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2
CONTENTS
S.NO
1.
DATE
PAGE
NO
1
19
21
23
3.
25
4.
28
5.
STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN
AXIS -SYMMETRIC COMPONENT
31
34
36
7.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF A 2D
COMPONENT
38
8.
40
9.
42
10.
44
11.
2.
MARKS
SIGN
12.
61
13
66
14
15
77
Ex.No.1
Date:
1. STUDY OF ANSYS
Aim: To study the ANSYS package.
1.0. Introduction
The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging from a simple, linear,
static analysis to a complex, non linear, transient dynamic analysis. The analysis guide manuals in the
ANSYS documentation set describe specific procedures for performing analyses for different engineering
disciplines.
ANSYS is a good pre-processing, solution and post-processing tool for finite element modeling.
The ANSYS program is organized into two levels. The initial entry level is the BEGIN level. From this
level we can access the desired processors as shown
below. The ANSYS graphical user interface (GUI) is split into four main areas. The graphics area, the
utility menu, the main menu and the ANSYS toolbar. Highlighted in the figure below is the standard
layout of the GUI. The different windows that make-up the GUI can be moved around the screen at the
users discretion.
This menu contains controls for opening and saving files, selecting entities, producing plots etc.
By clicking on any of the 10 options pop-up menus under each option appear.
The ten options are:
File: File opening, clearing a database, saving, importing and exporting files
Select: Selecting entities and components
List: Lists entities and components
Plot: Plots entities and components, multiple plots, array parameters and material data
PlotControls: Hardcopy, component numbering, annotation, animation and plot style
WorkPlane: Working plane creation and manipulation, coordinate system creation and manipulation
Parameters: Array parameters, scalar parameters and parameter edit
Macros: Macro creation for data manipulation
MenuCtrls: Controls the format of the GUI
Help: Online help and documentation
4.0. The ANSYS Input
This window shows program prompt messages and allows you to type in commands. All
previously typed commands also appear in this window.
(Indicated by a > after the topic) or performs an action. The symbol on the right-hand
of the topic indicates the action.
These are.
Preferences: This sets model preferences, such as thermal, structural or modal analysis
Preprocessor: Enters the preprocessing sub-menu
Solution: Enters the solution sub-menu
General Postproc: Enters the general postprocessor
TimeHist Postproc: Enters the time history postprocessor
Design Opt: Enters the Design Optimization routines
Radiation Matrix: Sets options for radiation thermal analysis
Run-Time Stats: Gives run-time statistics
7.1. Sub-menus
From the main menu a sub-menu will look like the one shown below.
From the utility menu a sub-menu will look like the one shown below.
At the top of the menu is the pick or un-pick option. With this we can either select or un-select
entities using the mouse buttons. The next field tells us the location of the item and number of items we
are picking. Below this area is the data entry area. At
the bottom of the pop-up menu is a set of buttons for applying the required command.
These buttons are common to Ansys pop-up windows and function as follows:
Data such as Youngs Modulus and Poissons ratio can be entered using the keyboard in the
required field.
7.3. Toggle
Toggle boxes allow certain options to be set without actually typing anything. They are typically
used when ANSYS want the user to choose between one option and
another. In the toggle box shown above we are choosing to import a CAD file using the default option
and also choosing to combine (merge) coincident key points thus enabling us to create a areas and
volumes.
This menu gives the user four options for saving and exiting the model.
By clicking on Import a further sub-menu gives us our file options. Typically this
might be an IGES file. Finally a toggle-box will appear offering several options.
To read a database into Ansys use the resume command from File sub-menu.
Exporting Files
IGES files can be exported from the File sub-menu using the export option.
Solution Files
During an analysis Ansys creates various files for storing data. These are.
File.emat element matrix files on previous iteration
File.esav element matrix files on most recent iteration
File.tri triangularised matrix files
File.err file listing all error messages generated during modelling
File.log log file of all commands issued
File.page scratch files for virtual space
The esav, emat and tri files are automatically deleted after leaving Ansys once a job has
been solved. This feature is unique to Sheffield University. There are several other files
created for different applications, which will not be dealt with in these notes.
Results Files
For a standard structural analysis the results file has the extension .rst. Hence a
default result file is file.rst
All Ansys files can be copied renamed and saved in the appropriate operating system.
Entities that you can select are nodes, elements, keypoints lines, areas and volumes.
The default option is nodes.
Using this sub-menu we can select lines by their global position in the current coordinate system.
A very useful technique is to be able to select things attached to entities we have already selected. So for
instance we can select lines attached to areas, keypoints attached lines and so on. In the sub-menu shown
we are selecting areas attached to the lines that we have already selected.
11
The second portion of the sub-menu offers four options on what we select our entities from. These
four are.
Also in this portion of the sub-menu are buttons so that we can select everything,
invert our current selection and select none of the entities chosen. The bottom portion of the panel is our
standard Ansys area for executing our desired commands.
12
Note that this sub-menu has options for various graphics options. Through this menu we can
change the style of our graphics plot, the colours used, the number of windows and so on. From this
window we are also able to produce hardcopy. Clicking on hardcopy will bring up the following submenu. By choosing graphics window only,
color and print file, the graphics window output will be printed on a colour print.
14
Using the create sub-menu we can produced our geometry from pre-defined shapes called
primitives. These shapes can be circles, rectangles, blocks and several other shapes outlined in the menu.
If we use the by-dimensions option then the following data entry box appears.
14.0. Meshing
The second phase of our modelling process is the element creation. From the preprocessor menu
we can see that one of the sub-sections is labelled Meshing. By clicking on mesh, the following submenu appears.
This menu allows us to free or map mesh areas or volumes. Free meshing means the surface will
be meshed with quadrilateral and triangular elements. Mapped meshing means the surface will be only
meshed with quadrilateral elements. Only certain geometrys can be map meshed.
16
Within the Meshing area of the pre-processor menu are options for element size
control and other meshing functions. In Ansys all these option are combined in a submenu called the
Mesh tool. This menu is shown below.
From this menu element size can be set, the mesh can be refined and so on. Loading and
boundary conditions We can apply loads and constraints (and delete them) either from the preprocessor
or the solution processor sub-menus.
We can apply forces on nodes or keypoints. Choosing nodes our standard pop-up
17
By toggling on the Direction of force/mom button we can choose the loading direction of the
force.
We will then be prompted with our standard pop-up menu. The force will be represented as a red
arrow.
Similarly by clicking on apply then Displacement from the solution processor window then
following sub-menu appears.
19
After picking the nodes we wish to constrain the following data entry box appears.
Highlighting ALL DOF and making the value of the displacement zero fully constrains the
selected nodes.
20
If we then click on Nodal solution the following sub-menu appears. Note that we are able to
select our desired output firstly by highlighting the item (stress, strain etc) and
then the component (Sx, Sy etc).
21
22
Ex.No.2
Date:
AIM:
To analysis the deflection and stresses at each nodal points of a cantilever beam with point load at
free end using ANSYS software.
P=4000N
D=10mm
L=100mm
Preprocessing:
Problem
1. Change jobname:
File -> Change Jobname
Defining the
5. Create nodes:
To apply constraints:
23
General Postproc -> List Results -> Nodal Solution -> DOF Solution -> ALL DOFs
12. Define element table items for subsequent plotting and listing of various stress results.
24
25
Date:
2.2 STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM-SIMPLY SUPPORT BEAM WITH DISTRIBUTED LOADS
AIM:
To analysis the stress and deflection in a Distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied
to a solid steel beam with a rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of
the beam is 10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa.
26
27
Ex.No.2
Date:
2.3 STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM-FIXED BEAM WITH VARING LOAD
AIM:
To analysis the stress and deflection in a varying load will be applied to a solid steel beam with a
rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is 10mm x 10mm
while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa.
10KN
L=100mm
Preprocessor -> -Modeling- Create -> Nodes -> Fill between Nds.
Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Numbering.
To apply constraints:
12. Define element table items for subsequent plotting and listing of various stress results.
28
29
30
Date:
3. STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH CIRCULAR HOLE
AIM
To analysis the given problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the
following fig. This bracket is to be built from a 20mm thick steel plate is shown below this plate will
be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right
200000
PRXY
0.3
31
8. Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas [Element
minimum edge length of 20]
9. Mesh
Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free
10. Saving Your Job
Utility Menu > File > Save as...
Define Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
[This location is fixed which means that all DOF's are constrained]
3. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines
[There is a load of 20N/mm distributed]
4. Solving the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
32
Ex.No.4
Date:
4. STATIC ANALYSIS OF A CORNER BRACKET
AIM:
To determine the deformed shape and Stress distribution for a Corner Bracket using ANSYS
software.
600
fixed pin
dia 100 hole
200
400
Thickness=1mm
R5
Tappered pressure
load from 500 N/sq.mm
to 5000 N/sq.mm.
200
Material properties: A36 Steel, Youngs modulus: 2E06 N/sq.m., Poissons ratio: 0.27
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
1. Give the Simplified Version a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title
Step 1: Define rectangles.
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling> Create>Areas> Rectangle>By Dimensions
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display WorkingPlane
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> WP Settings
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Keypoints
Step 10: Move working plane and create second pin hole.
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Global Origin
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane
Utility Menu> Plot> Replot
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines
33
Step 4: Solve.
Toolbar: SAVE_DB.
Main Menu> Solution>Solve> Current LS
34
35
Ex.No.5
Date:
5. STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXIS -SYMMETRIC COMPONENT
AIM:
To analysis axis symmetry in the model will be that of a closed tube made from steel. Point loads
will be applied at the center of the top and bottom plate to make an analytical verification simple to
calculate. A 3/4 cross section view of the tube is shown below. As a warning, point loads will create
discontinuities in the model near the point of application. If you chose to use these types of loads in your
own modeling, be very careful and be sure to understand the theory of how the FEA package is applying
the load and the assumption it is making. In this case, we will only be concerned about the stress
distribution far from the point of application, so the discontinuities will have a negligible effect.
0 20 0
15 20 0 100
0 20 95 100
36
Linear >
200000
PRXY 0.3
7. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas
[An element edge length of 2mm]
8. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines
Pick the two edges on the left, at x=0.
Utility Menu > Select > Entities
[Select Nodes and By Location from the scroll down menus. Click Y coordinates and type in
50]
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes > Pick All
Constrain the nodes in the y-direction (UY).
3. Utility Menu > Select > Entities
[In the select entities window, click Select All to reselect all nodes.]
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Key points
[Pick the top left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of 100 in the FY direction.
Pick the bottom left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of -100 in the FY direction.
]
Select Nodes > By Location > Y coordinates and type 45, 55 in the Min, Max box.
o
General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress > Components SCOMP
37
38
Ex.No.6
Date:
6.1 Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
AIM
To perform the modal analysis of a given cantilever beam using subspace method using ANSYS
software
As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'
Click 'OK'
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key pointsFix Key
point 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).
3. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
Post processing: Viewing the Results
1. Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions
o
39
Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set. As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.
Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape
RESULT
40
Date:
6.2 Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
AIM
To perform the modal analysis of a given cantilever beam using subspace method using ANSYS
software
As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'
Click 'OK'
5. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key
(ie all DOFs constrained).
6. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
Post processing: Viewing the Results
3. Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions
o
41
Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set. As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.
Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape
RESULT
42
Date:
7. Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
AIM:
To perform the modal analysis of a given cantilever beam using subspace method using ANSYS
software
Select the full solution method the real +imaginary DOF printout format and do not use
lumped mass approx.
Click 'OK'
3. Apply Constraints
o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On nodes
(Constrined all DOFs constrained)
4. Apply Loads
o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment> On nodes
o Select the node at X=1(far right)
5. Set the frequency range
o Select Solution>load step Opts>Time/Frequency >Freq and substps
o Specific frequency range of 0-100 Hz, substeps and stepped b.c
43
44
Date:
8. SIMPLE CONDUCTION EXAMPLE
AIM:
To analysis in the Simple Conduction Example is constrained as shown in the following figure.
Thermal conductivity (k) of the material is 10 W/m*C and the block is assumed to be infinitely long.
Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top line.
Fill the window in as shown to constrain the side to a constant temperature of 500
Using the same method, constrain the remaining 3 sides to a constant value of 100
RESULT
45
46
Ex.No.9
Date:
9. THERMAL - MIXED BOUNDARY EXAMPLE
(CONDUCTION/CONVECTION/INSULATED)
AIM:
To analysis in this tutorial was a simple thermal example. Analysis of a simple conduction as well
a mixed conduction/convection/insulation problem will be demonstrated.
The Mixed Convection/Conduction/Insulated Boundary Conditions Example is constrained as shown in
the following figure (Note that the section is assumed to be infinitely long):
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
47
48
Date:
10. COUPLED STRUCTURAL/THERMAL ANALYSIS
AIM:
To perform the coupled thermal/structural analysis of a given link using ANASYS software
PROBLEM DISCRETION
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 9.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline a simple
coupled thermal/structural analysis. A steel link, with no internal stresses, is pinned between two solid
structures at a reference temperature of 0 C (273 K). One of the solid structures is heated to a temperature
of 75 C (348 K). As heat is transferred from the solid structure into the link, the link will attemp to
expand. However, since it is pinned this cannot occur and as such, stress is created in the link. A steadystate solution of the resulting stress will be found to simplify the analysis.
Loads will not be applied to the link, only a temperature change of 75 degrees Celsius. The link is
steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa, a thermal conductivity of 60.5 W/m*K and a thermal
expansion coefficient of 12e-6 /K.
1. Give example a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, Thermal Stress Example
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
2. Open preprocessor menu
ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
We are going to define 2 key points for this link as given in the following table:
49
(0,0)
(1,0)
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Co-ord
5. Define the Type of Element
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the LINK33 element
6. Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... AREA: 4e-4
7. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic
KXX:
8. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
(Mesh size .1 meter)
9. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
10. Write Environment
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Write
In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Thermal and click OK.
11. Clear Environment
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Clear > OK
Structural Environment - Define Physical Properties
Since the geometry of the problem has already been defined in the previous steps, all that is required is to
detail the structural variables.
50
Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Thermal Expansion Coef
> Isotropic
3. Write Environment
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Write
In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Struct
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static
2. Read in the Thermal Environment
Solution > Physics > Environment > Read
Choose thermal and click OK.
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Keypoints
Set the temperature of Keypoint 1, the left-most point, to 348 Kelvin.
4. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
5. Close the Solution Menu
Main Menu > Finish
It is very important to click Finish as it closes that environment and allows a new one to be
opened without contamination. If this is not done, you will get error messages.The thermal
solution has now been obtained. If you plot the steady-state temperature on the link, you will see
it is a uniform 348 K, as expected. This information is saved in a file labelled Jobname.rth, were
.rth is the thermal results file. Since the jobname wasn't changed at the beginning of the analysis,
this data can be found as file.rth. We will use these results in determing the structural effects.
6. Read in the Structural Environment
Solution > Physics > Environment > Read
Choose struct and click OK.
7. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Fix Keypoint 1 for all DOF's and Keypoint 2 in the UX direction.
8. Include Thermal Effects
RESULT
51
52
Ex.No.11
Date:
11. Performing a Harmonic Response Analysis in MEMS
AIM:
Problem :
A Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) resonant micro fan is used for fluidic transport. The fan
consists of a thin plate of polysilicon supported by two torsional support arms and suspended over a
ground plate. The fan oscillates when the electric field created by an AC voltage source forces the fan
toward and away from the ground plate at the natural frequency of its first mode shape. A mechanical
load (4.92e-5 MPa), which is of equivalent magnitude to the electrostatic loading, will be applied to the
model to represent the electrostatic loading.
169 GPa
Poissons Ratio
0.22
Density
2320 kg/m3
GUI STEPS
(GoTo Utility Menu)
PlotCtrls
Numbering
(Go to Lines and click) OFF (then OFF will be toggled to ON)
(Go to Areas and click) OFF (then OFF will be toggled to ON)
OK
(Go to Main Menu)
Preprocessor - >Element Type - > Add/Edit/Delete - >Add
Material Props- > Material Models - > Structural - >Linear - >Elastic - >
Isotropic
EX = 169e3
PRXY = 0.22
53
54
55
56
Solve
Current LS
Ignore 3 warnings & Yes
General PostProc
Results Summary
57
These are the frequencies for the first 3 mode shapes of the fan (the actual values may differ slightly).
Read Results
By Pick
Select Set 1 & Read & Close
58
Load Step Opts- >Time/Frequency- >Freq and Substeps- >Harmonic freq range: 0 and 26000
59
60
Solve
Current LS
Ignore the 3 warnings & Yes
Close the /Status Command window & Solution Done window
(Go to Main Menu)
General Postproc
Results Summary
(Go to Main Menu)
TimeHist Postpro
Time History Variables Window appears:
Click Add Data button
Add Time-History Variable Window Appears
Choose Nodal Solution
DOF
Z-component of displacement & OK
Input node 243 & Enter & OK
Click Graph Data button
The resulting plot shows the displacement in the z-direction for node 243 (the node corresponding to
x=0, y=145, z=1.5) as a function of the frequency. The natural frequency at the fans first mode shape
is
17604 Hz.
RESULT:
61
Date:
12. Design optimization
AIM:
To optimize the given problem
Problem
Find the minimum-weight (i.e., minimum volume) design of the truss structure shown in figure.
Treat the cross-sectional area as the design variable and subject the model to the following
constraints:
Stress s in any member should in be the range -20000 < s < 10000
Vertical deflection should not exceed 0.05
Cross sectional area should be in the range 0.25 < A < 2.5.
In this problem, the design variable is the cross sectional area, the state variables are the
maximum displacements (d) and the axial stresses (s) in the truss system. The total volume of all
elements is the objective function to be minimized.
GUI STEPS
62
In this example, area of cross-section is the only design variable. Thus only one parameter called AREA
is defined here. Later in the input all reference to parameter should be through its name.
ANSYS Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters > Selection [ AREA=0.6 ]
Parameters > Save Parameters > OK
ANSYS Toolbar > SAVE_DB
If we wanted to use different sections for different members in the truss, we could use several
parameters, say AREA1, AREA2, etc. While defining real constants, then we would refer to the
appropriate parameters.
2. Define the element type (LINK1) and material properties.
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Structure Link > [ 2D spar 1]
Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Real Constant Set No.[1] >
Cross Sec Area [ AREA ]
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear
Elastic > Isotropic > > EX [ 30E6 ] > PRXY [0.3]
3. Begin the model creation.
Preprocessor > -Modeling- Create
Nodes > In Active CS
NODE [ 1 ] X,Y,Z [ 6 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] > Apply
NODE [ 2 ] X,Y,Z [ 18 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] > Apply
NODE [ 3 ] X,Y,Z [ 0 ] [ 8 ] [ 0 ] >Apply
NODE [ 4 ] X,Y,Z [ 12 ] [ 8 ] [ 0 ] >Apply
NODE [ 5 ] X,Y,Z [ 24 ] [ 8 ] [ 0 ] >OK
Preprocessor > -Modeling- Create
Elements > -Auto Numbered- Thru Nodes +
[ Node 1 and 2] > Apply
[ Node 1 and 3] > Apply
[ Node 1 and 4] > Apply
[ Node 2 and 4] > Apply
[ Node 2 and 5] > Apply
[ Node 3 and 4] > Apply
[ Node 4 and 5] > OK
4. Apply boundary conditions and loading.
63
This is where you retrieve results data and assign them to parameters. ANSYS provides a number of
commands that allows us to retrieve the value of selected variables, to pick out the maximum/minimum
value from a pre-selected result array, and so on. At the end of an optimization loops, the state variables
are evaluated, and the design variable are reset to continue the analysis.
Important Note: Follow the steps below very carefully. Make sure to click on options in the dialog boxes
even if they appear already selected. If you don't do this Ansys sometimes does not create a proper LGW
file needed for optimization.
64
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table > Add... >
Lab [AXIAL] [By sequence num] [ LS ]> Selection [LS, 1] > OK > Close
Now we can use the element table data to create three remaining SVs, VOLUME = total volume of
elements, SMAX = maximum axial stress and SMIN= minimum axial stress. For volume we need to
choose element table sums so that we can get total volume of the truss and use it in defining the objective
function.
Parameters > Get Scalar Data > [ Result data ] [ Elem table sums ] > OK >Name of parameter to be
defined [ VOLUME ] Element table item [ VOL ] > OK
General Postproc > List Results > -Sorted Listing- Sort Elems... > KABS [ no ]
Item, Comp [ AXIAL ] > OK
Parameters > Get Scalar Data > [ Result data ] [ Other operations ] > OK >Name of parameter to be
defined [ SMAX ] Data to be retrieved [ From sort oper'n ] [ Maximum value ] > Apply
[ Result data ] [ Other operations ] > OK >Name of parameter to be
defined [ SMIN ] Data to be retrieved [ From sort oper'n ] [ Minimum value ] > OK
65
You can open Ansys from within SolidWorks (via ToolsAdd InsAnsys 11) or directly:
1. StartProgramsAnsysWorkbench (which may take about 10 minutes to open) lets you access
the Workbench Start window
2. Clicking on Geometry will let you begin sketching and modifying the part:
66
Sketching
4. On the left of the page select Sketching to open the construction Tree Outline
5. In the Tree Outline select the XYPlane for the initial sketch. It opens as an isometric view. Select the
Look At (or Normal To) icon to get the true shape view
68
6. On the left of the page the Sketching Toolboxes panel appears with the list of line options
7. From the list pick Line to begin the input of straight lines outlining the bracket shape. Symbols such as
V, and H appear to denote when the line is vertical or horizontal, etc.
69
8. To require the two end segments to have the same length select ConstraintsEqual Length and click
on the
two end segments.
10. The inclined segment of the bracket does not appear to have parallel sides as desired. To assure that it
does select (on the left of the page) ConstraintsParallel and pick the two lines. Note that the
Constraints panel has several common types available for the user.
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11. Continue with the remaining length dimensions via DimensionsHorizontal and select the three
locations.
12. For the final parameter specify the angle of the inclined leg: DimensionsAngle and pick the
inclined line and the bottom line. Sometimes you will want to right click to specify an Alternate Angle
choice.
13. At this point the actual parametric dimensions will be input to replace those in the initial sketch. On
the left of the page the Details View panel contains the Dimensions subpanel with the default
dimension names (V1, L4, etc) and their as sketched initial values. Click on each value to be changed and
type in the desired values. The sketch changes shape to reflect the new dimension values.
Extrusion
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14. Having completed the crosssectional sketch you are ready to form a solid with an Extrude operation.
Note that
icon at the top of the page, along with other construction features like Revolve, Sweep, Loft, etc.
15. Change to an Isometric View (by any of various methods) to be able to see the extrusion normal to
the sketch.
16. Pick the Generate icon at the top (this is a frequently used icon) to actually perform the extrusion. A
default extrusion length appears in the isometric view.
17. To specify a desired extrusion length use Details ViewDetails of Extrude 1 and click on Depth
and type in the actual length (here 20 mm).
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Features
18. The part is almost complete except for interior fillets and the support bolt hole. To create the bolt hole
it is necessary to select one of the two top planes, insert a circle sketch, and cut out the hole. At the page
top pick the Select Face icon, and click on the lower surface (the top would have actually been easier).
19. In the Tree Outline right click on BodyCreateNew Plane. A default new plane name will appear
in the tree.
21.
Add
the
new
dimensions
with
DimensionsDiameter,
DimensionsVertical,
DimensionsHorizontal, and provide the desired values via Details ViewDimensions for D1, H2, and
V3.
22. To form the cut select the Sketch_name and then Extrude
24. For the fillets, pick the Select Edge filter icon and pick the three interior edges.
25. Form and dimension the fillets CreateFixed Radius Blend followed by Details ViewDetails of
FBlend to set the radius to 3mm and Apply to see the fillets appear and finish the part.
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Ex.No.14
Date:
14. GEOMETRIC NON LINEAR PROBLEM IN ABAQUS
Aim:
Problem
A rectangular steel cantilevered beam has a downward load applied to the one end. The load is expected
to produce plastic deformation. An experimentally determined stress strain curve was supplied for the
steel material. We will investigate the magnitude and depth of plastic strain.
Analysis Steps
4. Expand the Field Output Requests node in the model tree, and then double click on FOutput1
(FOutput1
was automatically generated when creating the step)
a. Uncheck the variables Strains and Contact
5. Expand the History Output Requests node in the model tree, and then right click on HOutput1
(HOutput1
was automatically generated when creating the step) and select Delete
7. Because the part is symmetrical and the flat surfaces are fully restrained only a quarter of the arch
needs to
be modeled
8. Because the flat surfaces are assumed to be fully restrained we do not need to include them, and can
instead
fix just the edge
9. Double click on the BCs node in the model tree
a. Name the boundary conditioned Fixed and select Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre for the type
12. In the model tree double click on Mesh for the Arch part, and in the toolbox area click on the
Assign
Element Type icon
a. Select the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary conditions and load
b. Select Standard for element type
13. In the toolbox area click on the Assign Mesh Controls icon
a. Select the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary conditions and load
b. Change the element shape to Quad
14. In the toolbox area click on the Seed Edge: By Number icon
a. Select the shorter edges of the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary conditions and
load
i. Specify 5 seeds
b. Select the longer curved edges of the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary
conditions and load
i. Specify 10 seeds
c. Select Done
17. In the model tree right click on the job just created and select Submit
a. Ignore the message about unmeshed portions of the geometry
b. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select Monitor
c. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings
i. Abaqus exits with an error
ii. Abaqus is unable to apply the full load
iii. Observing the final time solved, Abaqus only solved for the first 97.5519% of the load
iv. The results for the time steps Abaqus was successfully able to apply can still be viewed
18. In the model tree right click on the submitted job, and select Results
20. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress overlaid with the undeformed geometry
a. In the toolbox area click on the following icons
i. Plot Contours on Deformed Shape
ii. Allow Multiple Plot States
iii. Plot Undeformed Shape
21. In the toolbox area click on the Common Plot Options icon
a. Note that when including the effects of geometric nonlinearities, the deformation scale factor
defaults to a value of 1
b. Click OK
Problem:
A rectangular steel cantilevered beam (100X10) has a downward load applied to the one end. The load is
expected to produce plastic deformation. An experimentally determined stress strain curve was supplied
for the steel material. We will investigate the magnitude and depth of plastic strain.
Analysis Steps
1. Start Abaqus and choose to create a new model database
2. In the model tree double click on the Parts node (or right click on parts and select Create)
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part and
a. Select 2D Planar
b. Select Deformable
c. Select Shell
d. Set approximate size = 200
e. Click Continue
4. Create the geometry shown below (not discussed here)
5. Double click on the Materials node in the model tree
a. Name the new material and give it a description
b. The stress strain data, shown below, was measured for the material used
i. This data is based on the nominal (engineering) stress and strain
Nominal Stress (Pa) Nominal Strain
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
2.00E+08 9.50E-04
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87
88
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18. In the model tree double click on the Job node
a. Name the job plastic_beam
b. Give the job a description
19. In the model tree right click on the job just created and select Submit
a. Ignore the message about unmeshed portions of the geometry
b. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select Monitor
c.
d. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings
i. If there are errors, investigate the cause(s) before resolving
ii. If there are warnings, determine if the warnings are relevant, some warnings can be safely
ignored
iii. In the far right column, note how Abaqus adjusted the increment
20. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job, and select Results
21. In the menu bar click on ViewportViewport Annotations Options
a. Uncheck the Show compass option
b. The locations of viewport items can be specified on the corresponding tab in the Viewport
Annotations Options
22. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress
a. In the toolbox area click on the following icons
i. Plot Contours on Deformed Shape
23. In the toolbox area click on the Common Plot Options icon
a. Set the Deformation Scale Factor to 1
b. Click OK
24. Click on the arrows on the context bar to change the time step being displayed
a. Click on the three squares to bring up the frame selector slider bar
25. To change the output being displayed, in the menu bar click on ResultsField Output
a. Select one of the plastic strain related outputs (PE or PEEQ)
b. Click OK
Alternatively, you can select the output variable from the corresponding toolbar (shown below).
Hint: If you dont see the toolbar, go to view Toolbars and activate the Field output to display the
toolbar (a checkmark will appear next to it).
Note that PE displays individual plastic strain (similar to principal strain) components, while PEEQ
variable
provides the equivalent plastic strain value (similar to vonMises equivalent stress).
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