Mustafa Kemal Atatrk

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President

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk

1st President of Turkey

In office
29 October 1923 10 November 1938

Prime Minister

smet nn
Ali Fethi Okyar
Cell Bayar

Preceded by

Office established

Succeeded by

smet nn

Prime Minister of Turkey

In office
3 May 1920 24 January 1921

Deputy

Fevzi akmak

Preceded by

Office established

Succeeded by

Fevzi akmak

1st Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey

In office
24 April 1920 29 October 1923

Preceded by

Office established

Succeeded by

Ali Fethi Okyar

Leader of the Republican People's Party

In office
9 September 1923 10 November 1938

Preceded by

Office established

Succeeded by

smet nn

Personal details

Born

19 May 1881 (conventional)

Salonica, Salonica Vilayet,Ottoman Empire (now
Thessaloniki, Greece)

Died

10 November 1938 (aged 57)

Dolmabahe Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

Resting place

Antkabir, Ankara, Turkey

Nationality

Turkish

Political party

Republican People's Party

Spouse(s)

Ltife Uaklgil (192325)

Awards

List (24 medals)

Signature

Military service

Allegiance

Ottoman Empire (18931919)

Turkey (19191927)

Service/branch

Ottoman Army
Turkish Army

Rank

Mareal

Commands

19th Division
16th Corps
2nd Army
7th Army
Yildirim Army Group
Army of the Grand National Assembly

Battles/wars

World War I
Tobruk
Anzac Cove
Chunuk Bair
Scimitar Hill
Sari Bair
Bitlis
Greco-Turkish War
Sakarya

Dumlupnar

Graphical timeline
Detailed chronology

Part of the Atatrk series

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk

Personal life[show]

Military career[show]

Atatrk's Reforms[show]

Kemalism[show]

Also[show]

Gallery: Picture, sound, video

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk (pronounced [mustf ceml ttyc]; 19 May 1881 (conventional) 10
November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey.
He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatrk
(meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other
person by the Turkish parliament.
[1]

Atatrk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman
Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of
Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the
[2]

forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of
Independence. Atatrk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural
reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nationstate. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was
made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the
burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. His government also carried out an extensive
policy of Turkification.
The principles of Atatrk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey
was established, are referred to as Kemalism.
[3]

[4][5][6][7]

Contents
[hide]

1 Early life

2 Military career
o

2.1 Early years

2.2 Italo-Turkish War (19111912)

2.3 Balkan Wars (19121913)

2.4 First World War (19141918)

2.5 Turkish War of Independence (19191922)

3 Establishment of the Republic of Turkey

4 Presidency
4.1 Domestic policies

4.1.1 Emergence of the state, 19231924

4.1.2 Civic independence and the Caliphate, 19241925

4.1.3 Opposition to Mustafa Kemal in 19241927

4.1.4 Modernization efforts, 19261930

4.1.5 Opposition to Mustafa Kemal in 19301931

4.1.6 Modernization efforts, 19311938

4.2 Foreign policies

4.2.1 Issue of Mosul

4.2.2 Relations with the Russian SFSR/Soviet Union

4.2.3 Turkish-Greek alliance

4.2.4 Neighbours to the east

4.2.5 Turkish Straits

4.2.6 Balkan Pact

4.2.7 Issue of Hatay

4.3 Economic policies

4.3.1 State intervention, 19231929

4.3.2 Great Depression, 19291931

4.3.3 Liberalization and planned growth, 19311939

5 Personal life

6 Illness and death

7 Legacy
o

7.1 Turkey

7.2 Worldwide

8 Awards and decorations

o

8.1 Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey

8.2 Foreign honours

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 External links

Early life
Further information: Mustafa Kemal Atatrk's personal life

The house where Atatrk was born in the Ottoman city of Selanik(Thessaloniki in present-day Greece.)

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk was born in the early months of 1881, either in the Ahmed Suba
neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou
Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasm Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica, Ottoman Empire,
to Zbeyde Hanm, a housewife, and Ali Rza Efendi, a militia officer, title-deed clerk and
lumber trader. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived
childhood; she died in 1956. According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim, Turkishspeaking and precariously middle-class. His father Ali Rza is thought to have been
of Albanian origin by some authors;
however, according to Falih Rfk Atay, Vamik D.
Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz, Ali Rza's ancestors were Turks, ultimately descending
from Ske in the Aydn Province of Anatolia. His mother Zbeyde is thought to have been
of Turkish origin and according to evket Sreyya Aydemir, she was of Yrk ancestry.
Due to the sizeable minority of Jews in Selanikduring the Ottoman period, many of
Atatrk's Islamist opponents have eagerly claimed that he may have Dnme ancestors
(Jews who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period.) However, his grandparents were
not native to Selanik, and his family had moved to this city (the largest metropolis in
Ottoman Rumelia after Istanbul) in the late 19th century, from otherprovinces of the Ottoman
Empire. There are also some suggestions about the possibility of his partial Slavic origin,
based on his light skin complexion, blond hair and blue eyes.
[8]

[9]

[10]

[11][12][13][14][15]

[16][17]

[13][14]

[18]

[19]

[20][21][22]

The reconstructed house of Atatrk's paternal grandparents, in theOttoman village of Kocack (Kodadikin presentday Macedonia.)

He was born Mustafa, and his second name Kemal(meaning Perfection or Maturity) was
given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain skpl Mustafa Efendi, "in admiration of
his capability and maturity" according to Afet Inan, and, according to Ali Fuat Cebesoy,
because his teacher wanted to distinguish his student who had the same name as him,
although his biographer Andrew Mango suggests that he may have chosen the name
himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet Namk Kemal. In his early years, his mother
encouraged Mustafa Kemal to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and
only briefly. Later, he attended the emsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular
curriculum) at the direction of his father. His parents wanted him to learn a trade, but without
consulting them, Mustafa Kemal took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School
(Selanik Askeri Rtiyesi ) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled into the Monastir Military High
School. On 14 March 1899, he enrolled at the Ottoman Military Academy in the
neighbourhood of Pangalt within theili district of the Ottoman capital city Constantinople
(now Istanbul) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the Ottoman Military
College in Constantinople on 11 January 1905.
[23][24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[27]