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This article is about the British Overseas Territory. For Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triother uses, see Bermuda (disambiguation).
angle, a region of sea in which, according to legend,
a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disapBermuda /brmjud/, also referred to in legal peared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone
documents as, fully, "the Bermudas or Somers
[6][7][8][9]
Isles",
is a British Overseas Territory in the to severe weather.
North Atlantic Ocean, located o the east coast of North
America. Its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, United
States, about 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) to the westnorthwest. It is about 1,239 kilometres (770 mi) south of
Cape Sable Island, Canada, and 1,538 kilometres (956
mi) north of Puerto Rico. Its capital city is Hamilton.
1 Geography
GEOGRAPHY
1.1 Climate
Main article: Climate of Bermuda
Bermuda has a humid subtropical climate[12][14] on the
3
begin to weaken as they approach Bermuda, whose small
size means that direct landfalls of hurricanes are rare.
The most recent hurricane to cause signicant damage to
Bermuda was category 2 Hurricane Gonzalo on 17 October 2014. Before that, Hurricane Fabian on 5 September 2003 was the last major hurricane to hit Bermuda
directly.
The only source of fresh water in Bermuda is rainfall,
which is collected on roofs and catchments (or drawn
from underground lenses) and stored in tanks. Each
dwelling usually has at least one of these tanks forming
part of its foundation.
The average annual temperature of the Atlantic Ocean
around Bermuda is 22.8 C (73.0 F), from 18.6 C (65.5
F) in February to 28.2 C (82.8 F) in August.[16]
1.2
2.1 Pre-settlement
The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are ve several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the
HISTORY
2.6
Fortress Bermuda
5
Its people were settlers and founders of new colonies, especially in the American South. Its merchant eet and a
web of expatriate Bermudian merchants dominated trade
through a number of American Atlantic Seaboard ports
and the West Indies. Bermudians shed for cod on the
Grand Banks o Newfoundland, and were involved in the
lumber industry in Central America. Most importantly,
they dominated the North American salt trade with de
facto control of the Turks Islands.
Had Bermuda not been so remote from the American
coastline, and the Royal Navy not enjoyed supremacy on
that part of the Atlantic, it would almost certainly have
been the fourteenth colony to join the rebellion. The close
economic, family, and historical ties ensured Bermudians
were strongly sympathetic with the rebels at the start of
the War. They supplied the rebels illegally with ships,
salt and gunpowder. As the war progressed, economic
realities caused Bermudians to seize opportunities; they
turned to privateering against the Americans.
2.5
HISTORY
In the early 20th century, as modern transport and communication systems developed, Bermuda became a popular destination for American, Canadian and British
tourists arriving by sea. The United States 1930 SmootHawley Tari Act enacted protective taris. It cut o
As a result of Bermudas proximity to the southeastern US Bermudas once-thriving agricultural export trade to the
coast, during the American Civil War Confederate States US and encouraged its development of tourism as an alblockade runners used it as a base for runs to the South to ternative.
evade Union naval vessels and deliver much needed war After several failed attempts, in 1930 the rst aeroplane
goods from England. The old Globe Hotel in St Georges, reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane ying
which was a centre of intrigue for Confederate agents, is from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once
because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and
preserved as a public museum.
versal surage, adopted as part of Bermudas Constitution in 1967, voting was dependent on a certain level of
property ownership. (see Politics section, below, and
Politics of Bermuda). On 10 March 1973, the Governor
of Bermuda Richard Sharples was assassinated by local
In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Air- Black Power militants during a period of civil unrest.
ways began operating scheduled ying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrells Island,
Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial air- 3 Parishes and municipalities
line service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley
Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping
tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s1970s. By the
end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted
tourism as the dominant sector of Bermudas economy
(see Economy of Bermuda).
Parishes of Bermuda.
4 POLITICS
St Georges
Warwick
Flatts Village
Somerset Village
Jones Village (in Warwick), Cashew City (St. Georges),
Claytown (Hamilton), Middle Town (Pembroke), and
Tuckers Town (St. Georges) are neighbourhoods;
Dandy Town and North Village are sports clubs, and Harbour View Village is a small public housing development.
Politics
4.2
vals. The most recent took place on 17 December 2012. to protect the Sargasso Sea.[48]
Following this election, the One Bermuda Alliance took
power, with Craig Cannonier succeeding Paula Cox, of
4.2.1 Asylum oered to four former Guantnamo
the Progressive Labour Party, as Premier.[42][43]
detainees
There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The
United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Main article: Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay:
Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate Bermuda
and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at
the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US
On 11 June 2009, four Uyghurs who had been held in the
Consul General is Robert Settje, who took oce in AuUnited States Guantnamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba,
gust 2012. The United States is Bermudas largest tradwere transferred to Bermuda.[49][50][51][52] The four men
ing partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85%
were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees,
of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US
who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after eeing the
capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry),
American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan. They
and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citiwere accused of training to assist the Taliban's military.
zens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The
They were cleared as safe for release from Guantnamo in
American diplomatic presence is an important element in
2005 or 2006, but US domestic law prohibited deporting
the Bermuda political landscape.
them back to China, their country of citizenship, because
the US government determined that China was likely to
violate their human rights.
4.2
10
4 POLITICS
to this emphasis.[59][60][61]
Among some scholars, the Caribbean can be a sociohistorical category, commonly referring to a cultural zone
characterised by the legacy of slavery (a characteristic
Bermuda shared with the Caribbean and the US) and the
plantation system (which did not exist in Bermuda). It
embraces the islands and parts of the neighbouring continent, and may be extended to include the Caribbean Diaspora overseas.[56]
Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of
Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic
Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It
had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century,
there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda
from the West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands. Unlike immigrants
from British colonies in the West Indies, the latter immigrants have had greater diculty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship, mostly
spoke no English, and required renewal of work permits
to remain beyond an initial period. From the 1950s onwards, Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws, allowing
increased immigration from Britain and Canada. Some
Black politicians accused the government of using this
device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.
The PLP, the party in government when the decision
to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for
decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The
prominent roles of West Indians among Bermudas black
politicians and labour activists predated party politics in
Bermuda, as exemplied by Dr. E. F. Gordon).[57][58]
The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her
Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded
the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976),[59]
were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermudas cultural connections with the West
Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who
lack family connections to the West Indies have objected
Bermudas trade with the West Indies is negligible, its primary economic partners being the US,
Canada, and UK (it has no direct air or shipping
links to Caribbean islands);
CARICOM is moving towards a single economy,
which Bermuda would not be able to form part of
without disastrous eects on its own economy;
the Caribbean islands are generally competitors to
Bermudas already ailing tourism industry; and
participation in CARICOM would involve considerable investment of money and the time of government ocials that could more protably be spent
elsewhere.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]
4.3 Military
Main article: Military of Bermuda
Once known as the Gibraltar of the West and Fortress
4.3
Military
11
dian Forces communications facility. Although leased for
99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave
of base closures following the end of the Cold War.
Canada, which had operated a war-time naval base,
HMCS Somers Isles, on the old Royal Navy base at Convict Bay, St Georges, also established a radio-listening
post at Daniels Head in the West End of the islands during this time.
In the 1950s, after the end of World War II, the Royal
Naval dockyard and the military garrison were closed. A
small Royal Navy supply base, HMS Malabar, continued
to operate within the dockyard area, supporting transiting
Royal Navy ships and submarines until it, too, was closed
in 1995, along with the American and Canadian bases.
12
5 ECONOMY
Economy
wich tax avoidance strategies, reducing its 2011 tax liability by $2 billion.[81]
13
Demographics
14
one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between
2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The
majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed Bermudian blacks, whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th Century and the end of slavery in 1834,
Bermudas black population was self-sustaining, with its
growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This
contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies,
who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop
their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in
the United States and the West Indies found it necessary
to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa
until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the
Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the
New World plantations. The indigenous populations of
many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of
what is now the United States that had survived the 16th
and 17th Century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large scale slave raiding,
with much of the region completely depopulated. When
the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders
looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermudas black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: rstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.
6 DEMOGRAPHICS
Philips wars.
Today several thousand expatriate workers, principally
from Britain, Canada, the West Indies, South Africa and
the US, reside in Bermuda. They are primarily engaged in
specialised professions such as accounting, nance, and
insurance. Others are employed in various trades, such
as hotels, restaurants, construction, and landscaping services. Of the total workforce of 38,947 persons in 2005,
government employment gures stated that 11,223 (29%)
were non-Bermudians.[88]
6.1 Education
See also: List of schools in Bermuda
The Bermuda Education Act 1996 requires that only
three categories of schools can operate in the Bermuda
Education system:
An aided school has all or a part of its property
vested in a body of trustees or board of governors
and is partially maintained by public funding or,
since 1965 and the desegregation of schools, has received a grant-in-aid out of public funds.
7.1
Arts
15
behavioural challenges who cannot function in the pub- arly works rather than creative writing). The novelist
lic mainstream. There is one aided primary school, two Brian Burland (1931 2010) achieved a degree of sucaided middle schools, and one aided senior school.
cess and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela
For higher education, the Bermuda College oers various Barry has won critical recognition for her published cassociate degrees and other certicate programmes.[89] tion.
Bermuda does not have any four-year colleges or univer- Bermudas proximity to the United States, as well as its
sities.
origin as part of Virginia, means that many aspects of US
In May 2009, Bermudian Governments application was culture are reected in, or incorporated into, Bermudian
approved to become a contributory member of the culture. Many non-Bermudian writers have also made
University of the West Indies (UWI). Bermudas mem- Bermuda their home, or have had homes here, includbership enabled Bermudian students to enter the Univer- ing A. J. Cronin and F. Van Wyck Mason, who wrote on
sity at an agreed upon subsidised rate by 2010. UWI also Bermudian subjects.
agreed that their Open Campus (online degree courses)
would become open to Bermudian students in the future,
with Bermuda becoming the 13th country to have access
to the Open Campus.[90][91]
6.2
Health care
16
7 CULTURE
7.2
Main sights
17
and set a record of 413 runs in a One-Day International
(ODI). Bermuda were knocked out of the World Cup.
Also very well-known is David Hemp, a former captain
of Glamorgan in English rst class cricket. The annual
Cup Match cricket tournament between rival parishes
St Georges in the east and Somerset in the west is the
occasion for a popular national holiday.
In 2007, Bermuda hosted the 25th PGA Grand Slam of
Golf. This 36-hole event was held on 1617 October
2007, at the Mid Ocean Club in Tuckers Town. This
season-ending tournament is limited to four golfers: the
winners of the Masters, U.S. Open, British Open and
PGA Championship. The event returned to Bermuda in
2008 and 2009. Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the
World one-armed golf champion.
The Government announced in 2006 that it would provide substantial nancial support to Bermudas cricket
and football teams. Among Bermudas most prominent
footballers are Clyde Best, Shaun Goater, Reggie Lambe,
Sam Nusum, Ralph Bean and Nahki Wells. In 2006, the
Bermuda Hogges were formed as the nations rst professional football team to raise the standard of play for the
Bermuda national football team. The team plays in the
United Soccer Leagues Second Division.
Sailing, shing and equestrian sports are popular with
both residents and visitors alike.
The prestigious
NewportBermuda Yacht Race is a more than 100year-old tradition, with boats racing between Newport,
Rhode Island and Bermuda. In 2007, the 16th biennial Marion-Bermuda yacht race occurred. A sport
9 See also
Index of Bermuda-related articles
Outline of Bermuda
Places of interest in Bermuda
18
10
10 NOTES
Notes
Bear-
[6] United Kingdom Act of Parliament Bermuda Constitution Act 1967 (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2012.
[7] United Kingdom Statutory Instrument The Constitution of Bermuda Bermuda Constitution Order 1968
(PDF). Retrieved 10 April 2012.
19
Londonof-
[45] Bermuda Government oce in Washington, D.C., Dcofce.gov.bm. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[46] Keith Forbes. Bermudas distinguished visitors over the
years. Royal Gazette. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
[47] Kent, Jonathan (24 June 2008). Premier meets the President. The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
[48] Shaw, David (2014-05-27). Protecting the Sargasso
Sea. Science & Diplomacy 3 (2).
[49] Barrett, Devlin (11 June 2009). 4 Chinese Muslims released from Guantanamo. Google. Associated Press.
Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
[50] Four Uyghur Detainees Released. Radio Free Asia. 11
June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
[51] Breaking News: Premiers statement on Guantanamo
Bay. The Royal Gazette. 11 June 2009. Archived from
the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
[52] Breaking News update: Guantnamo decision taken
without permission Governor to assess implications.
The Royal Gazette. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
[53] Johnson, Ayo (1 May 2013). Cannonier: We Need to
Resolve Uighurs Status Problem. The Royal Gazette.
Retrieved 27 September 2013.
[54] Bermuda Government today. Bermuda-Online.org. Retrieved 9 July 2010. In July 2003, Bermuda formally
joined the Caribbean Community as an Associate Member (non-voting member), in certain areas but not in
others. This specically excludes free movement of
Caribbean nationals to Bermuda, and any prospect of
Bermuda joining CARIFTA or its newest free trade organization; the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
Membership of the Caribbean Community costs Bermuda
about US$90,000 a year. Direct trade between Bermuda
and Caribbean countries is also welcomed and encouraged, especially given the close or extended family links
many Bermudians have with Caribbean islands or territories. ... All visitors to Bermuda who are nationals of
and resident in Caribbean islands must come via the USA
or Canada or United Kingdom and must have appropriate
visas to come via those countries. Eective January 2003,
all Jamaican nationals who are not Bermudian must also
have a visa to enter Bermuda on business or vacation.
[55] Bermuda prole, Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
20
13
EXTERNAL LINKS
[77] Jonathan Kent (10 January 2007), Average cost of houses [100] February 16, 2011 (2011-02-16). It Happens Every
hits $1.6m, The Royal Gazette.
Spring: A 110-Year Retrospective of Yankees Spring
Training | New York Yankees blog, Yankees blog, A blog
[78] Meredith Ebbin (2 August 2007), Average family home
about the New York Yankees. The Yankee Analysts. Renow $1.8m, Bermuda Sun
trieved 2013-03-26.
[79] Jonathan Kent (12 January 2007), $1.6m average house [101] New York Yankees. Springtrainingonline.com. 2008price? Its a distortion says Sir John, The Royal Gazette.
12-06. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
[80] US Commercial Service: Doing Business in Bermuda [102] February 18, 1835: Supreme Court frees 72 Enterprise
slaves, This Month in History, Bermuda Biographies, ac(PDF). Photos.state.gov. 15 August 2012.
cessed 3 April 2013
[81] Drucker, Jesse (15 December 2012). Google Revenues Sheltered in No-Tax Bermuda Soar to $10 Billion.
Bloomberg L.P.
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Bermuda Government (ocial government website).
Wikimedia Atlas of Bermuda
21
14
14.1
Bermuda Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda?oldid=676886878 Contributors: The Epopt, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, -- April,
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File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg
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British Army
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File:United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_(Bermuda_special)_(Americas_centered).svg
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