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I1
I2
I4
I3
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0 ?
? I=0
Definition:
Currents, which flow into the knot (protected object), are counted positive.
Currents, which flow out of the knot (protected object), are counted negative.
Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar
I1F
Protected
object
IS1
?I
I2F
IP1
IP2
IS2
IS1
IP2
Protected
object
IF
IS2
IS2
?I
IDiff = I1 + I2
internal fault
IDiff = I1 + I2
(1/2)
Ct 1:
e1= - 5%
Protected
object
IS1=
0.95IP1
Ct 2:
e2 = +5%
IDiff = 0.1IP1
?I
IP2 = -IP1
IF
IS2=
1.05IP2
(2/2)
IP1
CT 2:
e2 = + 5%
Protected
object
IRest
IP2 = -IP1
IF
IS1=
0.95IP1
IDiff
Setting due to
magnetising or
charging currents
IDiff=
IS1+IS2
IN
Trip
Block
IDiff>
10
Diff.
Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Protection
3000/1A
2L1
2L2
2L3
I2L1?
I2L2?
I2L3?
750/1A
I2*L1
?I1L1
I2*L2
?I1L2
I2*L3
?I1L3
1L1
1L2
1L3
I1L1
530
I2*L2
I1L2ku /v3
I1L3
I1L2
-I1L1ku /v3
I2*L1
Principles Transf. Diff 8
I L1sec ?
SN
I
? NCT1sec
3 ?U N I NCTlprim
I1L1sec ?
100MVA 1A
?
? 0.7A
3 ?110kV 750A
I2 L1sec ?
I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0
100MVA 1A
?
? 0.96A
3 ?20kV 3000A
(1/2)
ILoad=
525A
750/1A
L1
2887A
L2
L3
0.7A
0.96A
Diff.
IR
29
Wdg.
23
Wdg.
Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Prot.
Matching transformer
-Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling
IR = 0.555v3 = 0.96A
Principles Transf. Diff 10
L1
L2
L3
3I0
IL1(S2) = -IL1(S1) , IL3(S2) = IL1(S1)
IL3(S2)
I L1(S2)
IL1(S1)
1
positive
sequence
I1
No Problem for
Differential Protection
- 530
IL1(S1)= I1 + I2 + I0 = 3I0
IL1(S2) = I1 + I2
IL2(S2) = a2I1 + aI2 = 0
IL3(S2) = aI1 + a2I2
+ 530
negative
sequence
I2
No Problem for
Differential Protection
I0
Differential Protection
I0 elimination nessesary
+
zero sequence
(2/2)
750/1A
~
~
L1
13655A
L2
L3
3I0
4.55A
5.73A
Diff.
IR
29
Wdg.
IP=
4300A
23
Wdg.
Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Prot.
Matching transformer
-Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling
?I1 L1P
I2 L2P ?
?I1 L2P
I2 L3P ?
2L3
I2 L1S
I2 L2S
I2 L3S
(1/2)
CT 1
750/1A
1L1
1L2
?I1 L3P
I2 A
Current
Vector
Io
value
group
handling
I2 B
adaptation
adaptation
CT 2
I2 C
I1 A
comparison
?I
I1 B
Io
handling
I1 C
Current
value
adaptation
CT 1
1L3
I1 L1S
I1 L2S
I1 L3S
(2/2)
slope 2
Total error
2.0
Block
45
1.5
CT- error
1.0
slope 1
0.5
IDiff>
0
1.0
Characteristic:
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
IDiff = f (IRest)
IRest = |I1| + |I2|
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
I Rest InO
Inrush
(1 of
iDiff = i1
i1
Y Y
t=0
i1
i2 = 0
t
even
2. Harm.
Inrush
iDiff = i1
i1
t=0
i1
I2 = 0
t
i1
t=0
Inrush -T2
-T2
i1
-T1: iDiff = i1
I2 = 0
t=0
(2 of 2)
filter window
1 cycle
iRUSH
= iDiff
1P
I2har
IDiff
2P
L2-block
L3-block
3P t
block
Setting
value
15 %
L1-block
L1-block
L2-block
OR
=1
L3-block
no block
0
recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to basic wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
Principles Transf. Diff 17
Internal
fault
IDiff>>
Inrush
IDiff>
3 cycles
Cross Blocking
(1/2)
iDiff = i1 + i2
uneven
5. Harm.
i2
i1
even
and
uneven
LV
i1
i2
i1
iDiff = i1 + i2
iDiff = i1
even
and
uneven
LV
I2 0
(2/2)
I Diff
InO
IDiff>>
7
6
Trip
45
Block
5
D
C
4
3
Add-on
Stabilisation
2
1
Begin of saturation
IDiff>
0 0
A
10
12
14
16
I Rest
InO
Block
45
Trip
AddStabilisation
measured value
pre-processing
( vector gr. ,Cts )
i1L
iRest = i1 + i2
side 1
i2L
iDiff = i1 + i2
side 2
Tripping characteristic,
saturation detection
IDiff
IDiff>
IRest
&
Trip
IDiff>
=1
Trip
IDiff>>
Motor start
DC off set
analysing of harmonics:
-block by 2. & 3. or 5.har
-cross block
iRest IRest
IDiff
IDiff
IDiff>>
I / InO
I / InO
iDiff
ms
iDiff
kIDiff>>
ms
(1/2)
SN = 100 MVA
UN2 = 20 kV
IP2 = 2750A
(load current)
UN1 = 110 kV
3000/1A
750/1A
Side 2
Side 1
InO1 = 525A
InO2 = 2887A
IS2 = -0.916A
IP1 = 500A
(load current)
7UT6
7UM62
IS1 = 0.66A
measured
secondary currents
IDiff = ?
IRest = ?
(2/2)
SN
3 ?U N
I nO ?
2. Correction factor
kW ?
I* = kW IS
I NCT
InO
Calculation example:
SN = 100MVA
UN1 =
IN1CT =
110kV
750A
UN2 =
IN2CT =
20kV
3000A
Correction factors:
kW1 =
1.428
kW2 =
1.039
IDiff =
0A
Load conditions:
Ip1 =
500A
Ip2 =
2750A
IRest =
1.9A
Secondary
currents:
Is1 =
0.666A
Is2 =
-0.916A
IDiff =
0InO
I1* =
0.95A
I2* =
-0.95A
IRest =
1.9InO
Matched currents:
Principles Transf. Diff 24
two winding
transformer
1 or 3 phases
1 CB method
on
one side
7UT613
7UT633
7UT612
7UM62
7UT613
7UT633
Unit Protection
1 CB method
on two sides
Y
7UT635
7UT635
G
3~