separately. Maize, groundnut,
wheat- bran, fishmeal, mineral mixture provide base for concentrated feed mixture. In advanced countries,garbage is
widely used to economize pork production and provided after pre-cooking when pig dung is applied to a pond. It
enhances the biological productivity of the pond. A portion of dung is directly consumed by some fish also. The
excreta voided by 35-40 pigs is found adequate to fertilize one hectare of water. Integrated fish-pig farming is a viable
and feasible scientific approach to augment fish production at low cost. The net income in this integration from one
hectare of pond is Rs.2,60,000/-.

Fish-cum-Poultry
The droppings of birds in this system are utilized to fertilize the pond. Poultry litter recycled into fish pond produces
6000 kg fish per hectare per year. Broiler production provides good and immediate return to the farmers. Success in
production depends mainly on the efficiency of the farmer, experience, aptitude and ability, in the management of the
flock. This involves procurement of better brood stock, housing, brooding equipment, feeders, water trays and
management practices,which also includes prevention and control of diseases. The poultry litter is applied to the pond
in daily doses at a rate of 40-50 kg per hectare. The application of litter may be deferred during the days when algal
blooms appear in the ponds. One adult chicken produces about 25 kg of compost poultry manure in one year. 500-600
birds would provide sufficient manure for fertilization of one hectare of fish pond. Farmer can get a net income of
Rs.3,37,375/- from one hectare of pond in one year. Govt. provides financial assistance to the farmers for promoting
this system.

a)

Economics of Fish-cum-Poultry
Expenditure
1 Construction of Pond,Water Supply Channel, Installation of
Tubewell/Renovation/Lease Amount
2 Electricity & Water charges
3 Construction of Poultry Shed ( Rs.150000/- for 10 years)
4 550 Chiks
5 22500Kg Poultry Feed
6 Medicines for Fish & Poultry
7 Fishing, Sale of Poultry Birds & Labour

Rs.
25000
60000
15000
8250
230000
50000
40000

TOTAL EXPENDITURE
b)

c)

428250

Income
Sale of 6000 KG Fish
Sale of 118750 Eggs
Sale of 500 KG Poultry Birds
Total Income

300000
415625
50000
765625

Net Income(B-A)

337375

Note:- The Income may vary on the productivity and market price of a pond and poultry
inputs/ bi products

Fish cum Duck farming

Fish cum Duck Integration is most common in the developing countries. This type of integration is not popular in
northern states of India. Ducks are of several types and Khaki Campbell is recommended for fish-cum-duck
integration Fishpond being a semi-closed biological system with several aquatic animals and plants provides an
excellent disease-free environment for the ducks. In turn, ducks consume juvenile frogs, tadpoles and dragonfly etc.
there by making a safe environment for fish. Duck droppings go directly into the pond, which in turn provide essential
nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate growth of natural food organisms. Ducks also help in
aerating the pond water, alongwith bottom racking. About 300 ducks are enough to fertilize a pond of one hectare. The
system results in a net income of Rs. 210000/- per year per hectare. However, due to difficulty in marketing of eggs
and duck meat, the system is not very common in the state.

Fish cum Horticulture

Integration of fish cum flowers, fruit plants, vegetables and mushroom can be takcn up. The pond humus is used as
manure for plantation. Pond water can be used for plants which is rich in nutrients, thereby decrease the cost on
inorganic fertilizers. The pond dykes are used for the plantation. The culture practice can be taken up as per suitablity
to the location i.e. location specific. The economics also varies and depends on the type of plantation.

Fish Seed Production

Quality fish seed is the pre-requisite for successful fish farming. Department is using the techniques of
hypophysation for the production of fish seed of culturable varieties. The breeding season of common carp fish in
Haryana is February-March every year where as the breeding season of other species is monsoon season. Brood stock
of required fish are maintained and sex-wise segreggate is made two month before. The pairing is made and injected
with calculated dose of pituitary gland or ovaprim, ovatide or ovpal is injected to male and female fish. Within the 68 hours of the injection eggs from female and sperm from male are released in the water. The fertilizer is external.
Normally one kg fish releases about one lakh eggs. The hatchlings are known as spawn. The spawn is reared in the
nursary pond. After 15 days, the spawn attains the size of 25 mm and ready for stocking in the pond. More than 50
lakh fry can be produced per hectare fish seed farm in both the seasons in a year. The income from sale of fish seed is
Rs. 3.25 lakh approx. per year @ Rs. 6500 per lakh. Fisheries department provides technical and financial assistance
for setting up of ecotype hatchery and fish seed rearing units.

Economics of Fish Seed Production

a)

b)

Expenditure
Construction of Eco Hatchery, Ponds, Water Supply Channel,
Installation of Tubewell ( Rs/- 8 Lakh for 10 Years)
Electricity & Water charges
Cost of 250 Kg Lime
1500 Kg Brood Stock
100 Quntals Organic Fertilizer
250 KG Urea
500 KG Single Super Phosphate
Supplimentry feed
Injecting Material, Medicine, Fishing, Watch & Ward
TOTAL EXPENDITURE
Income
Sale of 500 Lac. Fish Spawn
Sale of 50 Lac. Fish Fry
Sale of Spent Brood Stock
TOTAL

c)

Net Income (B-A)

Rs.
80000
50000
750
60000
5000
1250
1500
50000
25000
273500

200000
325000
20000
545000
271500

Waste management:-

Food and wastes, like Siamese twins, are closely interconnected. Since the beginning of this century, the flow of
food into cities has increased fivefold. By the end of the century, about 80% of the world's population will be
living in urban centres. The rate of disappearance of farmland is alarming. This irreversible trend, with inputs of
foods and outputs of wastes occurring in an ever-accelerating cycle, will directly affect waste disposal problems
in cities, and will indirectly create the same problems in peripheral rural areas.
One of the results on the countryside of a growing urban population is the expansion of the livestock industry,
which produces an enormous volume of its own wastes in confined areas. Thus, municipalities are becoming
increasingly burdened with garbage disposal, and some rural areas are already having disposal problems with
animal wastes. Both problems are essentially the same in that they interfere with the human environment.
The attitude towards overcoming these problems is usually quite negative: either nothing is done to remedy the
damage to the environment and to the population or, if action is taken, it is motivated only by sheer necessity,
and it is undertaken only with reluctance because it is an additional drain on the public purse.
It was not until recently that some people became aware that these problems could be converted into assets.
Feeding of animal wastes results in reducing feed cost and a lower price of animal products; it contributes to
self-sufficiency in protein, phosphorus and other expensive nutrients in ruminant rations. In addition, the system
makes possible a vertical, mutually complemented integration of animal production among individual species
which can, in return, solve some problems of waste disposal and thus some problems of pollution.
The traditional method of disposing animal wastes has been to spread them on the land because of their
excellent fertilizing properties. In the classical era of Justus von Liebig, this use of animal wastes represented an
essential branch of agricultural science, but since the advent of chemical fertilizers, there has been a significant
decline in the use of organic fertilizer, mainly due to the cost of transport compared with that of more
concentrated
chemical
fertilizers.
The value of animal wastes as feeds appears to be far superior to their other uses.
The global volume of faecal wastes from broilers, laying hens and breeding chickens (excluding turkeys) is
estimated to be over 46 billion tonnes; from turkeys about 2.6 billion tonnes; from cattle almost 932 billion
tonnes; from buffaloes almost 100 billion tonnes and from pigs nearly 109 billion tonnes, for a total of 1,188
billion tonnes of animal wastes. Nevertheless, from these enormous quantities of faecal wastes only about 25%,
i.e. 302 billion tonnes, are collectable, and thus potentially available for feed or other recovery processes.

ANIMAL WASTES: ESTIMATED RECOVERY VALUE BY VARIOUS MODES OF CONVERSION

1

Levels in different countries may vary considerably.

Wide range, as values may be influenced by the cost of feed, energy and chemical fertilizers from conventional sources.
3
Based on several pre-investment studies and financial analyses and related to profit margins.
The range inevitably varies with the size of operation, country and other variables.

Animal
wastes

Mode of
Conversion

Poultry
litter

Feed (ensiled)
Methane
Fertilizer
Feed (ensiled)
Feed (dehydrated)

Poultry
6
Complex process
manure
Methane
Fertilizer

Feed (ensiled)
Feed (dehydrated)
Feed (chem. treat.)

Pig
6
manure Complex process
Methane
Fertilizer

Feed (ensiled)
Feed (dehydrated)
Feed (solar
dehydrat.)
Cattle
manure Feed (chem. treat.)
6
Complex process
Methane
Fertilizer

Investment

low/medium
medium/high
medium

low/medium
high
high
medium/high
medium

low/medium
high
nil
high
medium/high
high

low/medium
high
low
nil
high
medium/high
high

Operating cost

Recovery
2

Payback
3

value (US$/t DM)

period (years)

low
low
high

20 100
714
1030

less than one

515
variable

low
high
high
low
high

30 60
40 100
85 140
7 14
8 27

less than one

45
35
5 15
variable

low
high
low
high
high

20 40
30 50
20 40
70 110
7 12 2 8

12
6 10
less than one
46
515 variable

low
high
low
low
high
low
high

20 40
30 50
25 45
20 30
85140
1216
3 10

12
5 10
less than one
less than one
35
515
variable

Low estimates adopted from Jones and Dale (undated); higher estimates by the present author.
Varies with the nature of the waste and its physical properties; includes tractor, spreader or honey wagon, etc.
6
Involves thermophilic fermentation yielding protein biomass, press cake and methane.

Animal wastes represent a vast reservoir of cheap nutrients, particularly for ruminants. In most countries, waste,
particularly from poultry, is easily collected, as it is concentrated in small areas, and its cost, as a raw material
for feed, is generally the cost of transport alone. The only expensive item may be processing, but this cost is
relatively small and is recoverable from the profit arising out of the low original cost. Feed costs for dairy or
beef cattle usually represent 5080% of the total production costs; this can be reduced to 2040% by utilizing
these new feed resources as donors of protein, minerals and other nutrients.

NUTRIENTS IN LIVESTOCK WASTES :-

ANIMAL WASTES: MEAN

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
CONTENT
(on DM)
1
Sources: Mller, 197475.
2
Pearce, 1977.

% of Total N
Species
Faeces

Urine

Beef cattle

50

50

Dairy cattle

60

40

Sheep

50

50

Pigs

33

67

Poultry

25

75

Bedding material :The physical properties of bedding material include bulk density, particle size, distribution, moisture-retention
capacity, compressibility, penetrability, hygroscopicity and biodegradability during the rearing period.
The chemical composition of bedding material affects the nutritive value of deep litter. An ideal bedding
material for further feeding of litter has a low level of ash and its lignocellulosic constituents are biodegradable.
However, the poultry farmer, primarily interested in poultry performance and not in the nutritive value of litter,
does not always share this view.
The ligno-cellulosic constituents of litter vary with the quantity of bedding material per unit of floor space, and
the moisture in the litter during the rearing period, which supports the activity of cellulolytic bacteria. The fibre
digestibility of deep litter based on wood waste can be extraordinarily high, depending upon the biological
activity of the microflora during the rearing period.
It was demonstrated in metabolism trials with sheep fed on pine sawdust prior to its use as bedding (Mller et
al., 1967c) that the organic matter digestibility (OMD) was 11%, while after its use as litter its OMD value
increased to 72% (for litter including droppings). Since broiler manure without bedding had 71% OMD, it
appears that the potential energy of the sawdust was made available through microbial breakdown during the
rearing period. This conclusion was supported by a partial disappearance of lignin, cellulose and other structural
carbohydrates (based on mass balance).
Bedding material must be inexpensive, readily available, highly absorbent, buoyant, easy to transport, dust-free,
disease-free and not consumed by the bird.

CATTLE MANURE
The quantity and quality of dairy manure is related to the body weight of the cow, milk yield, composition of
the ration, water consumption and environment. A dairy cow of 500 kg live weight, producing 15 litres of milk,
yields approximately 35 kg of fresh manure per day, containing about 88% moisture or 4.2 kg dry matter which
includes solids of the manure and urine. The moisture content of faeces usually ranges from 80 to 85% and that
of urine from 94 to 96%. The composition of dairy manure varies considerably with the composition and nature
of the diet (forage vs. concentrates) .
CATTLE MANURE: NITROGEN COMPONENTS (N x 6.25)
Class of Total crude
cattle protein

Urea

Ammoniacal N

Other

Dairy cow
11.4
(dry)

2.1

6.8

2.5

Dairy cow
19.7
(lactating)

3.4

12.2

4.1

Beef
(finishing 17.6
in feedlot)

3.3

7.4

6.9

12.2

1.9

5.9

4.4

Heifer

PIG WASTE
The chemical composition and quantity of pig waste depends upon several factors: age, live weight, breed, feed
and water intake, digestibility of the ration, housing, environment and waste management.The production of
solid pig waste ranges from 0.6 to 1.0% of dry matter per day calculated on body weight. Low-digestibility
rations yield relatively more manure. With the increase of body weight the quantity of pig waste decreases
significantly (Tietjen, 1966, cit. by Henning and Poppe, 1977).Faeces represent about 46% and urine 54% of
wastes on fresh basis, but on dry basis faeces represent 77% and urine 23%. The pH of pig manure is in the
range 7.28.3. The chemical composition of manure also changes rapidly with time after excretion (Harmon,
1974).
The biochemical routes of bacterial decomposition of manure can be divided into the aerobic process (resulting
in carbon dioxide, nitrites, and nitrates, dissolved nitrogen and soluble sulphates) and anaerobic action (yielding
gases such as methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulphate and carbon dioxide).

PIG WASTE: EFFECT OF WEIGHT CATEGORY ON QUANTITY

Live weight
(kg)

Quantity of pig waste per

head/day
kg

41.9

3.62

8.6

59.7

4.08

6.8

89.8

4.45

5.0

128.7

4.89

3.8

RECYCLING OF THE WASTE:-

CONCLUSION:feeding of poultry waste to beef cattle

i.
ii.
iii.

iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

Poultry wastes can be incorporated in beef rations up to a maximum of 40% dry matter of the complete
ration without affecting overall performance and carcass quality.
Higher levels of poultry wasteup to 70%can be used for replacement herds, wintering beef cows
and maintenance periods of cattle in general.
In feeding poultry wastes to beef cattle, the first limiting factor is energy. High-energy feeds such as
grain, root crops, fruit waste and molasses should therefore be incorporated to balance poultry-waste
based rations.
A secondary limiting factor in feeding poultry wastes, particularly layer wastes, is a high ash content
which limits the level of poultry wastes that can be used.
Prior to feeding, poultry wastes must be processed by either drying, ensiling, chemical treatment or other
processes to reduces the microbial count and eliminate pathogens.
Carcass yield and quality are not affected by rations containing poultry wastes, but rations have to be
carefully balanced.
Incorporation of poultry waste into beef cattle rations has a great impact on the economics of beef
production, provided the rations are properly balanced.

Feeding to dairy cattle

Poultry wastes (litter and manure) are good sources of protein and other nutrients for dairy cattle, particularly
for low-yielding herds or semi-intensive production.

Feeding poultry litter

Poultry litter should not exceed 30 % of the total dry matter requirement in the ration. This level, as shown in
Table 46, will supply a substantial portion of protein (31 to 66 %) but the contribution of energy will only be in
the range of 1631 %.

PROCESSING METHODS

1 DEHYDRATION
Dehydration is widely applied for commercial purposes, because dried waste can be used either as feed or as
urban fertilizer (Flegal and Zindel, 1971; C.C. Sheppard et al. 1975).
Mechanical drying
Drying reduces the bulk of animal wastes to 20-30% of the original volume (Surbrook et al., 1971)
Nevertheless, it is usually a costly process, involving substantial investment and operational costs. The latter
depend greatly upon the initial moisture content, as appears from Table 79.The drying capacity of a mediumsize commercial dryer, for different species of animals, is shown in Table.

Animal wastes must be processed immediately to prevent the rapid decomposition of organic matter and to
conserve its nutritive properties. Losses of the most valuable substances in poultry litter crude protein
vary considerably according to the drying method and nature of the processing; ensiling completely preserves
the nutritive value (Table 81).
In-house drying
An economical method of drying poultry manure in two stages was introduced by Pennsylvania State
University. The system uses high-velocity air movement and mechanical stirring of the manure in the pit of the
poultry house. This reduces the moisture content to about half, and the weight of manure to about 30%. Such
manure has a crumb structure and a minimum odour, and contains only about 2835% moisture as compared to
the original 75%; the level of ammonia and other gases in the poultry house is reduced significantly. The second
stage comprises heat dehydration using a mechanical dryer, which further reduces the moisture content to about
10%. The final product has typical commercial properties as it can be stored in bulk, has no offensive odour and
is easy to handle.
Solar drying
A solar dryer designed similarly to a greenhouse (using plastic covering) was tested on dairy waste in Indiana
(Horsfield, 1975). It was estimated that an 80-cow herd would require a solar dryer of about 1,486 m2 (18
m2 per cow). The cost of mechanical equipment was estimated at US$4,900 and the annual operating cost at
US$833 for the entire herd. The solar dryer would reduce the weight to about 72% of the original input weight.
This system appears to be quite simple and practical for most developing countries.
ENSILING
Ensiling of animal wastes is more acceptable than dehydration on ethical grounds. Ensiled cattle manure
appears to be nutritionally superior to the dried product (Lucas et al., 1975). The economic advantages of
ensiling are obvious, particularly if silos already exist on the farm.
Animal wastes can be ensiled together with crop residues, forages and other roughages, provided that there are
sufficient moisture (4065%) and soluble carbohydrates to ensure the quality of the fermentation process. The
ratio of crop residues or other roughages to livestock wastes is adjusted to obtain a minimal moisture content of
about 40%; moisture should not exceed 70%. Molasses (13%) or other sources of fermentable carbohydrates
must be added if sufficient soluble carbohydrates are not present in the ingredients for ensiling. The digestibility
of cellulosic constituents can be improved by adding alkali in the form of sodium, potassium or ammonium
hydroxide. Where available, liquid or gaseous ammonia or even bleaching agents could be used.
PROCESSING OF LITTER BY STACKING
Poultry litter, used for one or several batches of birds, is an aerobic, fairly balanced biocoenotic system. In the
absence of oxygen the aerobic process is substituted by anaerobiosis, resulting in microbial and chemical
CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
The prime objectives of chemical treatments of animal wastes are to eliminate pathogenic bacteria, preserve
nutrients, improve the nutritive value and increase the feed intake of the waste.

The effect of processing on the fate of various nitrogenous fractions (total N, protein N,
NPN, uric acid and NH3 N) was as follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

dry-heat treatment of litter resulted in substantial losses in all N fractions, the greatest loss being in
ammoniacal N (from 0.88% to 0.36%);
autoclaving resulted in the smallest losses in all N fractions and significantly increased the level of
protein-bound N derived from NPN;
PFA treatment at all levels increased the content of protein N of litters processed at 25 mm depth (from
2.22% to 2.752.79%) but was ineffective at 6 mm depth except at the 4% level;
EO fumigation reduced total N, protein N and NH3 N.

MECHANICAL TREATMENTS
Various mechanical processes, mainly involving cattle and pig wastes, are aimed at reducing volume and
separating liquid and solid fractions.
The effect of grinding and pelleting dry cattle manure was studied by Smith et al. (1971). Grinding had little or
no effect on the digestibility of individual constituents. In fact, ground manure showed a substantial decrease in
cell-wall and cellulose digestibility and in N retention, possibly due to a by-pass of rumen digestion because of
the reduction in particle size.
The particle size distribution of three types of fresh animal wastes . The relative proportions in different animal
wastes depend upon the nature of feed ingredients, their preparation and processing prior to feeding.

OXIDATION DITCH
The oxidation ditch is a technologically advanced aerobic process applicable to all livestock waste. It comprises
a continuous open-channel ditch and an aeration motor that circulates the liquid in the ditch and supplies
oxygen. The aerobic action converts organic matter into single-cell protein, enabling the protein level in pig
rations to be reduced by 15% (Day, 1977). Feeding oxidation ditch mixed liquor (ODML) in the form of
nutrient-rich drinking water or adding it to a regular ration (2:1) was developed by Day and Harmon (1974).
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
The product is a sediment of aerobic bacterial digestion from an aerated tank, rich in protein (2745% crude
protein). The input consists of animal wastes, oxygen and chlorine. The products are carbon dioxide, ammonia,
renovated water and sludge. The initial investment and power and other operating costs are high.
There are several simple processes. Sludge can be used as a protein supplement for monogastric animals and
ruminants.
.
COMPOST FOR FEEDING
There are several methods of composting, but basically they can be divided into static or dynamic processes.

In the static process the semi-dry manure, alone or together with other organic material, is spread in layers and
turned over once or several times during the composting process. The moisture content should be within the
range of 4050%; otherwise, anaerobic processes take place. A characteristic of the static process is the intense
development of the fungi Actinomycetes, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
In the dynamic process the material is constantly revolved in a digester, and the prevailing microflora is usually
represented by bacteria. The significant fungal infestation takes place later in windrows, except that when the
organic material remains in the digester for a longer period, fungal development replaces the bacterial
population in the final stage of the fermentation process.
The organic matter content of processed compost is a decisive factor in establishing the quantity that can be
used in ruminant diets. It is therefore necessary to use fresh compost immediately after processing to avoid its
mineralization, which results in lowering its organic matter content.

COMMERCIAL RECYCLING PROCESSES

THE CLOSED ECOLOGICAL CYCLE
Dew Fresh Eggs Corp, has introduced a completely closed recycling system based on poultry and cattle. The system recovers cattle and poultry wastes and converts
them into usable products (feed, methane gas and fertilizer). The schematic flow of the system is illustrated in Figure 12.
The system involves replacement birds for layer facilities, confined cattle, replacement cattle held in pasture, a feed mill, a methane generator and cropping land.
Poultry manure is partly utilized for methane and partly applied as a fertilizer; the liquid fraction of the cattle manure is used for methane, while the separated solid
fraction is fed to replacement cattle.
The farm operates on 472 ha with a projected extension of 4,000 ha, 1.2 million layers, 500,000 pullets and 10,000 feedlot cattle. The methane gas output is estimated to
be 35,000 m3; it is blended with natural gas in the utilities pipeline system. Biogas and conventional gas should completely substitute electricity, which will be used
only for a back-up system. It is envisaged that the biogas investment will have a pay-back period of about 5 years.

The Closed
Ecological
Cycle

THE CORRAL SYSTEM

This system is designed for both open feedlots and confinement housing of beef and dairy cattle. Its principle is the collection of liquid and solid wastes which are
pumped into a vibrating screen and press to separate liquids from solids. The liquid effluent is discharged into a holding pond and applied as a crop fertilizer. Solids are
either composted, ensiled or pasteurized in the so-called Corral Pathocide Process. The treated product can be directly refed either to the cow herd or, after mixing
with conventional feeds from crops fertilized by the liquid effluent, to confined cattle.

The Corral system

Cooperation:Cooperation is required for the each and every agricultural product to reduce the involvement of the middle man
for getting maximum value of the product. For that cooperation foundation should be make form the central
level to the village level so each and every person connect with it and dont get misguide . Cooperation of milk
,meat and eggs must be there .

Extension:Extension define by many ways among them , It is a transfer of technology from its origin to the farmers. As I
have already describe application of new technique for the better development of the farmer which leads to
development of the India.
Application of new technological plant for the food processing for the preservation ,conservation and long term
cold storage should must be present in different area of the country. Newer method of harvesting must have to
adopt form the foreign country.
Extension has also another definition ,as per that It is a work or branch of the agriculture whereby farmers are
learn for the different kind of farming for the development of themselves.
Govt. provide various
different kind of scheme
for the encouragement
and enhancement of the
farming as well as
development of a farmer
but due to lack of
extension work , lack of
knowledge a village
farmer is completely
unknown about this. So,
here extension work is
needed for proper
guideline.
There are many govt.
plan/scheme which is
encourage the farmers and
provide subsidy that are:-

There should be a co-operative-extension association in each and every district which provide proper information
regarding govt. scheme, provide project file facility and provide complete guidance that may be a free of cost.

Bibliography:

Census of India
Ministry of agriculture , Department of animal husbandry Dairying & fisheries
Ministry of food and food Products
NCAR website http://www .agro.nl/nrlo/
Extension communication and Management by G L Ray
APEDA (AGRICULTURE & PROCESSED FOOD EXPORT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY)
CARD (CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT)
Local Articles
Biotechnology by Satyarampal
Farmindustrynews.com
Tamilnadu agritech portal
Food and Agriculture Organization Repository.
Fishery department of hariyana
Fish Pathology of Department of Hydrobio Research Institute, 1979: Handbook of Fish Disease
Investigation. Shanghai Science and Technology Publisher. 119239.
Fish Pathology of Department of Hydrobio Research Institute, 1975: Handbook of Fish Disease Control.
The Science Publishing Association, Beijing, 26-281
Animal husbandry by G C Benergy
Photos are collected from Google Images , magazines.