EWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper V1.3

eWBB Video Surveillance
Solution White Paper
Issue
1.1
Date
2012-07-11
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2012. All rights reserved.

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and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address:
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Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper
Contents
Contents
1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Application Scenarios of Video Surveillance ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Road Video Surveillance ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 City Video Surveillance .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Unmanned Area Video Surveillance ....................................................................................................... 2
1.1.4 Mobile Video Surveillance ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Challenges ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Necessity of Improvements in the Video Surveillance Solution ...................................................................... 3
2 Solution ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Front-end Subsystem............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Central Management Platform ................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.3 Monitoring Center and Sub-center .......................................................................................................... 8
2.1.4 LTE Wireless Backhaul Network ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Networking Solution ...................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Connection Between Front-end Cameras and Wireless Backhaul Networks ........................................ 13
2.2.2 Connection Between Central Management Platforms and Wireless Backhaul Networks ..................... 13
2.2.3 CPE Management ................................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.4 Front-end Camera Management ............................................................................................................ 13
2.3 Video Surveillance Site Installation ............................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Outdoor Video Surveillance .................................................................................................................. 14
2.4 Video Surveillance Business Process ............................................................................................................. 15
2.5 Technical Specifications ................................................................................................................................. 15
2.5.1 Transport Network Capacity Specifications .......................................................................................... 15
2.5.2 Transport Network Performance Specifications.................................................................................... 15
3 Key Technologies ........................................................................................................................ 19

3.1 TDD Uplink and Downlink Subframe Ratio .................................................................................................. 19
3.2 Uplink VMIMO.............................................................................................................................................. 20
4 Promotion ..................................................................................................................................... 21
A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 22
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1 Overview
Overview
1.1 Application Scenarios of Video Surveillance

Video surveillance is widely used in various fields including:
1.1.1 Road Video Surveillance

Road video surveillance is mainly applied in intersections, major arteries, and expressways.
Traffic cameras are deployed along busy roads. They transmit real-time videos and images to
the transportation monitoring center. In this way the transport department can timely observe
and monitor traffic patterns including car flows, passenger flows, and road security, which
helps the traffic control personnel to cope with accidents and congestions in time. Road video
surveillance is deployed in the following situations:
Traffic flow steering

The road video surveillance system reports traffic patterns including vehicle queue
lengths and congestions. It enables the transport department to change transport signals
timely to steer traffic flows and ensure free traffic.
Accident management
The road video surveillance system allows the traffic control personnel to be informed of
and cope with traffic accidents in time, which improves transportation in cities.
Accident videos
The road video surveillance system monitors and records accidents, which facilitates
accident management.
1.1.2 City Video Surveillance

City video surveillance is a comprehensive security network involving different regions and
industries. It is deployed in the following situations:
Busy public places (squares, activity centers, schools, hospitals)
Business areas (banks, shopping centers, plazas)
Transportation centers (stations, docks)
Major intersections
High-crime areas
Institutions and residential areas
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City video surveillance is deployed in busy public areas. It helps the security personnel to
notice and cope with accidents in time, which effectively reduces crimes, maintains social
stability and safeguards people's life and property.
1.1.3 Unmanned Area Video Surveillance

Unmanned areas refer to remote, dangerous or preserved areas. Unmanned area video
surveillance is deployed in the following situations:
Wildfire prevention, border security, vegetation preservation, and forest protection
State property (oil fields, dams, power stations, generator rooms) protection
Eco-system monitoring of scenic areas, tourism sites, and natural reserves.
Unmanned area video surveillance monitors wide range targets with high resolution images in
an all-weather, all round and distant way. It transmits images to the monitoring center in real
time, which allows long distant, centralized, and indoor monitoring. The system is also
deployed for real-time monitoring of natural resources, danger prevention, vegetation
preservation and property protection.
1.1.4 Mobile Video Surveillance

Mobile monitoring is necessary for accidents and special scenarios. It can be deployed in:
Moving cruisers to monitor surrounding areas and supervise security personnel
Fire engines for real time monitoring of fires that people are not accessible to
Journalist cars for real time transmission of interview materials
Financial escort vehicles for real time observation and danger prevention
Ambulances for real time report of patients' conditions
1.2 Challenges
The rapid development of society and economics has lead to a series of problems in social
security, transportation, law enforcement, and environment. Improving administration
efficiency is top of the agenda. New demands in the market and the rapid evolvement of radio
technology necessitate an entire set of solutions for long distance and local monitoring
systems (medium and large sized).
The traditional wired video surveillance, including the analog solution and the DVS solution,
fails to all-roundly cope with medium or large monitoring system including airport
monitoring and long distance application in residential areas, schools, borders, oil fields, and
power stations.
The rising presence of wired video surveillance has already revealed its limitations including:
High cabling costs

Cabling costs of wired video surveillance are too high due to limitations including
transport costs, private lands, and natural conditions.
Limited monitoring areas

It is difficult to monitor in unmanned areas, such as oil fields, dams, forests, and coasts.
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No possibility of mobile monitoring

1 Overview
Wired video surveillance is deployed in fixed areas, which excludes mobile monitoring,
such as moving police cars and journalist vehicles.
1.3 Necessity of Improvements in the Video Surveillance

Solution
Only mature network and radio communications technologies can solve problems in long
distant cabling and expansion of video surveillance.
Network, codec and storage technologies are developing constantly. Wireless video
surveillance, based on networks and wireless communications, is playing an increasingly
important role. The digital, intelligent, and wireless video surveillance system will shape the
future. Compared with traditional wired video surveillance, wireless video surveillance better
ensures monitoring in unmanned areas and mobile monitoring. The wireless video
surveillance platform allows long distance monitoring, which is as effective as onsite
monitoring. The advanced software system efficiently analyzes a large number of statistics in
transmission within few minutes. It also provides high resolution images, convenient
monitoring management, and practical maintenance.
As an effective means of monitoring and administration, wireless video surveillance is
promising. It has already been deployed in many fields including transportation, electricity, oil,
and security, demonstrating its potent market potential.
The wireless video surveillance solution in the market adopts wireless backhaul technologies
including WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE. As the next generation radio technology, LTE is certainly
to be the key solution for rotary technologies in wireless video surveillance.
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Solution
2.1 Overview
Figure 2-1 Network diagram of the LTE video surveillance solution
Subsystems:
The front-end subsystem includes IP cameras, analog cameras, coders, and LTE CPEs. It
is deployed for onsite recording and wireless backhaul.
The new monitoring network adopts IP cameras. Analog cameras will only be
encountered during the upgrade and capacity expansion of old networks or during the
equipment maintenance.
The central management platform includes front-end access servers, video transfer and
distribute units, storage servers, and client access servers. It is deployed for front-end or
client access and storage and video distribution
The monitoring center and sub-center include decoders (with chips) and TV walls. It is
deployed for daily video surveillance.
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The client subsystem is connected to the central monitoring platform in various ways,
such as USB dongle and fixed bandwidth. It monitors the central management platform
and also the video system (with decoding software) at a different place.
Limitations of the current video surveillance solution:
No support of mobile video surveillance
No support of indoor video surveillance
Only compatible with Huawei video surveillance systems
2.1.1 Front-end Subsystem

The front-end devices mainly include cameras, coders, decoders and safety equipment.
Cameras
Analog cameras
The analog camera-based front-end subsystem includes coders, analog cameras, sensors
(optional), alarms (optional), Pan Tilt Zooms, and LTE CPEs. The subsystem collects
information code streams including videos, warning, and smoke signals. It encodes
analog signals into digital code streams in H.264 or MPEG4 format through video coders
and then transmits the digital code streams to CMS through the LTE system.
The image quality of analog cameras deteriorates for one more copying, which is not
caused by transmission distance. Analog cameras send one-way video signals, which
require connecting with monitors or coders for monitoring or recording.
Analog cameras adopt analog box cameras and DVS/DVR. Analog box cameras ensure
real-time recording and high resolution in bad weathers with wide dynamic range and
short delay.
IP cameras
IP cameras, also network cameras, are digital video equipment based on network
transmission. In addition to BNC, they are equipped with network export interfaces,
which connect them to the local area network. An IP camera consists of lens, optical
filters, embedded image sensor, digital converters, coders, and a server only for network
connection. IP cameras can hold SD cards for short-term storage.
In customers' demands and for better application, IP cameras adopt standard definition
format and high definition format. High definition format, with many advantages, is
becoming the mainstream format.
The lower costs and smaller size of IP cameras have made them top choices for network
deployment.
IP cameras, the combination of analog cameras and DVS (for coding and network
transmission), are getting increasingly popular due to lower costs and smaller sizes.
IP cameras are assigned with extended SD card slots for image storage. Some IP
cameras support WiFi, an access mode alternative for users.
The IP camera application solution includes IP cameras, alarm collectors, Pan Tilt
Zooms and LTE CPEs. It is deployed for collecting code streams including videos
and alarms, which will be transmitted to CMS through the LTE system.
IP camera model varies by parameter indicators: infrared, color to black and white
transferring, wide dynamic range, precision and speed of motion control, motion
range, image size, video coding model, and bit rate, recording capability in low
luminance, storage capacity, network interface and protocol, environment
specifications, and protection specifications. IP cameras of high definition and
standard definition support H.264 compression algorithm
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Digital Coder
Compression algorithm
IP cameras are equipped with coders. However analog cameras require DVR/DVS for
coding.
Compression coding is the core function of IP cameras. The compression mode
determines the performance of network transmission, video storage, and backend
management, which highly influences the image quality.
The most widely used compression algorithms in video services are MPEG-4 and H.264.
According to Huawei solution, MPEG-4 can be adopted in updating old video
surveillance systems. H.264, the latest compression algorithm, will be adopted in
establishing a new surveillance system.
The initial compression coding mode is basically M-JPEG, which processes playing
videos as a series of running images with high resolution. M-JPEG processes a complete
frame of images, which ensures higher resolution and higher quality images. However
M-JPEG only compresses redundant room in a frame instead of redundant time, which is
inefficient and occupies too much bandwidth.
MPEG-4 and H.264 both adopt inter-frame compression, which is more efficient.
MPEG-4 can intelligently identify differences between images and then process
individually, which highly reduces occupation and facilitates video or image
transmission. Video surveillance services mainly adopt H.264. H.264 is a new coding
standard set by JVT, a union of ISO/IEC and ITU-T. ITU-T adopts the name H.264.
However ISO/IEC defines it as MPEG-4AVC, which is the tenth part of MPEG-4. H.264
ensures higher compression rate, clearer images, and more flexible networks. H.264
compression rate is 1.5 to 2 times than MPEG-4 compression rate. H.264 costs 39%
lower transmission code streams than MPEG-4 for same image quality. H.264 is the
most suitable compression code for IP cameras. It provides low bite rate and high quality
image transmission.
Definition and bit rate

Major camera formats are CIF, D1/4CIF, 720p, and 1080p.
The throughput of a camera is determined by the bite rate. The bite rate is determined by
factors including definition, frame rate, compression mode, image complexity, image
contents, and image variation. Before using IP cameras, configure properly with the
definition rate, the frame rate, the compression rate, and the compression mode for a
balance between the image quality and the bandwidth occupation rate.
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Frame rate: The frame rate refers to image fluency, which is in proportion to the bit
rate. Image fluency means 25 frames of images are played one second. The frame rate
is adjustable. You can lower the bit rate by lowering the frame rate. Ten to 15 frames
ensure the balance between the bit rate and image fluency. The bit rate can be
lowered to a larger extent when consecutive frames are not required.
Compression mode: The bit rate of H.264 is 70% of MPEG-4 for the same image
quality. The frame rate is in proportion to H.264 compression rate.
Image quality: The image quality (compression rate) of network cameras and H.264
video servers are adjustable. The higher the image quality is, the higher the bit rate is.
Configurations vary by customers' demands. The parameter of image quality has not
been standardized. It is defined by its producer.
Image complexity: The bit rate is in proportion to image complexity. For instance, the
bite rate is low when the camera is recording a white wall; but it will be several times
higher when the camera is recording a piece of floral land.

2 Solution
Image variation: The bite rate is in proportion to the image variation. For instance, the
bit rate is low when the camera is recording static targets; but it may be even than ten
times higher when the camera is recording moving crowds.
Huawei bit rate

Huawei cameras of high definition and standard definition both support H.264. If the
transmission speed is 30 frames per second, for images of all formats the transmission
bandwidth and recommended bite rate after compression are listed as follows:
Table 2-1 Relationship between image capacity and transmission bandwidth

Video Quality
Image
Format
Definition
Frame Rate
(Number of
Frames per
Second)
Recommende
d Bit Rate
High quality
1080p
1920x1080
30
4 Mbit/s,
6 Mbit/s,
or 8 Mbit/s
High quality
720p
1280x720
30
4 Mbit/s
High quality
D1/4
CIF
704x576
25
1.5 Mbits or 2
Mbits
General quality
CIF
352x288
25
512 kbit/s
Generally the frame rate, definition and compression code of IP cameras are adjustable.
DVR/DVS
Digital Video Recorder (DVR) records with hard disks compared with analogue cameras.
DVR/DVS is a computer system for image storage. It is deployed for long time
recording, sound recording, and long distance monitoring. DVR is the combination of
VCR, video multiplexer, lens controller at pan and tilts, alarm controller, and network
transmission. It is also cost effective.
DVRs with PC platforms and embedded DVRs are popular in the market. However
DVRs will gradually dominate as they are more stable, reliable, and user friendly. DVRs
with PC platforms have advantage in versatility and expansion. They still share a market
as they monitor the host computer in video surveillance system.
Digital Video Server (DVR), also known as Network Video Server, is a network
transmission device for compressing and processing video data. It consists of video
compression and codec chips, input and output channels, audio and video interfaces,
RS485 serial interface controllers, protocol interface controllers, and software
management. It is deployed for video compression and decompression and data
collection and undo. The image data compression based on MPEG-4 or H.264 transmits
and processes video data through wide area network.
DVRs, supporting encoding and network access, and DVS, supporting large storage, are
converging. Analog cameras with DVR/DVS already cover functions of IP cameras, but
there are still differences. In video surveillance system based on IP cameras, videos are
stored in far-end servers.
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2.1.2 Central Management Platform

The central management platform is deployed for control, management, and media stream
storage and transfer. It mainly handles registration requests from the front-end devices, the
client, and other systems.
The media service layer is deployed for the transfer and storage of media streams, which are
part of the media services that the monitoring system provides. The system sends schedule
mandates of media streams through the service control layer.
Servers in the central management platform are listed as follows:
Front-end access servers
Receiving and transferring head end alarms
Head end registration management
Receiving and transferring real-time monitoring requests
Receiving and transferring messages of lens controller at pan and tilts
Client access servers
Management portal
Client management
Service activation
Platform management servers
Management of networks, logs and systems
Monitoring subsystems
Service management and service control
Media distribution servers
Video distribution: copying video streams for visitors.
Video transferring: collecting video streams and transfers them to clients.
Storage server
Receiving video streams and recording them in hard disks
Video management
Video playback management
These servers are not mandatory. Users can either independently choose servers or streamline
servers by combing their functions, which saves the costs.
2.1.3 Monitoring Center and Sub-center

The monitoring center monitors far-end images through PCs or TV walls. PCs allow 16
far-end images on one screen; TV walls allow 64 far-end images on the screen at one time.
Images are displayed on the monitors in turn.
Digital Coder
Digital decoders are programs or devices that decode encoded digital videos.
Decoders include software decoders and hardware decoders. Software decoders encode video
data through software. Hardware decoders include DVD players, blue-ray players, digital set
top boxes, and digital high-definition players. Huawei provides all kinds of hardware
decoders.
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The monitoring center decodes through hardware decoders (based on H.264 algorithm) after
receiving image data streams from LTE and then displays images on TV walls. It can also
encode through software decoders installed on client PCs and then display images on PCs or
TV walls.
Software decoders decode through software, which is slower as the encoding occupies CPU
resources. Hardware decoders decodes through hard disks, which is faster because CPU
resources are not occupied.
The latency of hardware decoders is lower than that of client software decoders. It is even
lower when hardware decoders decode and display images on TV walls.
Multi-screen Display Controller

Multi-screen display controllers are exclusively designed for multi screens. They support
display systems with display walls that are consisted of projectors.
Huawei provides multi-screen display controllers of all types. For example, the Huawei Iraq
project adopts the SMV2000.
2.1.4 LTE Wireless Backhaul Network

The LTE wireless backhaul network is a data transmission medium, which transmits images to
central management platforms. The LTE communications network is highly suitable for video
data transmission for its flexible bandwidth, large capacity, and short delay.
Served as the access network for video backhaul, the LTE network provides bearer channels
and ensures higher security.
LTE wireless backhaul network supports two modes: TDD and FDD. The choice of
modes depends on frequency band resources that customers are accessible to. FDD
adopts asymmetry frequency bands (If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, the real frequency
occupation combined is 40 MHz), which achieves larger uplink capacity compared with
TDD. TDD adopts symmetry frequency bands (If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, the real
frequency occupation is 20 MHz). Larger cell uplink capacity is available by adjusting
subframe rate.
The LTE wireless backhaul network mainly includes:
Wireless CPE terminal
eNodeB
eCNS
M2000
ACS (optional)
Firewall (optional)
Wireless CPE Terminal

Wireless CPE terminals, access equipment of wireless networks, connect front-end devices in
long distance to management networks. They are widely used in various areas and reduce the
complexity and costs of network access.
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Figure 2-2 CPE
eNodeB
E-UTRAN NodeB (eNodeB) is the wireless access equipment of LTE system. It is deployed
for radio access functions, including air interface management, access control, mobility
control, and user resources distribution. The Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN) consists of eNodeBs.
The basic function modules of the DBS3900 are baseband control unit (BBU) and remote
radio unit (RRU), which can be configured flexibly for different capacity and applications.
The DBS3900 is characterized by small size, low power consumption, flexible installation,
and quick deployment.
Figure 2-3 DBS3900
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eCNS
The eCNS600 integrates the authentication management functions of the SAE-HSS, the MME
functions, and the S-GW/P-GW functions. Installed in a basic subrack, the eCNS600
implements the EPC functions and has the following characteristics:
Large capacity
Supporting 20,000 CPEs and large-size data transmission
Easy deployment
Integrating logical NEs of the EPC, simplifying the network and maintenance, reducing
costs, and allowing easy deployment
Low power consumption

Reducing maintenance costs because the power consumption is 900 W for an eCNS600
using one board
Figure 2-4 eCNS600 deployed in an enterprise network
M2000
iManager M2000 (M2000) centrally manages Huawei mobile network devices including
LTE/EPC network devices. M2000 provides basic network management functions and
optional functions including configuration management, performance management, fault
management, security management, log management, topology management, software
management, and system management.
A typical M2000 system includes the M2000 server, M2000 clients, alarm box, and network
devices. A system configured with one server is a single-server system. Figure 2-5 shows its
structure.
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Figure 2-5 M2000 hardware structure (single-server system)
2.2 Networking Solution

A typical network consists of the following devices:
Front-end devices are connected to LTE TDD networks through IP cameras with CPEs or
IP cameras integrated with CPE functions. Integration-site schemes are adopted
outdoors.
Backend subsystems include central management platforms and controlling centers.
Figure 2-6 Video surveillance networking solution diagram
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A typical networking scheme of the video surveillance system supports the connection
between head-end cameras and backend central management platforms. Wireless backhaul
networks control video surveillance and transmit service data.
In large scale video surveillance, cross-area and leveled monitoring centers will be deployed.
They provide high fidelity video conference systems. In addition, users can connect to
backend servers through the Internet in long distance. These different applications are part of
the end-to-end scheme. They have no relationship with wireless backhaul networks. Therefore
no further analysis will be given.
Except near-end configurations or maintenance, accesses to all front-end cameras should be
initiated from the central management platform.
2.2.1 Connection Between Front-end Cameras and Wireless

Backhaul Networks
A wireless CPE provides a 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet interface, which is connected to an external
device through a network cable. A wireless CPE is connected to a single device, for example,
a camera and an RTU, through a power adapter. It is connected to multi devices also though a
power adapter, but the devices should be previously connected to the power adapter through
hubs or switchers.
2.2.2 Connection Between Central Management Platforms and

Wireless Backhaul Networks
Gateway routers of central platforms are connected to P-GW through 1 G/10 G Ethernet
optical interfaces or 1 G electrical interfaces. The number of 1 G or 10 G ports is determined
by the planned bandwidth and the usage of equipment. Optical fibers are used for the optical
interface. Select multi-mode or single-mode optical fibers according to the distance. Use
multi-mode optical fibers when the distance is less than 10 kilometers.
2.2.3 CPE Management

Wireless CPE is part of the wireless backhaul network. It is managed by the wireless backhaul
network.
Fixed broadband networks adopt TR069-based Automatic Control Server (ACS) for network
management. ACS manages wireless CPEs. The interface connecting ACS and CPE is a
southbound interface and the interface connecting ACS and management systems is a
northbound interface. Southbound interfaces are defined in the TR069 protocol. eWBB2.1
adopts ACS for network management.
2.2.4 Front-end Camera Management

Cameras are front-end devices of the video surveillance system. They are managed by servers
in the system.
Cameras support parameter configurations in the near end before being connected to
networks. The parameter configurations include server addresses, URL addresses, IP
addresses, location information, and authentication information.
After cameras being connected to networks, backend servers will authenticate the access
and configure service parameters.
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The basic network management functions for cameras which are network devices are similar
to those of CPEs. The functions include parameter configurations, version management,
accident management, and performance monitoring.
2.3 Video Surveillance Site Installation

For installation of eNodeBs and eCNS, see installation guide books for network elements. The
following describes the installation of video surveillance sites including wireless CPEs and IP
cameras.
Wireless CPEs in most application scenarios are fixed, which requires planning and
adjustment of installation locations to ensure the best accessibility on the air interface.
2.3.1 Outdoor Video Surveillance

IP cameras and outdoor CPEs are installed on poles or wall-mounted.
CPEs are to some extent lightening resistant. When CPEs are installed in high positions, for
example, on poles, lightening rods are required.
Unified power schemes are given for IP cameras and CPEs.
Power supplies include commercial power supplies, photovoltaic power supplies and
hybrid power supplies. When commercial power supplies are not available, adopt
photovoltaic power supplies.
In nights or bad weather, adopt photovoltaic storage batteries, which guarantee 60 hour
power supply or commercial power storage batteries, which guarantee 12 hour power
supply.
POE interfaces of 48VDC are provided to connect CPEs and Ethernet interfaces are
provided to connect IP cameras. IP cameras are connected to the CPEs Ethernet through
power boxes
Figure 2-7 Schematic drawing of outdoor video surveillance installation (solar powered)
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2.4 Video Surveillance Business Process

1.
LTE access modules connect all monitoring terminals to LTE data domains and register
the terminals on monitoring platforms.
2.
Front-end subsystems collect videos and encode videos.
3.
The LTE data domain, which serves as the bearer channel for video streams, transfers
videos back to the central management platform.
4.
The central management platform stores and transfers media streams.
5.
Users monitor far-end images through PC monitors or TV walls in monitoring centers.
2.5 Technical Specifications

Video surveillance covers two specifications, and wireless video surveillance is based on the
second specification.
E2E performance specification
Specification of the transport network that bears video services
2.5.1 Transport Network Capacity Specifications

The number of cameras in the video surveillance system is determined by the scale of
monitoring networks and the network layout density. The number and bit rate of cameras
equipped with wireless CPEs are closely related to real scenarios.
The bit rate is a key factor that determines the costs of video surveillance. A higher bit rate
brings clearer images and higher costs.
Generally the bit rate is determined by video surveillance requirements and investment scales.
Users should choose a suitable bit rate instead of a higher one. Bit rates may vary by
surveillance sites. Users can raise the bit rate at a certain video surveillance site for clearer
images.
The transport network capacity indicates how many cameras it can bear. It includes the entire
network capacity, the single BBU capacity, and the single sector capacity. The single sector
capacity is number of cameras in the sector. It is in inverse proportion to the bit rate of
cameras.
The single sector capacity indicates the access capability of transport networks. The single
BBU capacity and the network capacity indicate the convergence capacity of transport
networks. The single sector capacity is a key factor which is limited by geographical
environments. In wireless backhaul networks, the single sector capacity is a key factor.
However the number of users and the throughput of BBUs and CNs should also be ensured.
The single sector capacity is related to network parameters including radio access systems,
frequency bands, modulation technologies, transceiver antennas, resource ratios, air interface
situations, moving speed of terminals and the bandwidth requirements.
2.5.2 Transport Network Performance Specifications

The transport network performance specifications mainly include the delay, the jitter, and the
packet loss rate. LTE wireless backhaul networks ensure differentiated performances
according to different QoS.
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Delay
No delay specification has yet been defined by the video surveillance industry. According to
Huawei UC&C project, few customers define specific testing scenarios or testing methods of
the delay value. The delay value is not important for camera types and the encoding
parameters for the delay value are not provided by manufacturers. The delay of LTE wireless
backhaul networks meets the demand of video surveillance systems.
The video surveillance delay refers to the delay on camera access, the delay on control plane,
the delay on transmission of video data, and the delay on handover of cameras. The delay on
uplink data transmission is a key factor in video surveillance. It is the time span from image
collection to image display after backend decoding.
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Access delay
The access delay of wireless CPE terminals is around 150 ms when networks are not
overloaded. It is even within second added with the entire access time, which brings
users more convenience.
Delay on the control plane

When cameras are registered and accessed to the central management platform,
monitoring personnel can configure the cameras at any time. The delay on the control
plane is less than one second, which brings users more convenience.
Delay on video data transmission

The delay on video data transmission is influenced by efficiency of coding and decoding,
networking, network load, and transfer efficiency of distributor platforms. Errors may
occur due to differences in testing methods.
The delay on access from cameras to video surveillance clients is only around 400 ms to
600 ms when the radio environment is favorable.
Delay on the camera switch
Cameras are equipped in specific LTE cells for constant video data transmission. Camp cells
where users have camped on ensure transmission bandwidth through network planning. The
camera handover may lead to decline in video surveillance quality, which requires network
planning for restriction. Cameras are allowed to be switched to other cells only when camp
cells are unavailable.
When Cameras are switched through S1 interfaces, switch delay is less than 200 ms.
Jitter
The delay jitter of video surveillance is mainly caused by the air interface, transport networks,
and network overload. The delay jitter is little when load on the air interface is balanced. The
jitter delay based on IP transport networks is required to be shorter than 8 ms.
Delay reduction methods

Because some customers require specific delay testing, strict testing networks and testing
methods should be defined. Delay reduction methods include the direct connection
between cameras and monitoring clients, hardware decoders, and so on. The methods
vary by application occasions.
Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)
Set different levels of wireless end-to-end delay counters for different QoS through
networking optimization. Delay counters of different services should be considered
comprehensively because network resources are limited. The shorter the end-to-end
delay is, the more resources are consumed. More resource consumption may have
impacts on the performance of other services.
Cameras are connected to monitoring clients directly instead of being forwarded by

bit streams, which reduces the delay. Weather cameras are connected to monitoring
clients directly or through forwarding bit streams, it is determined by project
requirements. Bit rate stream forwarding is the mainstream method.
The delay of hardware decoders is shorter than that of the client software decoders.
The delay is even shorter when images are displayed on TV walls after being decoded
by hardware.

17
2 Solution
Packet Loss Rate

According to statistics from commercial network, average packet loss rate on air is less than
0.5%.
QoS of LTE Bearer Network

The bearer network's QoS must meet specific requirements of LTE services to guarantee the
wireless network's KPIs. If the QoS cannot meet the demands, the network quality will
decline.
Table 2-2 QoS of LTE bearer network
S1 interface
X2 interface
Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)
Indicator
Best
Recommended
Worst
Delay
5 ms
10 ms
20 ms
Jitter
2 ms
4 ms
8 ms
Packet loss rate
0.0001%
0.001%
0.05%
Delay
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
Jitter
4 ms
7 ms
10 ms
Packet loss rate
0.0001%
0.001%
0.05%

18
3 Key Technologies
Key Technologies
3.1 TDD Uplink and Downlink Subframe Ratio

The TDD LTE supports flexible uplink and downlink subframe ratios. When the subframe
ratio is 0 (uplink subframe to downlink subframe is 3:1), the uplink and downlink throughput
reach the maximum amount. For networks focusing on video surveillance, subframe ratio can
be set as 0 to expand uplink camera capacity.
Figure 3-1 TDD uplink and downlink subframe ratio
The timeslot ratio is 0, which must be compatible with eNodeBs and terminals, and be
supported by TDD eNodeBs of eRAN3.1 for eWBB2.1.
Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)

19
3 Key Technologies
3.2 Uplink VMIMO

In VMIMO mode, the same frequency resources are multiplexed by many terminals, which
raises the uplink throughput of cells. The system gain of VMIMO is determined by Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) of terminals sharing same resources and the relevance
between user channels.
When the SINR of two users is high and the relevance between channels is low, the
interference can be easily cleared. Virtual MIMO can fully make use of channels to
increase cell capacity.
When the SINR of two users is low and the relevance between channels is high, the
interference cannot be easily cleared. Virtual MIMO may lead to decline in the system
throughput.
Figure 3-2 Uplink VMIMO
The pairing of VMIMO highly consumes hardware resources. Huawei only supports the
paring between two users. A single cell can use a maximum of 32 RBs. Uplink VMIMO can
not apply with timeslot ratio as 0.
Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)

20
4 Promotion
Promotion
The advantages of eWBB video surveillance are as follows:
Low costs and wide coverage

The LTE wireless transmission shortens networking construction and reduces
investments. This solution is suitable for areas where the cabling is difficult or expensive
and remote areas, especially unmanned areas including oil fields, dams, forests, and
coasts.
Flexible expansion
The flexible networking allows operators to expand terminals at any time. The network
capacity expansion is convenient, which reduces maintenance costs.
Mobile surveillance
The mobile surveillance allows mobile monitoring and expands video surveillance fields.
Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)

21
A Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronyms and Abbreviations
B
BBU
Base Band Unit
C
CN
Core Network
CPE
Customer Premises Equipment
E
eNodeB
evolved NodeB
eCNS
evolved Core Network System
F
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
LTE
Long Term Evolution
TDD
Time Division Duplex
O
ODU
Outdoor Unit
Q
QoS
Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)
Quality of Service

22
A Acronyms and Abbreviations
R
RRU
Remote Radio Unit
V
VMIMO
Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11)
Virtual MIMO

23

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