Chapter 19

HAZARDS AND PULSE MODE

SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Lesson 2

Identification of Static
Hazards

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Outline
Steps in identifying a static hazard
Example NAND with delay at one
of the input
Identification from Karnaugh map

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Step 1: Write Boolean expression

Write Boolean expression for the logic
circuit and assume variable X and its
complement as two separate variables
without using the Boolean laws X +
X = 1 and X. X = 0

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Step 2a: Get SOP form of Boolean

Expression
Write Boolean expression in POS form
using two variables without using the
Boolean laws X + X = 1 and X. X =
0
Identify the static 1 hazard

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Step 2b: Get POS form of Boolean

Expression
Write Boolean expression in POS form
using two variables and without using
the Boolean laws X + X = 1 and X.
X = 0
Identify the static 0 hazard

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Outline
Steps in identifying a static hazard
Example NAND with delay at one
of the input
Identification from Karnaugh map

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Steps
Y = X. X ; [X. X = 0, not allowed to be
used for analyzing transient.]
Y = X + X; [Using DeMorgan theorem,
get an OR expression. Modify further as OR
expression not allowed for analyzing
transient.]
Y = X + X.X; [Use rule X1.X1 = X1.]
Y = X1 + X2.X2; [Assume variable and its
complement as separate variable.]
Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Static 1 hazard from the Y Outputs

When X1, X2 = 0, 0 the output = 0.

When X1, X2 = 1, 0 the output = 1.
When X1, X2 = 1, 1 the output = 1
When X1, X2 = 0, 1 the output = 1
Transient at X1, X2 = 0, 0

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Outline
Steps in identifying a static hazard
Example NAND with delay at one
of the input
Identification from Karnaugh map

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

10

Step 3: Get SOP form of Boolean

Expression
Draw two variable Karnaugh map by
assuming the X0 and X0 as separate
variables, X1 and X2.

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

11

Map for Y

X2
X1

X2 X2
0

X1 0
X1 1

Dotted Line
pairs
present
only during
transient

Transient state = 0
Static 1 hazard Identified
Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

12

Static-0 Hazard
X
X'

Y
X"

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

13

Steps
Y = X' .X'
Y = X'. X' ; [X. X = 0, not allowed to be
used for analyzing transient.]
Y = X' + X'; [Using DeMorgan theorem,
get an OR expression.
Y = X1 + X2; [Assume variable and its
complement as separate variable.]

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Static -0 hazard from the Y Outputs

When X1, X2 = 0, 0 the output Y = 1.

When X1, X2 = 1, 0 the output Y = 0.
When X1, X2 = 1, 1 the output Y = 0
When X1, X2 = 0, 1 the output Y = 0
Transient at X1, X2 = 0, 0

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

15

Map for Y

X2
X1
X1 1
X1 0

X2 X2
1
0

0
0

Dotted Line
pairs
present
only during
transient

Transient state = 1
Static 0 hazard Identified
Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

16

Summary

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

17

End of Lesson 2

Identification of Static Hazards

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

18

THANK YOU

Ch19L2-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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