18.

02 Problem Set 11, Part II Solutions

1. We put the center of the sphere at the origin O as usual, and take the
North Pole N = (0, 0, a) as the xed point. Let P be an arbitrary point on
the surface of the the sphere S, and D the straight-line distance from N to
P . Then D is the length of a side of the triangle ONP. The other two sides
ON and OP both have length a and the angle between
them is in1 spherical
2
coordinates,
so the Law of Cosines gives D = a
22 (1 cos ) .
Then

1
=
D
D dS. Well use the formula SA = 4a for the surface area of
SA
S

2
1
the sphere. The integral S D dS = 0 0 a
2 (1 cos ) 2 a
2 sin d d

1
3
3
=
2 2 a3 0 (1 cos ) 2 sin d
=
2 2 a3 32 (1 cos )
2 |
0 =
16a
.

3
4a
2

Dividing this by SA = 4a , we get D = 3 .

clearly scales by a, i.e. D
= Ka for some constant K. D =
(As a check: D

a when = 3 , or at 30 degrees North latitude. Since there are more points

on S below this latitude, we should have K > 1. But Dmax = 2a (when P
is the South Pole), so we also must have K < 2. So K = 43 is at least in the
correct range.
2. Limits (in spherical coordinates): from 0 to a, from 0 to 0 ,
from 0 to 2.
If dm is located at (x, y, z) then the force due to dm is
x, y, z
x, y, z
x, y, z
dF = G
dV = G
dV .
dm = G
3
3

3
Let the total force F = a, b, c. By symmetry a = b = 0.

2 0 a
z
cos 2
We compute c =
G 3 dV = G
sin d d d

3
D
0
0
0
2 0 a
=G
cos sin d d d..
0

Inner integral: a cos sin .

Ga sin2 0 .

Middle integral: a sin2 0 /2.

Outer integral:

F = 0, 0, Ga sin2 0 .

3. a) T = disk of radius 1 at height z = 1, n = k.

On T : F n = 1 ux =
F n dS =
dS = area = .
T

b) See the picture. Let D1 be the volume bounded by S and T .

1

Let D2 be the volume bounded by T and U .

Remember we are consistently using upward normals and upward ux.

The divergence theorem gives

ux through S - ux through T =

divF dV =
D1

dV = volume(D1 ).
D1

ux through S = volume(D1 ) + ux through T = volume(D1 ) + .

Likewise, ux through T - ux through U = volume(D1 ).
ux through U = - volume(D2 ).
Computing volumes:

1
D2 : Volume(D2 ) base height = .
3
3
D1 : We do this
at theend in two dierent ways. The answer is volume(D1 ) =

2 2
5
4 2 5

=
.

3
3
6

4 2 2

Thus we have, ux through S = volume(D1 ) + =

.
3
3
2
.
3
As promised we compute volume(D1 ) two dierent ways.

2 /4 2
Method 1: volume(D1 ) =
2 sin d d d.
Flux through U = - volume(D2 ) =

sec

(The limits are from z = 1 = sec .)

2
3
2
cos3
Inner integral:
sin

sin

sin .

sec
/4

2
2 2

cos
2 2
1
1
2 2 5

Middle integral:

cos

(1 ) + (1 2) =

6
3

2
0

2 2
5

4 2
5

Outer integral: volume(D1 ) = 2

6
3

Method 2: volume(D1 ) = volume(D1 + D2 ) - volume(D2 ).

Volume(D1 + D2 ) is an easier integral than in method 1.

2 /4 2
2 2
4 2 4
2
Volume(D1 +D2 ) =
sin d d d = 2
(1 cos(/4)) =

.
3

3
0
0
0
Using volume(D2 ) = /3 we get volume(D1 ) =

4 2
5
3
3

(same as method 1)


c) U is given by z = x2 + y 2 = r.
n dS = zx , zy , 1 dx dy F n dS = z dx dy

2 1
2
ux =
z dx dy =
r2 dr d =
.
3
R
0
0

x
1
x
4. a)Use
= , etc.
= 3 etc. F = f =
x

x y z
, ,
3 3 3

x = 3 3x2 5 (and similarly for y

and z
).
x
divF = (3 + 3x2 5 ) + (3 + 3y 2 5 ) + (3 + 3z 2 5 ) = 33 + 32 5 = 0. QE

Now use

b) The divergence theorem does not apply because F is not dened at 0.

x, y, z
x. y, z
On S: n =
, F=
.
a
a3
1
1
1
F n = 2 ux = 2 area = 2 4 a2 = 4.
a
a
a
c)Let S be any closed surface around 0. Let S1 be a small sphere centered

at 0 and completely insided S. Use outward normals for both surfaces (and

be careful with signs).

D is the volume between S and S1 .

From part (a) we know divF = 0, so the divergence theorem gives

F n dS
F n dS =
divF dV = 0.
S
S1
D

F n dS =
F n dS = 4. QED
S

S1

5. Use the fact that f is perpendicular to the iso-surface f = c, so that

depending on whether f points inward or outward, f n = | f |, where
n is theoutward unit normal
to S. Then apply the Divergence Theorem

(f
) dV , where G is the interior of S.
to get f n dS =

Substituting into the RHS integral then gives

| f | dS = f n dS =
2 f dV.
S

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18.02SC Multivariable Calculus

Fall 2010

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