Modul #03

TE3223
SISTEM KOMUNIKASI 2

SIGNAL SPACE
ANALYSIS
Program Studi S1 Teknik Telekomunikasi
Departemen
p
Teknik Elektro - Sekolah Tinggi
gg Teknologi
g Telkom
Bandung 2008

Signal space

What is a signal space?

?
Vector

representations of signals in an N-dimensional

orthogonal space

Why do we need a signal space?

It

is a means to convert signals to vectors and vice versa.

It is a means to calculate signals energy and Euclidean
distances between signals.

Why are we interested in Euclidean distances

between signals?
For

detection p
purposes:
p
The received signal
g
is
transformed to a received vectors. The signal which has
the minimum distance to the received signal is estimated
as the transmitted signal.
g
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

Schematic example of a signal space

2 (t )

s1 = (a11 , a12 )

1 (t )
z = ( z1 , z 2 )
s 3 = (a31 , a32 )

s 2 = (a21 , a22 )
Transmitted signal
g
alternatives
Received signal at
matched
t h d filt
filter output
t t

s1 (t ) = a11 1 (t ) + a12 2 (t ) s1 = (a11 , a12 )

s2 (t ) = a21 1 (t ) + a22 2 (t ) s 2 = (a21 , a22 )
s3 (t ) = a31 1 (t ) + a32 2 (t ) s 3 = (a31 , a32 )
z (t ) = z1 1 (t ) + z 2 2 (t ) z = ( z1 , z 2 )

Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

Signal space

To form a signal space, first we need to

know the inner product between two signals
(functions):
Inner

(scalar) product:

< x(t ), y (t ) >=

*
x
(
t
)
y
(t )dt

= cross-correlation
cross correlation between x(t) and y(t)

Properties

of inner product:

< ax(t ), y (t ) >

>= a < x(t ), y (t ) >
< x(t ), ay (t ) >= a * < x(t ), y (t ) >
< x(t ) + y (t ),
) z (t ) >=< x(t ),
) z (t ) > + < y (t ),
) z (t ) >
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

Signal space contd

The distance in signal space is measure by

calculating the norm.
What is norm?
Norm

of a signal:

x(t ) = < x(t ),

) x(t ) > =

x(t ) dt = E x
2

= length of x(t)

ax(t ) = a x(t )
Norm

between two signals:

d x , y = x(t ) y (t )

We refer to the norm between two signals as the

E clidean distance between
Euclidean
bet een ttwo
o signals
signals.
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

Example of distances in signal space

2 (t )
s1 = (a11 , a12 )
E1

d s1 , z

1 ((tt )
z = ( z1 , z 2 )

E3

s 3 = (a31 , a32 )

d s3 , z

E2

d s2 , z

s 2 = (a21 , a22 )
The Euclidean distance between signals z(t) and s(t):
d si , z = si (t ) z (t ) = (ai1 z1 ) 2 + (ai 2 z 2 ) 2
i = 1,2,3
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

Signal space - contd

N-dimensional
N
di
i
l orthogonal
th
l signal
i
l space iis
characterized by N linearly independent functions
{ j (tt))}Nj =1 called basis functions. The basis functions
must satisfy the orthogonality condition
T

< i (t ), j (t ) >= i (t ) *j (t ) dt = K i ji
0

where
h

1 i = j
ij =
0 i j

0t T
j , i = 1,..., N
T

K i = Ei = i2 (t ).dt
0

If all K i = 1 , the signal space is orthonormal.

orthonormal
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

Example of an orthonormal basis functions

Example: 2-dimensional
2 dimensional orthonormal signal
space

1 ( t ) =

( t ) =
2

2
cos( 2 t / T )
T

0t<T

2
sin( 2 t / T )
T

0t<T

2 (t )

1 ((tt )

< 1 ( t ), 2 ( t ) >= 1 ( t ) 2 ( t ) dt = 0
0

1 (t ) = 2 (t ) = 1

Example: 1-dimensional orthonornal signal space

1 (t )

1 (t ) = 1

1
T

0
T

t
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

1 (t )
8

Signal space contd

Any arbitrary
An
arbitrar finite set of waveforms
a eforms {si (t )}
where each member of the set is of duration T,
can be expressed as a linear combination of N
N
orthonogal waveforms{ j (t )}j =1 where N M .
M
i =1

si (t ) = aij j (t )

i = 1,..., M
NM

j =1

where
T

1
1
*
aij =
< si (t ), j (t ) >=
s
(
t
)

i
j (t ) dt
Kj
K j 0

s i = (ai1 , ai 2 ,..., aiN )

j = 1,..., N
0t T
i = 1,..., M
N

Ei = K j aij

Vector representation of waveform

Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

j =1

Waveform energy
9

Signal space - contd

N

si (t ) = aij j (t )

s i = (ai1 , ai 2 ,..., aiN )

j =1

Waveform to vector conversion

Vector to waveform conversion

1 (t )

si (t )

ai1

N (t )

aiN

1 (t )

ai1
M = sm

aiN

sm

ai1
M

aiN

Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

ai1
N (t )

si ((t )

aiN

10

Example of projecting signals to an orthonormal

signal space
2 (t )
s1 = (a11 , a12 )

1 (t )
s 3 = (a31 , a32 )

s 2 = (a21 , a22 )
s (t ) = a (t ) + a (t ) s = (a , a )

11 1
12 2
1
11 12
Transmitted signal 1
s2 (t ) = a21 1 (t ) + a22 2 (t ) s 2 = (a21 , a22 )
alternatives

s3 (t ) = a31 1 (t ) + a32 2 (t ) s 3 = (a31 , a32 )

T

aij = si (t ) j (t )dt

j = 1,..., N

i = 1,..., M

Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

0t T

11

Signal space contd

To find an orthonormal basis ffunctions

nctions for a gi
given
en
set of signals, Gram-Schmidt procedure can be
used.
Gram-Schmidt procedure:
M
Given a signal set {si (t )}i =1 , compute an orthonormal
b i { (t )}
basis
N

1.
2.

3.

j =1

Define 1 (t ) = s1 (t ) / E1 = s1 (t ) / s1 (t )
i 1
For i = 2,..., M compute d i (t ) = si (t ) < si (t ), j (t ) > j (t )
j =1
If d i (t ) 0 let i (t ) = d i (t ) / d i (t )
If d i (t ) = 0, do not assign any basis function.
Renumber the basis functions such that basis is

{ 1 (t ), 2 (t ),..., N (t )}

This is only
y necessary
y if d i (t ) = 0 for any
y i in step
p 2.
Note that N M
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

12

Example of Gram-Schmidt procedure

Find the basis functions and plot the signal space for
the following transmitted signals:
s1 (t )

s2 (t )

A
T

0
0

A
T

Using Gram-Schmidt procedure:

1 E1 =

s1 (t ) dt = A
2

1 (t ) = s1 (t ) / E1 = s1 (t ) / A
2 < s (t ), (t ) >=
2
1

s1 (t ) = A 1 (t )

1 (t )

s2 (t ) 1 (t )dt = A

d 2 (t ) = s2 (t ) ( A) 1 (t ) = 0

s2 (t ) = A 1 (t )

1
T

s1 = ( A) s 2 = ( A)

T t

s2
-A

Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

s1
0

1 ((tt )
13

Implementation of matched filter receiver

Bank of N matched filters

(T t )

z1 ( t )

z1 (T )

r (t )

(T t )

z N (t )

z N ((T )

z1
=z

zN

Observation
vector

si (t ) = aij j (t )
j =1

i = 1,..., M

z = ( z1 , z 2 ,..., z N )

z j = r (t ) j (T t )

NM

j = 1,..., N

Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

14

Implementation of correlator receiver

Bank of N correlators

1 (t )

z1

r (t )
N (t
()

si (t ) = aij j (t )

zN

z1
M

zN

=z

Observation
vector

i = 1,..., M

j =1

z = ( z1 , z 2 ,..., z N )

NM

z j = r (t ) j (t )dt

j = 1,..., N

Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

15

Example of matched filter receivers using basic

functions
s1 (t )

1 (t )

s2 (t )

A
T

1
T

0
0

A
T

1 matched filter
1 (T t ) = 1 (t )

r (t )

z1 ((tt ) z1 (T )

[z1] = z

1
T

T t

Number of matched filters (or correlators) is reduced by 1 compared to

using
i matched
t h d filt
filters ((correlators)
l t ) tto the
th transmitted
t
itt d signal.
i
l
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

16

White noise in orthonormal signal space

AWGN n(t) can be expressed as

n(t ) = n (t ) + n~ (t )

Noise p
projected
j
on the signal
g
space
p
which impacts the detection process.

Noise outside on the signal space

n (t ) = n j j (t )

Vector representation of

j =1

n j =< n(t ), j (t ) >

< n~ (t ),
) (t ) >= 0
j

j = 1,..., N

j = 1,..., N

n (t )

n = (n1 , n2 ,..., nN )

{n }

j j =1

independent zero-mean

Gaussain random variables with

variance var(n j ) = N 0 / 2
Modul 3 - Siskom 2 - Signal Space

17