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Revista Integracin
Escuela de Matemticas
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Vol. XX, No. XX, XXXX, pg. 121
xxxx xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x xxx x x
xxxxxxx
Edinson Fuentes a, , Luis E. Garza b .
a
xxxx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Resumen. Dada una sucesin de momentos {cn }nZ asociada a un funcional
1.
Introduction
(1)
z j q(z)iL ,
hp(z), q(z)iLj = hp(z), q(z)iL + mhz j p(z), q(z)iL + mhp(z),
(2)
2.
Preliminares
Let L be a linear functional in the linear space of Laurent polynomials ( = span{z k }kZ )
such that L is Hermitian, i.e.
cn = hL, z n i = hL, z n i = cn , n Z.
The complex numbers {cn }nZ are said to be the moments associated with L. Under
this conditions, a bilinear functional can be defined in the linear space P = span{z k }kN
of polynomials with complex coefficients by
hp(z), q(z)iL = hL, p(z)
q (z 1 )i,
p, q P.
[Revista Integracin
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c0
c1
..
.
T=
cn
..
.
c1
c0
..
.
cn+1
..
.
cn
cn1
..
..
.
.
c0
..
.
..
.
(4)
{n }n0 is said to be the sequence of orthonormal polynomials with respect to . Denoting by n the leading coefficient of n (z), n (z) = n (z)/n is the corresponding
sequence of monic orthogonal polynomials. These polynomials satisfy the following forward and backward recurrence relations (see [5], [9], [10])
n+1 (z) = zn (z) + n+1 (0)n (z), n 0,
2
n+1 (z) =
1 |n+1 (0)| zn (z) + n+1 (0)n+1 (z),
(7)
n 0,
(8)
where n (z) = z n n (z 1 ) is the so-called reversed polynomial and the complex numbers
{n (0)}n1 are known as Verblunsky, Schur or reflection parameters. It is important to
notice that in the positive definite case we get |n (0)| < 1, n 1, and
kn = hn , n iL > 0, n 0.
Moreover,
kn =
det Tn
,
det Tn1
n 1, k0 = c0 .
(9)
n
X
j (y)j (z)
j=0
kj
(10)
(11)
(i,j)
for every polynomial p of degree at most n. Kn (z, y) be the ith and jth partial
derivative of Kn (z, y) with respecto to z and y respectively.
On the other hand,
n (z) = kn Kn (z, 0), n 0.
(12)
k=1
ck z k .
(13)
If L is a positive definite functional, then (13) is analytic in D and its real part is positive
in D. In such a case, (13) is called Carathodory function, and can be represented by
the Riesz-Herglotz transform
Z i
e +z
F (z) =
d(),
i z
e
T
where is the positive measure associated with L. By extension, for a quasi-definite
linear functional, we will call (13) its corresponding Carathodory function.
Given a linear functional L, some perturbations that have been studied in the literature
are (see [2])
(1) The Christoffel transformation d
C = |z |2 d, |z| = 1, C.
(2) The Uvarov transformation d
U = d+Mc (z)+M c (z
C.
(3) The Geronimus transformation d
G =
C {0}, Mc C, || =
6 1.
d
|z|2
), C{0}, Mc
+ Mc (z ) + M c (z
),
The so-called Christoffel (FC ), Uvarov (FU ), and Geronimus (FG ) transformations, respectively. A rational spectral transformation of a Carathodory function F (z) is a
transformation of the form
A(z)F (z) + B(z)
,
F (z) =
C(z)F (z) + D(z)
where A(z), B(z), C(z) and D(z) are polynomials in z with AD BC 6= 0, and such
that F (z) is analytic in D and has positive real part therein. Again, if C(z) 0, the
transformation is said to be linear. The three transformations defined above correspond
to linear spectral transformations, when they are expressed in terms of the corresponding
Carathodory functions (see [7]).
Perturbations (1) (3) are related by
[Revista Integracin
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1
|d(cos )|,
2
(14)
1
(cos )| sin |d.
2
(15)
1
where x = z+z2 , z = x + x2 1 and S(x) Stieltjes functions ( the real line analog
P
(n+1)
of the Carathdory functions, given by S(x) =
, where {n }n0 are the
n=0 n x
moments associated with the measure on the real line) (see [8]). In the literature, this
relation is known as the Szego transformation. Conversely, if is a positive, nontrivial
Borel measure with support in the unit circle such that its moments are real, then there
exists a positive, nontrivial Borel measure , supported in [1, 1], such that (14) holds.
This is called the inverse Szego transformation.
3.
cn = hL , z n i = hz n , 1iL =
cn ,
cn + M n ,
if
n
/ ,
if n ,
cn + M n , if
(19)
n .
In other words, L perturbs the moments cr and cr with r , from the sequence of
moments associated with L. The rest of the moments remain unchanged. This is, the
Toeplitz matrix associated with L is equal to the Toeplitz matrix associated with L,
except for the r-ths and r-ths moments, which are equal to cr + M r and cr + Mr ,
respectively, and therefore L is also Hermitian.
Furthermore, if F (z) is the Carathodory function associated with L , then
X
F (z) = F (z) + 2
Mr z r ,
(20)
0
Mr
0
..
.
0
Mr
X
..
..
..
..
e =T+
T
.
Mr
.
.
.
.
r 0
Mr
0
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
{z
}
|
Mr esta en la rsima subdiagonal.
Algunas observaciones sobre notacin
Se denotara por A(s1 ,s2 ;l1 ,l2 ;r) la matriz de tamao (s2 s1 + 1) (l2 l1 + 1) cuyas
entradas son a(s,l)r donde s1 s s2 y l1 l l2 , por ejemplo
a(2,4)6 a(2,5)6
,
A(2,3;4,5;6) =
a(3,4)6 a(3,5)6
de igual manera para las matrices B(s1 ,s2 ;l1 ,l2 ;r) y A(s1 ,s2 ;l1 ,l2 ;r) .
[Revista Integracin
xxxxxxxxx xxxxx
(0)
(n1)
n (0) = [n (0), , n
(0)
(n1)
(0)].
donde
Qrn = (In +
(0,nr)
Mr
Kn1 (z, 0)
,
(n r)!
(21)
Srn )1 ,
Wrn = n (0)
M r n!C(0,n1;n,n;r) ,
r
(0,r)
Mr
Kn1 (z,0)
0!r!
..
(0,2r1)
Kn1
(z,0)
Mr (r1)!(2r1)!
(0,0)
(0,2r)
K
(z,0)
K
(z,0)
+ M r n1
Mr n1
r!(2r)!
r!0!
..
Krn1 (z, 0) =
.
(0,n2r1)
(0,n1)
(z,0)
M Kn1 (z,0) + M Kn1
r (nr1)!(n2r1)!
r (nr1)!(n1)!
(0,n2r)
Kn1
(z,0)
M r (nr)!(n2r)!
..
(0,nr1)
Kn1
(z,0)
M r (n1)!(nr1)! .
(22)
1 Cuando sea un conjunto unitario en [2] fue estudiado, ms particular cuando = {0} se estudi
en [1].
y
Srn
Mr A(0,r1;0,r1)
= Mr A(r,nr1;0,r1)
Mr A(nr,n1;0,r1)
M r C(0,r1;nr,n1)
M r C(r,nr1;nr,n1) ,
M r C(nr,n1;nr,n1)
B(0,r1;r,nr1)
B(r,nr1;r,nr1)
B(nr,n1;r,nr1)
a(s,l)r =
Kn1 (0, 0)
,
l!(l + r)!
(s,lr)
(s,l+r)
b(s,l)r = Mr
K
(0, 0)
Kn1 (0, 0)
+ M r n1
,
l!(l + r)!
l!(l r)!
(s,lr)
c(s,l)r
K
(0, 0)
.
= n1
l!(l r)!
Adems
n = kn +
k
con
(nr)
Mr
n
(0)
6= 0, n 1,
(n r)!
(r)
Mr n0!r!(0)
..
.
(2r1)
n
(0)
Mr (r1)!(2r1)!
(2r)
(0)
(0)
n
Mr r!(2r)!
+ M r nr!0!(0)
..
Yrn =
.
(0)
M n(n) (0) + M (n2r)
n
r (nr)!(n)!
r (nr)!(n2r)!
(n2r+1)
n
(0)
M r (nr+1)!(n2r+1)!
..
(nr1)
n
(0)
M r (n1)!(nr1)!
(23)
(24)
n1
X
n,k k (z),
(25)
k=0
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donde, 0 k n 1,
n,k =
=
hn (z), k (z)iL
kn
hn (z), k (z)iL
Mr
dy
Mr
Ty
dy
n (y)k (y) 2iy
kk
Z
X Mr Z
X
Mr
dy
dy
=
,
y r n (y)k (y)
y r n (y)k (y)
kk T
2iy
kk T
2iy
r
observe que hn (z), k (z)iL 6= 0 pero hn (z), k (z)iL = 0, porque {n (z)}n0 debe ser
ortogonal con respecto a L y n > k.
Mr
Mr
y n (y)
T
n1
X
k=0
n (y)
k (z)k (y) dy
kk
2iy
n1
X
k=0
k (z)k (y) dy
kk
2iy
Z
Z
X
dy
dy
= n (z)
Mr y r n (y)Kn1 (z, y)
.
M r y r n (y)Kn1 (z, y)
2iy
2iy
T
T
r
n
(l)
X
n (0)
l!
l=0
=
=
n
(l)
X
n (0)
l=0
n+r
X
l=r
y para |y| = 1,
Kn1 (z, y) =
tambin como
Z
dy
y rt 2iy
T
l=0
dy
=
2iy
=
(lr)
n (0) l
y,
(l r)!
(0,l)
Kn1 (z, 0) 1
,
l!
yl
Z n+r
(0,l)
X n(lr) (0) n1
X Kn1
(z, 0) 1 dy
yl
(l r)!
l!
y l 2iy
T
l=r
n1
X n(lr) (0)
(l r)!
l=r
nr1
X
l=0
y l+r
y r n (y)Kn1 (z, y)
n1
X
l!
yl
l=0
(0,l)
Kn1 (z, 0)
l!
(0,l+r)
(l)
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
.
(l)!
(l + r)!
10
De igual manera
Z
y r n (y)Kn1 (z, y)
(0,l)
nr
X n(l+r) (0) Kn1
(z, 0)
dy
=
2iy
(l + r)!
l!
l=0
n
X
l=r
(0,lr)
(l)
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
.
(l)!
(l r)!
n (z) = n (z)
Mr
nr1
X
l=0
(0,l+r)
(0,lr)
(l)
X n(l) (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
Mr
(l)!
(l + r)!
(l)!
(l r)!
l=r
(26)
(0,l+r)
(0,l+r)
(0,l+r)
r1 (l)
nr1
(l)
X n(l) (0) Kn1
(z, 0)
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0) X n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
=
+
,
(l)!
(l + r)!
l!
(l + r)!
l!
(l + r)!
l=0
l=r
tambin
(0,lr)
n
(l)
X
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
l=r
(l)!
(l r)!
nr1
X
l=r
(0,lr)
(0,lr)
n
(l)
(l)
X
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
+
.
(l)!
(l r)!
(l)!
(l r)!
l=nr
Mr
(0,l+r)
r1 (l)
X
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
l!
l=0
nr1
X
l=r
(l)
n (0)
l!
(0,lr)
n
(l)
X
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
+ Mr
(l + r)!
(l)!
(l r)!
l=nr
!!
(0,lr)
(0,l+r)
Kn1 (z, 0)
Kn1 (z, 0)
Mr
.
+ Mr
(l + r)!
(l r)!
(27)
(s)
n (0)
Mr
(s,l+r)
r1 (l)
X
n (0) Kn1 (0, 0)
l!
l=0
nr1
X
l=r
(l)
n (0)
l!
(s,lr)
n
(l)
X
n (0) Kn1 (0, 0)
+ Mr
(l + r)!
(l)!
(l r)!
l=nr
!!
(s,lr)
(s,l+r)
Kn1 (0, 0)
Kn1 (0, 0)
Mr
.
+ Mr
(l + r)!
(l r)!
(s)
n (0)
Mr
r1
X
l=0
nr1
X
l=r
+ Mr
n
X
l=nr
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11
xxxxxxxxx xxxxx
donde
(s,l+r)
a(s,l)r =
Kn1 (0, 0)
,
l!(l + r)!
(s,lr)
(s,l+r)
b(s,l)r = Mr
(0, 0)
K
Kn1 (0, 0)
+ M r n1
,
l!(l + r)!
l!(l r)!
(s,lr)
c(s,l)r
Al escribir
Srn+1
Mr A(0,r1;0,r1)
= Mr A(r,nr1;0,r1)
Mr A(nr,n;0,r1)
K
(0, 0)
= n1
.
l!(l r)!
B(0,r1;r,nr1)
B(r,nr1;r,nr1)
B(nr,n;r,nr1)
M r C(0,r1;nr,n)
M r C(r,nr1;nr,n) .
M r C(nr,n;nr,n)
Observe que en la ltima fila estamos derivando n-veces el kernel Kn1 (z, 0) por lo tanto
(n)
est fila es cero, de igual manera en la ltima columna tenemos que n (0) = n!, entonces
la matriz Sn+1 se reduce a
Mr A(0,r1;0,r1)
B(0,r1;r,nr1)
M r C(0,r1;nr,n1)
r
Sn+1 = Mr A(r,nr1;0,r1) B(r,nr1;r,nr1) M r C(r,nr1;nr,n1)
Mr A(nr,n1;0,r1) B(nr,n1;r,nr1) M r C(nr,n1;nr,n1)
+
M r n!C(0,n1;n,n;r)
Srn
+ M r n!C(0,n1;n,n;r) ,
(28)
Wrn .
(n)
Si se usa (22) y teniendo en cuenta que n (0) = n!, la ecuacin (27) se convierte en
n (z) = n (z)
Tn (0)Krn1 (z, 0)
(0,nr)
K
(z, 0)
M r n1
,
(n r)!
Sustituyendo (29)
n (z) = n (z)
(Wrn )T (In +
N
X
r=j
(0,nr)
Mr
Kn1 (z, 0)
,
(n r)!
(30)
12
n = hn (z), n (z)iL
k
= hn (z), n (z)iL +
Z X
n
n
(l)
(l)
X
X
dz
(0)
(0)
n
n
M r
z l+r
z l
= kn +
l!
l!
2iz
T
r
l=0
l=0
Z
n
n
(l)
X
X n(l) (0)
X
dz
(0)
n
M r
+
z lr
z l
l!
l!
2iz
T
r
l=0
l=0
n
nr
(lr)
(l)
X
X
X n(l) (0) (l+r)
(0)
(0)
(0)
n
n
n
M r
= kn +
+ Mr
l!
(l + r)!
l!
(l r)!
r
l=r
l=0
n1
nr
(lr)
(nr)
(l)
X
X
X n(l) (0) (l+r)
(0)
n
(0)
n (0) n (0) X
n
M r
+
+ Mr
= kn +
Mr
l!
(l + r)!
l!
(l r)!
(n r)!
r
r
l=r
l=0
r1
nr
(l+r)
(l+r)
(lr)
X
X n(l) (0) n (0) X n(l) (0)
M r
Mr n (0) + M r n (0)
= kn +
+
l!
(l + r)!
l!
(l + r)!
(l r)!
r
l=0
l=r
n1
(nr)
X
X n(l) (0) (lr)
(0) X
n
(0)
n
M r
+
.
+
Mr
l!
(l r)!
(n r)!
l=nr+1
n = kn +
k
Tn (0)Yrn (0) +
(nr)
Mr
n
(0)
,
(n r)!
n = kn +
k
(Wrn )T
r
(In +
N
X
r=j
Srn )1
Yrn +
(nr)
Mr
n
(0)
.
(n r)!
P
Recprocamente, asumiendo que In + r Srn es no singular para todo n 1 y definiendo
{n }n0 como en (21). Se Demostrara que {n }n0 es ortogonal con respecto a L .
[Revista Integracin
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xxxxxxxxx xxxxx
nr1
X
l=0
nr1
X
l=0
de igual manera
* n
(0,lr)
X n(l) (0) Kn1
(z, 0)
l!
l=j
(l r)!
Tambin
r
hz n (z), k (z)iL =
=
(l+r)
(l)
(0)
n (0) k
,
l!
(l + r)!
, k (z)
n
(lr)
(l)
X
(0)
n (0)
k
l!
l=r
(l r)!
dz
2iz
! k
n
(l)
l
X (l)
X n (0)z l
(0)z
n
dz
l!
l!
2iz
z r n (z)k (z)
T
zr
T
l=0
l=0
nr1
X
l=0
(l)
n (0) (l+r) hk , k iL
(0)
l!(l + r)! k
kk
(l+r)
(l)
(0)
n (0) k
,
l!
(l + r)!
hn (z), z r k (z)iL =
n
(lr)
(l)
X
(0)
n (0)
k
l!
l=r
(l r)!
= hn (z), n (z)iL
Mr
*nr1
(0,l+r)
X n(l) (0) Kn1
(z, 0)
*
l=0
(l)!
(l + r)!
(0,lr)
n
(l)
X
n (0) Kn1 (z, 0)
, k (z)
+
, k (z)
(l r)!
L
nr1
n
(l+r)
(lr)
(l)
(l)
X
X
X n (0)
X n (0)
(0)
(0)
k
k
+
+
Mr
Mr
l!
(l + r)!
l!
(l r)!
= 0.
l=0
Mr
l=r
(l)!
l=r
14
= hn (z), n (z)iL +
dz
M r
z l+r
z l
= kn +
l!
l!
2iz
T
l=0
r
l=0
Z X
n
n
(l)
(l)
X
X
(0)
(0)
dz
n
n
M r
+
z lr
z l
l!
l!
2iz
T
r
l=0
l=0
nr
n
(lr)
(l)
X n(l) (0) (l+r)
X
X
(0)
(0)
(0)
n
n
n
M r
+ Mr
= kn +
l!
(l + j)!
l!
(l r)!
l=0
r
l=r
n1
nr
(lr)
(nr)
(l)
X
X
X n(l) (0) (l+r)
X
(0)
(0)
n
(0)
(0)
n
n
n
M r
+
= kn +
Mr
+ Mr
l!
(l + j)!
l!
(l r)!
(n r)!
X
= kn +
6= 0,
Z X
n
(l)
n (0)
n
(l)
X
n (0)
l=r
l=0
Tn (0)Yrn (0) +
(nr)
Mr
n
(0)
(n r)!
4.
Let be a positive measure supported in the unit circle such that its corresponding
moments {cn }nZ are real. Assume also that the perturbed measure
, defined by
(18), is positive and that Mr with r is real, so the moments associated with
are also real. Our goal in this Section is to determine the relation between the positive
Borel measures and
, supported in [1, 1], which are associated with and
,
respectively, via the inverse Szego transformation. This relation will be stated in terms
of the corresponding the measure and sequences of moments.
Proposition 4.1. Let be a positive nontrivial Borel measure with real moments supported
in the unit circle, and let be its corresponding measure in [1, 1], obtained through the
inverse Szego transformation. Let {cn }nZ and {n }n0 be their corresponding sequences
of moments. Assume that
, defined by (18) with r and Mr R, is positive. Then,
[Revista Integracin
15
xxxxxxxxx xxxxx
the measure
, obtained by applying the inverse Szego transformation to
(j,N ) , is given
by
dx
2X
,
(31)
Mr Tr (x)
d
= d +
1 x2
r
n ,
n =
P
n + 2 r Mr B(n, r),
if
0 n < rm ,
if
rm n,
(32)
[r/2]
r X (1)k (r k 1)!(2)r2k
,
2
k!(r 2k)!
k=0
k
r2k
X
r
(1) (r k 1)!(2)
B(n, r) =
2
k!(r 2k)!
[r/2]
(r+n2k)/2
k=0
i=1
r + n 2k (2i 1)
.
r + n 2k 2(i 1)
Proof. Notice that, setting z = ei , x = cos , and taking into account that the inverse
Szego transformation applied to the normalized Lebesgue measure d/2 yields the first
kind Chebyshev measure dx
, the measure
obtained by applying the inverse Szego
1x2
transformation to
is given by
p
p
X
dx
Mr (x + i 1 x2 )r + Mr (x + i 1 x2 )r
1 x2
r
X
dx
= d +
(Mr (cos r + i sin r) + Mr (cos r i sin r))
1 x2
r
X
cos(r)dx
= d + 2
Mr
1 x2
r
Tr (x)dx
2X
,
Mr
= d +
1 x2
r
d
( = d +
where Tr (x) := cos(r) are the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Notice that a
measure that changes its sign in the interval [1, 1] is added to d. Then, the moments
associated with
are given by
Z 1
Z 1
Tr (x)dx
2X
n
.
Mr
xn
n =
x d
(x) = n +
1 x2
1
1
r
Vol. XX, No. XX, XXXX]
16
As a consequence, by the orthogonality of Tr (x), we obtain for the nth moments with
n
/
n ,
if 0 n < rm ,
(33)
n =
R1
P
(x)dx
, if
rm n,
n + 2 r Mr 1 xn Tr1x
2
Furthermore (see [6]), we have
Tr (x) =
[r/2]
r X (1)k (r k 1)!(2x)r2k
, r = 1, 2, 3, ...,
2
k!(r 2k)!
k=0
xn Tr (x)
r
dx
=
2
2
1x
=
[r/2]
xn
X (1)k (r k 1)!(2x)r2k
dx
k!(r 2k)!
1 x2
k=0
Z
[r/2]
r X (1)k (r k 1)!(2)r2k 1 r+n2k dx
x
,
2
k!(r 2k)!
1 x2
1
k=0
and, since
Z
if
dx
0,
if
=
xk
1
x2
1
Qk/2 k(2i1) , if
i=1 k2(i1)
n ,
n =
P
n + 2 r Mr B(n, r),
k = 0,
k is odd,
k is even,
if
0 n < rm ,
if
rm n,
(34)
where
si r + n 2k = 0,
[r/2]
r X (1)k (r k 1)!(2)r2k
B(n, r) =
,
2
k!(r 2k)!
k=0
[r/2]
r X (1)k (r k 1)!(2)r2k
B(n, r) =
2
k!(r 2k)!
k=0
(r+n2k)/2
i=1
r + n 2k (2i 1)
.
r + n 2k 2(i 1)
[Revista Integracin
17
xxxxxxxxx xxxxx
X
5.
Example
n
1 n+1
1 X j
n (z) =
z , n 1,
z
z1
n + 1 j=0
n
n1 (z), n 1,
n+1
n
X
1
1
n (z) =
z j+1 , n 1,
1
1z
n + 1 j=0
n (z) = z n +
adems si 0 s n,
(s)
n (0) =
(s)
n (0) =
s!(n + 1 s)
,
(n + 1)
kn =
si 0 t n 1,
(0,t)
Kn1 (z, 0) =
(s + 1)!
,
(n + 1)
n+2
,
n+1
n1
X
p=t
y si 0 s n 1,
(s,t)
Kn1 (0, 0) =
n1
X
(t + 1)!
p (z),
p+2
p=max{s,t}
(t + 1)!(s + 1)!
,
(p + 1)(p + 2)
(s + 1)!(l + 2)
l!
n1
X
p=max{s,l+1}
1
,
(p + 1)(p + 2)
18
c(s,l)1 =
b(s,l)1 = M1
(s + 1)!(l + 2)
l!
(s + 1)!
(l 1)!
n1
X
p=max{s,l+1}
n1
X
p=max{s,l1}
1
,
(p + 1)(p + 2)
1
(s + 1)!
+M 1
(p + 1)(p + 2)
(l 1)!
(0)
n (0)
(1)
n (0)
..
.
1
Wn =
(n2)
n
(0)
(n1)
n
(0)
1!
(n+1)
2!
(n+1)
..
.
(n1)!
(n+1)
n!
(n+1)
c(0,n)1
c(1,n)1
..
.
M 1 n!
c(n2,n)
1
c(n1,n)1
1!
M 1 n!
n!(n+1)
2!
n!(n+1)
..
.
(n1)!
n!(n+1)
n!
n!(n+1)
n1
X
p=max{s,l1}
1
.
(p + 1)(p + 2)
(s+1)!
n!(n+1) ,
1!
2!
..
.
(1 M 1 )
n
+
1
(n 1)!
n!
Kn1 (z, 0)
(n 1)!
n
n
n
=z +
n1 (z)
n1 (z)
n+1
n+1
= z n.
n (z) = n (z)
(0)
n = kn + n
k
(n 1)!
n + 1 (n 1 + 1)
+
=
n+1
n+1
= 2.
Concluimos que al perturbar el primer momento de la OPSM {n (z)}n0 obtenemos la
n = 2.
OPSM {n (z)}n0 = {z n }n0 con k
b(0,n2)1
b(0,1)1
M1 a(0,0)1
M1 a(1,0)1
b
b
(1,n2)1
(1,1)1
..
..
..
..
S1n =
.
.
.
.
M 1 c(0,n1)1
M 1 c(1,n1)1
..
.
M 1 c(n2,n1)1
M 1 c(n1,n1)1
[Revista Integracin
19
xxxxxxxxx xxxxx
para n 2
1
Kn1 (z, 0) =
2M1
0!
3M1
1!
nM1
(n2)!
Pn1
Pn1
p (z)
p=2 p+2
Pn1
p (z)
p=n1 p+2
M1
(n2)!
p (z)
p=1 p+2
M1
0!
Pn1
p (z)
p=0 p+2
+
..
.
M1 Pn1
+ (n3)!
p=n3
p (z)
p+2
Pn1
p (z)
p=n2 p+2
M 1 K0 (z, 0)
0!1!
(1 M 1 )
0 (z),
=z+
2
1 (z) = 1 (z)
1 M1
2 (z) = 2 (z)
[1! 2!]
3
M1
3
+1
2M1
3
2M 1
3
M1
3
2z + 1 M 1
M1 + M 1 |M1 |2 + 3
(1 M 1 ) 61 (z) 3M 1
.
= z2 +
3
det(I2 + S12 )
= z 2 + (1 M 1 )
+1
1 T
2M1
3 (z
+ 12 )
2M 1
3 (z
+ 2)
2M 1 1 (z)
3
T
1!
T
(1 M 1 )
n
nM 1
2!
1
n1 (z)
n1 (z)
n (z) = z n +
.. (In + Sn )1 K1n1 (z, 0)
n+1
n+1 .
n+1
n!
T
1!
2!
(1 M 1 )
1 1 T
n
1
=z +
nn1 (z) . (In + Sn )
Kn1 (z, 0)
.
.
n+1
.
n!
Vol. XX, No. XX, XXXX]
20
d
d
+ 2Re(M1 z) .
2
2
cn =
2,
1 + M 1 ,
1 + M1 ,
0,
if
n = 0,
if
n = 1,
if
n = 1,
in other case,
as la matriz de Toeplitz es
e =
T
1 + M 1
2
1 + M1
0
..
.
2
1 + M1
0
0
..
.
0
1 + M 1
2
1 + M1
..
.
0
0
1 + M 1
2
..
.
..
.
2
d
=
2
1
1x
dx.
dx + M1 T1 (x)
1+x
1 x2
(36)
n =
Q n2
2,
if
0,
if n es impar,
n(2i1)
i=1 n2(i1) ,
n = 0,
if n es impar.
[Revista Integracin
21
xxxxxxxxx xxxxx
n =
References
2,
2(M1 1)
2
Q n+1
2
Q n2
n+1(2i1)
i=1 n+12(i1) ,
n(2i1)
i=1 n2(i1) ,
if
n = 0,
if
n es impar,
if
n es par.
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