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Protection
The year of Profitable Growth
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.
Generator Protection
Underexcitation Protection
(Loss of Field protection)
Presenter: Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann
PTD PA13
Phone +49 911 433 8266
E-Mail: Hans-Joachim.Herrmann@siemens.com
Power Automation
Countermeasure:
GS
3~
excitation
device
Underexcitation Protection
Note: This protection is also called
Loss of Field Protection
Power Automation
Influence Quantities:
? type of construction of the generator
? design of the excitation
? grid conditions
? magnitude of delivered active power
? type of the voltage and power regulator
Consequences:
? rotor acceleration
? local overheating in the rotor and stator
? over-voltages in the rotor
? mechanical shocks onto the foundation
? grid starts oscillating
Power Automation
VP
ZL
machine equation:
VP = V - I jX
cylindrical-rotor machine:
(turbo generator)
X~Xd; VP = V- jXd I
salient-pole machine:
(hydro generator)
exact:
X:=Xq; Xd
Vector diagram:
Re
Vp
I jX
V
Iexc
?
?
V / jX
? = rotor angle
? = load angle
Im
reduced:
VP = V - j(XdId + XqIq)
VP ~ V - jXqI
Power Automation
Definition:
Preferred design
+Q
(Var)
+P
(W)
Operating
area
over excited
under excited
+P
(W)
Static
stability
limit
under
excited
Operating
area
over
excited
+Q
(Var)
Static stability
limit
Power Automation
0,85
type of generator:
0,8
0,85
0,9
MW
0,95
0,975
0,975
0,95
0,9
220
200
180
0,8
TLRI 108/46
200
MVA
15.750 kV
7.331 kA
50.0
Hz
0.8
40.00 C
0,7
160
140
0,7
0,6
120
0,6
100
80
0,4
60
0,4
40
cosphi
cosphi
0,2
0,2
60
underexcited
40 20
20
40
Q
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 MVAr
overexcited
Power Automation
steady
state
stability
limit
dynamic
stability
limit
turbine limit
stator limit
theoretically
limit
VP If
SN
rotor limit
?N
?N
VN
; ? SN
X 'd
VN
Xd
underexcited
P [p.u]
1
Stability
limit
0.85
V=1; I=1;
V=0.9; I= 1.11
overexcited
underexcited
0.81/xd
Q [p.u]
1/xd
Power Automation
Power Automation
10
Complex Power:
S ? V ?I
Admittance:
S? P ? jQ
I
Y?
V
Y ? G ? jB
G: Conductance
B: Susceptance
Transformation:
?
P - jQ
I ?V
S*
Y?
?
?
?
?
2
2
V
V
V ?V
+
P
G? 2
V
Q
B? - 2
V
Q
P
j
V2
V2
+
Power Automation
11
- steady
Power Automation
12
char.3
char.2
char.1
G[p.u.]
?3
B[p.u.] x
d3
1
x d1
?2
1
x d2
?1
1
1
x d1 ? x
d
? 1 = 80
1
1
x d2 ? 0.9 ? xd1
? 2 = 90
1
2
x d3 ? 1 or ? x d
? 3 = 100 or 110
Power Automation
13
Combination of
?
Case no. 1:
Case no. 2:
Case no. 3:
Case no. 4:
Power Automation
14
SN = 200 MVA
VN = 15,75 kV
Q = 90 MVAr
16kV / 100V
3
3
knl = 8000A/1A
?U ?
? N?
? 3?
?
?
Q
3
2
U
? N ? 2,76?
Q
xd ? X d ?
3 IN
? 2,22 or
UN
x d ? SN ? 2,22
Q
xdsek ? xd
U ?I
UN,G ?INsek ?knl
? xd N,G pN,W ? 2,38
UNsek ?I N,G?knU
I N,G?UpN,W
? 1 ? 80?
Power Automation
15
Measuring Algorithm
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.
I L1 , I L2 , I L3 ,
V L1 , V L2 , V L3 ,
7UM6
I L ? I rL ? j I iL ,
V L ? VrL ? j ViL ,
GS
3~
iL1,2,3
fourier filter
(50Hz)
uL1,2,3
symmetr.
comp.
I1
V1
S?U I*
V1
S? P? jQ
Y ?
S
2
U1
Y ?
1
1
? j
? G ? jB
R
X
Power Automation
16
X[p.u.]
R[p.u.]
0.5 xd
Char.1
xd
Char.2
approximation
of stability
limit
Summary:
? Measuring principle is from the electro-
17
Transformation rule:
A circle without zero crossing inverted becomes again a circle
Impedance plane
X[p.u.]
Admittance plane
1
Y?
Z
G[p.u.]
R[p.u.]
0.5 xd
Char.1
B[p.u.]
xd
2
1
?
2 ?x d ? x ,d x d
Char. 2
2
x ,d
2
?1
,
2 ? xd
Power Automation
18
0,5 Xd = 0,13
Admittance Plane
Impedance Plane
2.5
1.25
0.33
0.67
0
1
1.33
1.25
1.67
2
2.5
1
0.5
0.5
2.5
1.75
0.25
0.5
1/Xd = 0,55
Diameter: Xd = 1,81
2/Xd = 1,1
Power Automation
19
Impedance principle
Admittance principle
Admittance Plane
Trajectory in the
case of underexcitation
with 100% excitation
loss
Generator
diagram
0
Settings:
xd = 0,27
xd = 1,81
2/Xd = 7,4
Note:
B-axis is for mathematical
reasons multiplied by -1
1/Xd = 0,55
Power Automation
20
1
R
II
5,5
1
2,5
?
2
X?
d
2
X
d
Power Automation
21
Test condition: P=160 MW Q=25 MVar; If = 1,87 If0; Voltage regulator failure: V= 1,05
0,8
Relay settings: Char 1 = 0.55 ? 80, 10s; Char 2 = 0.51 ? 90, 10s; Char 3 =1.1 ? 110, 0s
Power Automation
22
4
1 ?10
in V in V
Prim. Spannung
Voltage
7500
U0
U1
U2
i
i
5000
i
2500
0.354
Strom in A in A
Prim. Current
1.229
?10 4
I0
I1
I2
0
4
1.5 ?10 94.986
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3
2.483 ?10
ta
i
Zeit in ms
4
1 ?10
i
i
0.086
5000
0
94.986
500
1000
1500
ta
i ms
Time
in
Zeit in ms
2000
2500
2.483
?10 3
Power Automation
23
Reactance in Ohm
0.5
0.5
Load
point
0.5
XZ( p )
XZS ( p )
1.5
All
impedances
are primary
values
2.5 2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
R ?RZ( p ) ?RZS ( p )
i
1.5
Resistance in Ohm
2
2
Power Automation
24
150
100
G1
Load
point
Ch1 ( l )
Ch2 ( l )
Ch3 ( m )
50
250
237.814
200
150
100
B1 ?l ?l ?m
i
50
50
12.87
Power Automation
25
Test condition: P=40 MW Q=25 MVar; If = 1,4 If0; Voltage regulator failure: V= 1,05
0,7
Relay settings: Char 1 = 0.55 ? 80, 10s; Char 2 = 0.51 ? 90, 10s; Char 3 =0.9 ? 100, 0s
Power Automation
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Load
point
Reactance
in in
Ohm
Primrwiderstand
Ohm
X1
Im( Z( p ) )
Generator oscillates
near pickup characteristic
Im( ZS ( p ) )
2
1.103
R1 ?Re ( Z( p ) ) ?Re( ZS ( p ) )
i
Primrwiderstan
in Ohm
Ohm
Resistance in
7
6.446
Power Automation
27
50
50
Leitwerte in Prozent
40
Underexcited
region for 3.2 s
30
G( i )
Ch1 ( l )
Ch2 ( l )
20
Load
point
Ch3 ( m )
Oscillating near
the characteristic
10
0
5
100
100
80
60
40
20
20
B ( i ) ?l ?l ?m
Leitwerte in Prozent
12.066
Power Automation
28