EE 251/303 Final Exam

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Name:____________________________________

A 60 Hz, 4 pole synchronous generator rated at 13.8 kV and 400 MVA has a synchronous reactance of
Xs=0.5 pu on its own base. It is connected to a step-up transformer, rated 250 MVA, 13.0 kV/120 kV, and
an impedance of Xt=0.10 per unit on its on base. The high-side of the transformer is connected to a short
transmission line (charging capacitance can be ignored) having an ohmic impedance of Z Line=2+j10 ohms
per phase. The transmission line feeds a -connected purely resistive load of RLoad=20 ohms per phase.
a. (2 pts) Compute the speed, in rpm, of this generator.
b. (2 pts) Draw the one-line diagram for this system. You need to show the generator, the transformer,
the transmission line, and the load. There should be three buses. You do not need to show the
impedances. Label the buses 1, 2, and 3.
c. (8 pts) Select a system power base of 100 MVA. Using a 13.8 kV base for the generator section of
the system, compute the per-unit values of Xs, Xt, ZLine, and RLoad.
d. (2 pts) Draw the per-unit circuit for this system. Identify the circuit locations corresponding to the
three buses of part (a) with labels 1, 2, and 3.
e. (2 pts) Compute the three-phase power consumed by the load if the generator is operating at 1.00
terminal voltage.
f. (2 pts) Indicate if the generator is operating leading, lagging, or at unity power factor.
g. (2 pts) Based on your answer to (f), indicate whether the generator is supplying vars, absorbing vars,
or neither.
h. (2 pts) Based on your answer to (f), indicate whether the machine is overexcited, underexcited, or
neither.
i. (2 pts) Based on your answer to (f), indicate whether |E f|cos() is greater, smaller, or equal to |V t|,
where |Vt| is the generator terminal voltage magnitude, |E f| is the excitation (internal) voltage
magnitude, and is the angle by which Ef leads Vt.
A power system has three units. The cost curves and the limits for the 3 units are:
C1(P1)=0.004P12+5.3P1+500
200 P1 450
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C2(P2)=0.006P2 +5.5P2+400
150 P2 350
C3(P3)=0.009P32+5.8P3+200
100 P3 225
The total demand (load + losses + tie line flow) to be supplied by these three units is 975 MW.
Determine:
a. (10 pts) the feasible generation allocation that minimizes total system costs of supplying this demand
b. (4 pts) the total system cost of supplying this demand for one hour
c. (6 pts) the change in total system cost of supplying this demand for one hour if:
i.
The upper limit on P1 is increased from 450 to 451 MW
ii.
The upper limit on P2 is increased from 350 to 351 MW
iii.
The lower limit on P3 is decreased from 100 to 99 MW
Short answers
a. (4 pts) A ___________________________circuit provides a way to use AC power in supply to a
DC motor, and a __________________________circuit provides a way to use DC power to
vary speed to a DC power.
b. (4 pts) In studying the real power losses in a system during peak load conditions, George and
Clara concluded that they could ignore modeling the charging capacitance of the transmission
lines. Indicate whether you agree with their conclusion. Support your answer.
c. (4 pts) What is the most significant difference between a synchronous machine and an induction
machine?
d. (3 pts) Explain how a utility can provide the same real power to an industrial plant but at a
reduced current magnitude. Also explain why the utility likes to do this.
A 2400/240 volt step-down single-phase transformer has the following parameters: R 1=0.2 , X1=0.45
, Rc=1000 , Xc=1500 , R2=0.002 , X2=0.0045 . The secondary is connected across a load that
consumes 150 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging.
a. (8 pts) Determine the equivalent circuit referred to the high voltage side
b. (6 pts) Find the voltage applied to the primary terminals when the voltage across the secondary
terminals, and therefore across the load, is 240 volts.
A two-bus power system is shown below.

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b.
c.
d.

(5 pts) Formulate the admittance matrix for this system.

(4 pts) Identify the bus type for bus 1 and for bus 2 (PV, PQ, or swing).
(4 pts) Identify the solution vector x for this power flow problem in terms of bus voltage
magnitudes and angles.
(4 pts) It is possible to write 4 power flow equations for this system, as given below.

f1(x)= P1(x)-P1=P1=0
f2(x)= Q1(x)-Q1=Q1=0
f3(x)= P2(x)-P2=P2=0
Pg1,Qg1
f4(x)= Q2(x)-Q2=Q2=0
Identify
the equations that are required to solve
Pd1,Qd1
the
power
flow problem for this system.
y2= j1
e.
(5 pts) Write down the Jacobian matrix,
J, identifying each element in it in terms
of fi/_. This means you must identify
the matrix elements in terms of which
function fi gets differentiated and in
terms of which element of the solution vector that function is differentiated with respect to. Do NOT
actually perform any differentiation or numerical evaluation.
f.
(4 pts) Write down the update formula for this system in terms of J and the solution vector.

y12= -j10