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Translated from the mathematical magazine , all issues from 1970 to 2008
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PROBLEMS
7. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that
a
b
c
+
+
3
b+ca c+ab a+bc
13. Let d be the difference of the maximum and the minimum from n distinct real
numbers a1 , a2 , ..., an , and X
s be the sum of n(n 1)/2 absolutes of differences of all pairs
|ai aj |. Prove that (n 1)d s n2 d/4
made from these numbers
i<j
23. For every natural number n > 1, prove that the quotient between thepproduct of
first n even
numbers with the product of first n odd numbers is greater than
less than 4n.
8n/3 and
33. For every natural number n > 1000, prove that the sum of all remainders from
division of 2n for 1, 2, .., n greater than 2n.
51. If product of three positive numbers is 3 and their sum greater than the sum of their
inverses. Prove that exist at least a number from these number greater than 1.
90. For x1 < x2 < ... < xn be natural numbers, prove that
x2 x1
x3 x2
xn xn1
1 1
1
+
+ ... +
< 1 + + + ... + 2
x2
x3
xn
2 3
n
1
S(8n)
.
S(n)
8
For which natural number k in order that exists positive number ck satisfied the inequality
S(kn)
ck for all natural number n? Find the greatest value of ck .
S(n)
105 Let S(n) be the sum of all digits of a natural number n. Prove that
121. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be real numbers. Prove that exist a natural number k n such
ak + ... + a2 + a1
ak + ak1 ak + ak1 + ak2
,
,...,
are not greater
that all the values of ak ,
2
3
k
than arithmetic mean of a1 , a2 , ..., an .
157. The sum of n positive numbers x1 , x2 , ..., xn is 1. S is the greatest number from
x2
xn
x1
,
,...,
. Find the least value of S .
1 + x1 1 + x1 + x2
1 + x1 + ... + xn
162. Let a1 < a2 < ... < an be an increasing sequence of natural numbers such that
for every natural number m then m (an ) or have the unique form m = ak + al , where
k, l N. Prove that an n2 for all n N
a2 + a3 + ... + an a1 + a3 + ... + an
a1 + a2 + .... + an1
n1
208. The difference between the greatest and the least value of numbers x1 , x2 , ..., xn
equals 1. Find the greatest and the least value of
x1 + x2 + ... + xk
, where k = 1, 2, ..., n
k
224. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an and b1 , b2 , ..., bn be real numbers. Prove that when one from following conditions occur:
i. If ai < aj then bi bj
ii. If ai
a1 + a2 + ... + an
< aj then bi bj
n
4
3
6
c. p =
5
b. p =
294. Let a, b, c, d, x, y, u, v be real numbers such that abcd > 0. Prove that
(ax+bu)(av+by)(cx+dv)(cu+dy) (uvx+bcuxy+advxy+bduvy)(acx+bcu+adv+bdy)
308. Let a1 cosx + a2 cos2x + ... + an cosnx 1 for every x. Prove that
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
360. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be real numbers such that |a1 | = 1 and |ak+1 | = |ak + 1| for
k = 1, 2, ..., n 1. Find the least value of |a1 + a2 + ... + an | if
a. n = 1975.
b. n = 1976.
374. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that a > c, b > c. Prove that
p
c(a c) +
c(b c)
ab
1
1
1 1
n( n n + 1 1) 1 + + + ... + 1 + n(1
).
n
2 3
n
n
469. Prove that if the equation xn + a1 xn1 + ... + ak1 xnk+1 + ak+1 xnk1 + ... +
ak1 + ak+1
, k = 1, 2, ..., 2n
2
a0 + a2 + ... + a2n
n+1
a1 + a3 + ... + a2n1
n
when does the equation hold?
507. Let a1 < a2 < ... < an < 2n be natural numbers and n > 5. Prove that
n
min lcm[ai , aj ] 6([ ] + 1).
1i<jn
2
38n
c, where c does not depend on n.
b. max gcd(ai , aj ) >
1i<jn
147
a.
More than that, we can not replace 6 (at 507.a.) by a smaller number and can not replace
38
by a greater number (at 507.b.).
147
510. Assume that 0 < < and n is a natural number. Prove that
sin +
1
1
1
sin 2 + sin 3 + ... + sin n > 0
2
3
n
518. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive numbers in [a, b], 0 < a < b. Prove that
(x1 + x2 + ... + xn )(
1
1
1
(a + b)2 n2
+
+ ... +
)
x1 x2
xn
4ab
hni
1
16n n
for n = 1, 2, 3...
|x y|
(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 )
a b c
+ + b c a < 1
b c a a b c
bn = a1 a2 ...an .
Prove that
a. b1
b2
p
k
bk
k+1
bk+1 , k = 2, 3, ..., n 1.
571. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ... be a decreasing sequence of positive numbers such that
x1 x4
x 2
+
+ ... + n 1
1
2
n
For all natural number n, prove that
xn
x1 x2
+
+ ... +
<2
1
2
n
and can not replace 2 by a smaller number.
1
1
1
+ + ... + . Prove that exists =
2
3
n
1 for every natural numbers m, n.
597. Let xn = 1 +
< xm + xn xmn
n
2
lim (xn lnn) and
620. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be real numbers such that x21 + x22 + ... + x2n = 1. Prove that the
sum of all 2n absolute values of terms, which have form x1 x2 ... xn (all possible
combinations of signs + and ) is not greater than 2n .
647. Let
1
2
a b, prove that
b2 a2
2
a2 + b2 a + b
.
2
2
666. Prove that the least common multiple of n natural numbers a1 < a2 < ... < an is
not less than na1 .
718. Find the greatest value of m2 + n2 , where m, n are natural numbers such that
727. Prove that a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc < 2, where a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of a
x2 + x3 x3 + x1 x1 + x2
2
b. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive numbers, n 4. Prove that
x1
x2
xn1
xn
x3
+
+ ... +
+
+
2
xn + x2 x1 + x3
xn2 + xn xn1 + x1 x1 + x2
The equality only happens with n = 4.
c. Prove that with n > 4 then at the inequality at point b. can not replace number 2 by
a larger other.
a3
b3
c3
a2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2
+
+
+
+
2c
2a
2b
bc ca ab
795. Let (n) be the sum of all divisors of the natural number n. Prove that exists
infinitely natural numbers n satisfying the condition:
a. (n) > 2n
b. (n) > 3n
For every natural number n, prove the inequalities
a. (n) < log(2n + 1)
b. (n) < ln(n + 1).
a3 c + b3 c + c3 a a2 bc + b2 ca + c2 ab
865. Let a0 < a1 < ... < an1 < an be natural numbers. Prove that
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
1 n
[a0 , a1 ] [a1 , a2 ]
[an1 , an ]
2
[a, b] is the least common multiple of natural number a, b.
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
a + ab + b
b + bc + c
c + ca + a
3
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
a1 a2
an
+
+ ... +
+
2
2
2
a2 + a3 a3 + a4
an + a1 a1 + a2
2(a1 + a2 + ... + an )
1
1
+ ... + , prove the inequality
2
n
1
1
1
1
<2
+ 2 + 2 + ... +
2
nh2n
h1 2h2 3h3
1177. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive numbers and not greater than 1. Prove that
(1 + x1 )1/x2 (1 + x2 )1/x3 (1 + x3 )1/x4 ...(1 + xn )1/x1 2n
2
(a2 + b2 + c2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (a + b + c)(x + y + z)
3
a
b
c
+
+
2
bc + 1 ca + 1 ab + 1
1272. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an be positive numbers and their sum is 1. Prove that
1
1
1
1
1 ...
1 (n2 1)n
a2n
a21
a22
a1 + a2
+
a3
a2 + a3
+ ... +
a4
an1 + an
+
a1
an + a1
n 2
a2
n
3
+ m
>1
n
m+1
n+1
1 1
d
b. a3 + b3 + c3 + abc min{ , + }.
4 9 27
1394. Let a1 , a2 , ..., an , b1 , ..., bn be positive numbers. Prove that the sum of all number
ak bk
AB
, 1 k n is not greater than
, where A = a1 + a2 + ... + an
ak + bk
A+B
and B = b1 + b2 + ... + bn .
which have form
+
+ ... +
x2 x3
x1
x1 x2
xn
1404. Let x, y, z be real numbers which satisfy x + y + z = 0 and xyz = 2. Find the
greatest value of
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ .
y
z
x
a+1 b+1
+
is also natural number.
b
a
(lcm[a, b])2 a + b
1467. For 0 < a1 < a2 < ... < am n be natural numbers in order that the sum of all
number which have form ar + as , 1 r s m is greater than n or its value is in the set
{a1 , a2 , ..., am }. Prove that
n+1
a1 + a2 + ... + am
m
2
1485. For 0 x1 x2 ... xn . Prove that the value of
1
1
1
1
>
+
+
....
n
n
s(n) s(n + 1) s(n + 3)
a3 (b + c) b3 (c + a) c3 (a + b)
2
10
1627. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be real numbers which satisfy |x1 + x2 ... + xn | = 1 and |xk |
n+1
, k = 1, 2, ..., n. Prove that exists a permutation y1 , y2 , ..., yn of x1 , x2 , ..., xn which
2
satisfy the inequality
n+1
|y1 + 2y2 + ... + nyn |
2
1692. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that
a2 + 2bc b2 + 2ca c2 + 2ab
+ 2
+ 2
>3
b2 + c2
c + a2
a + b2
n2 1
{ 1} + { 2} + ... + { n2 }
.
2
Prove that
p2 x2
q2y2
r2 z 2
1
+
+
qy + rz px + rz px + qy
2
+
+
1
2
2
2
a + 8bc
b + 8ac
c + 8ab
a
+
b+c
b
+
a+c
c
>2
a+b
n
n
n
n
1 1 1
+ + a + b + c. Prove that
a b
c
a + b + c 3abc.
11
2x
> (sinx)sin
4x
< (sinx)sin x .
b. (cosx)cox
2x
(1 +
1849. Let p be a prime number such that p2 = 2n .3n + 1, with m, n are non-negative
r
2
x +y >
n+m
1
1
= y n + m , where m, n
m
x
y
16
9
+
+
1a 1b 1c
1+a 1+b 1+c
1904. Let a, b, c be natural numbers such that a(b2 +c2 ) = 2b2 c. Prove that 2b c+a a.
1913. If 0 x y 1 prove that
p
2 (1 x2 )(1 y 2 ) 2(1 x)(1 y) + 1.
1928. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive number, such that the difference between the maximum number and the minimum number is not larger than 2. Prove that
tansin x + cotcos x 2,
13
0<x<
SOLUTION
7. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle, prove that
a
b
c
+
+
3
b+ca c+ab a+bc
r
y
y+z z+x x+y
z
z x x y
+
+
66 =6
x
y
z
x x y y
z
z
13. Let d be the difference of the maximum and the minimum from n distinct real numbers
a1 , a2 , ..., an , and
Ps be the sum of n(n 1)/2 absolutes of differences of all pairs made from
these numbers i<j |ai aj |. Prove that
(n 1)d s n2 d/4
Proof. Assume that a1 < a2 < ... < an and denote dk = ak+1 ak , we have
d = an a1 = d1 + d2 + ... + dn1
|aj ai | = di + di+1 + ... + dj1
s=
|ai aj | =
i<j
n1
X
k(n k)dk
k=1
n2
Notice that k(nk) n1 and k(nk)
for k = 1, 2, ..., n1. Thus, the inequality
4
has been proved!
23. For every natural number n > 1, prove that the quotient between p
the product of first n
even
numbers
with
the
product
of
first
n
odd
numbers
is
greater
than
8n/3 and less than
4n.
Proof. Denote pn =
1..3.5...(2n1)
2.4.6...(2n) .
We have
p2n =
For k > 1, notice that
(2k1)2
(2k2)2k
(2n 1)2 1
1 32 52
...
.
2 2.4 4.6 (2n 2)2n 2n
=
(2k1)2
(2k1)2 1
14
1
4n .
p2n =
is a consequence of
(2k1)(2k+1)
(2k)2
(2k)2 1
(2k)2
< 1.
Proof. Because a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of a triangle so a+bc, b+ca, c+ab > 0.
We have
LHS RHS =
X a2 (b c)2
cyc
b2 + c2
X (a b + c)(a + b c)
b2 + c2
cyc
>0
p2 x2
q2y2
r2 z 2
1
+
+
qy + rz px + rz px + qy
2
=
qy + rz px + rz px + qy
2(px + qy + zx)
2
By the Weighted AM-GM inequality,
px + qy + rz xp y q z r = 1
So the inequality is proved. Equality holds if and only if p = q = r =
+
+
1
2
2
2
a + 8bc
b + 8ac
c + 8ab
a
+
b+c
b
+
a+c
15
c
>2
a+b
1
and x = y = z = 1
3
n
n
n
n
1 1 1
+ + a + b + c. Prove that
a b
c
a + b + c 3abc.
(a + b + c) 3abc
We have
3abc
1 1 1
+ +
a b
c
1 1 1
+ +
a b
c
3abc(a + b + c)
x2 y 2 (x2 + y 2 ) + y 2 z 2 (y 2 + z 2 ) + z 2 x2 (z 2 + x2 ) 2(x3 y 3 + y 3 z 3 + z 3 x3 ) =
x2 y 2 (x y)2 0
cyc
2x
4x
b. (cos x)cos x
Proof. We use the function f (y) = cosy x siny x for y 0 and 0 < x < 4 . We have
f (0) = 0 and f (y) > 0 for y > 0, limy f (y) = 0. Moreover,
f 0 (y) = cosy x ln(cos x) siny x ln(sin x) = cosy x(ln(cos x) tany x ln(sin x))
16
Notice that f 0 (y) only has a real root for y > 0 since g(y) = tany x is monotone function.
We also have f (2) = f (2)(cos2 x + sin2 x) = f (4). Hence f 0 (2) > 0 and f 0 (4) < 0.
The inequalities f 0 (2) > 0 and f 0 (4) < 0 have the following equivalent forms:
k
k2
k + 1 k2 + k k2
1 k+1
1
k + 1 (k + 1)2
1+ + 2
= 1+
+
+
1+
1+
+
<
1
+
n
n n
n
n
n2
n3
n
n2
(1 +
1
1
= y n + m , where m, n
m
x
y
16
9
Proof. Assume that x = a sin t and y = a cos t, where a > 0, t (0, 4 ) ( 2 ). The condition
of our problem becomes
2
x +y >
n+m
sinn t cosn t
= 1 ()
sinm t cosm t
3
sinn t cosn t < (sin t cos t) ()
2
sink t cosk t
sink2 t cosk2 t
for k > 2
sink t cosk t
sink2 t cosk2 t
sin2 t cos2 t
sin t cos t
and clearly
<
hence
2
2
sin t cos t
sin t cos t
sinm t cosm t
sin t cos t
( )
m
m
sin t cos t
sin t cos t
From () and ( ), we have
Besides of this,
sinm t cosm t.
sinn t cosn t
3
3
< sin t cos t <
m
m
sin t cos t
2
4
+
+
1a 1b 1c
1+a 1+b 1+c
Proof. By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have:
1 1
4
+
x, y > 0
x y
x+y
So we get
1
1
4
4
+
=
1a 1b
2ab
1+c
Similarly,
1
1
4
1
1
4
+
,
+
1b 1c
1+a 1c 1a
1+b
1
3
1904. Let a, b, c be natural numbers such that a(b2 + c2 ) = 2b2 c. Prove that 2b c + a a.
Proof. Denote t =
Assume that t =
c
b
or c = bt. We have a =
m
n,
2bt
1+t2
and c = bt =
a(1+t2 )
2
with gcd(m, n) = 1. Thus a(m2 +n2 ) = 2bmn and a(m2 +n2 ) = 2cn2 .
m2 + n 2
+ k 3/2 m3/2 n3 = c + a3/2
2
So we are done!
p
2 (1 x2 )(1 y 2 ) 2(1 x)(1 y) + 1.
i
.
2
2 cos a cos b 2(1 sin a)(1 sin b) + 1 (cos a cos b)2 + (sin a + sin b 1)2 0
1
Which is clearly true. Equality holds when x = y =
2
Second proof. By the AM-GM inequality, we have
p
2 (1 x2 )(1 y 2 ) (1 x2 ) + (1 y 2 ) = 2 x2 y 2
So we need to prove that
Q.E.D
18
1928. Let x1 , x2 , ..., xn be positive number, such that the difference between the maximum
number and the minimum number is not larger than 2. Prove that
Proof. From the hypothesis we have |xi xj | 2 i, j {1, , n}. We will prove that
p
xi + xj 2 1 + xi xj xi + xj + 2
which is equivalent to
Proof. If all of numbers x1 , x2 , ..., xn are non-negative, the inequality is clearly true. Without loss of generality, assume that x1 , x2 , ..., xk are negative and xk+1 , ..., xn are non-negative
with 1 k n.
Denote that S = |x1 | + |x2 | + ... + |xn | = x1 x2 ... xk + xk+1 + ... + xn
Suppose that the inequality is not true, thus
S
2n1
S
> x1 x2 ... xn = S 2(xk+1 + ... + xn )
2n 1
Hence,
proof.
S
S
> S 2(n k)
or S > (2k 1)S . This contradiction gives us the
2n 1
2n 1
F (t) =
n
X
i=1
1
As our observation, we have F (t0 ) 0, where t0 = xn +y
2 . Thus exist real roots of
F (t) = 0, hence its discriminant = (x1 + ... + xn + y1 + ... + yn )2 4n(x1 y1 + ... + xn yn )
has non-negative value.
a+b a+b
,
, c 25
f (a, b, c) f
2
2
1
The first inequality in this chain obtains, after simplifications, the form
ab(a + b),
12
1
a+b
which is the consequence of a + b
. Denoting
= l (z = 1 2l) in the second
3
2
3
inequality of the chain, after some simplification, we obtain
144l2 168l3 + 73l2 14l + 1 0 (3l 1)2 (4l 1)2
2
Proof. Setting sin x = a, cos x = b 0 < a, b < 1. The above inequality becomes
tansin x + cotcos x 2,
a a
b
0<x<
b
b
aa+b + ba+b
+
2
2
a
ab ba
20
q
aa+b + ba+b 2 (ab)a+b
So we need to prove that
a
If a = b then
a ab
b
ab
2
a ab
ba
b 2 1
1
b
=1
a ab
a
> 1, a b > 0 so
>1
b
b
a ab
a
If a < b then < 1, a b < 0 so
>1
b
b
If a > b then
So we are done!
21