VVT-1003 Introduction To Video Communications

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2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to Video
Communications
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VVT-1003
2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Agenda
Video Basics
Video Telephony Overview
Video Conferencing Overview
TelePresence
Digital Media System
Video Strategy
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Flash Crowd
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Video Basics
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Video Consists of:

Encoding
Video Endpoints
Network Infrastructure
Quality of Service
Bandwidth Requirements
Video Applications
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Video
Format
SQCIF
QCIF
QCIF+
CIF
2CIF
4CIF
9CIF
16CIF
Resolutions/ Quality
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CIF Formats
NTSC-based PAL-based
128 96
176 120
176 144
176 220
176 220
352 240
352 288
704 240
704 288
704 480
704 576
1056 720
1056 864
1408 960
1408 1152
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Interlaced vs Progressive
Progressive scan video is scanned from side to side, top to bottom: line 1,
line 2, line 3 etc, up to the end of the frame. It's as simple as that. In fact,
it's exactly how you'd expect video to be scanned if you didn't know any
better!
Interlaced video is scanned from side to side, top to bottom, as well. The
difference is that every 60th of a second, every other line making up the
complete frame is scanned. Then, a 60th of a second later, the lines inbetween the lines that have already appeared are scanned. Effectively,
half the picture's vertical resolution is sent in the first 60th of a second, and
the second half is sent in the second 60th of a second. When the video is
played back, the whole thing happens in reverse, giving the appearance of
a complete frame.
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CODECs (CODe/DECode)
Encoding the visual and audio
Compression can be classified into Lossless
and Lossy
Lossless compression is a bit-perfect copy of the original
Lossless compression has very little gain in reducing

video frames,
Downside: Requires more bandwidth
Example - Like WinZip
Lossy compression make use of Perceptual Coding,

produces a good quality copy of the original
Upside: Smaller file size, adequate quality
Example MPEG video and audio
Lossy compression is used when it is not possible

to re-create a bit-for-bit copy of the original file after
compression
Video compression is the science of representing information in a compact form
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Compression/Decompression
Quality
Uncompressed
Video
Bandwidth
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Latency
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Basics of Video Encoding

A. Objective
Remove redundancies in the video:
Spatial correlation between neighboring pixels
Temporal similarities between consecutive pictures
Reduce non-essential information from the video signal based on

human psycho-visual parameters:
Reduce/hide noise
Reduce excessive luminance/chrominance redundancy
Send the remaining information as efficiently as possible: Lossless

or entropy coding (e.g., Run-length, Huffman, Arithmetic)
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B. Basic Concept
1
Predictor
+
_
Core encoder
4 8x8 LUMA, 2 8x8 CHROMA for

4:2:0
4:2:0 video format
Spatial prediction (used in all pictures)

Temporal prediction (used in P- and B-pictures)
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C. Rate Control
Output Bits
Source
Encoder
- Which picture requires more bits

- The more statistics we know about
about the source, the better decision
the rate control can make.
Qp
Complexity
Estimation
- HRD constraints (no buffer

overflow or underflow)
- CBR or VBR
Rate Control
Bit Rate (MBit/s)
Constraints
CBR
VBR
Target Bit Rate
- High-level bit allocation for each

picture in the GOP
- Low-level Qp assignment
Time
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Current Video Encoding Standards

CODECs (CODe/DECode)
MPEG1
VCR
0.5 to 1.5Mbps
MPEG2
VCR-HDTV
1.5 to 20Mbps
MPEG4 P.2
Internet-VCR
64Kbps to 4Mbps
MPEG4 P.10
Internet-HDTV
500Kbps to 12Mpbs
H.261
Video Conferencing
N x 64Kbps
H.263
Video Conferencing
32Kbps to 2Mbps
H.263+
Internet
24-64Kbps
Internet-HDTV
500Kbps to 12Mbps
3G Mobile
64-128Kbps
Microsoft
Internet-HDTV
128Kbps to 15Mbps
Real
Internet-HDTV
64Kbps to 8Mbps
Internet-DVD
128Kbps to 15Mbps
H.264 AVC
H.264/M
Sorenson
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ITU
Bandwidth
Motion Pictures
Expert Group
Application
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Containers
A container format is a file format that can contain various types of data, compressed by
means of standardised audio/video codecs. The container file is used to identify and
interleave the different data types. More advanced container formats can support multiple
audio and video streams, subtitles, chapter-information, and meta-data (tags) - along with
the synchronisation information needed to play back the various streams together.
Flash
Quicktime
AVI
For example, Youtube uses Flash Video

embedded in your browser. The embedded
Flash Player plays a file encoded using
H.263 (or 264) for video and mp3 for audio.
RealMedia
MPEG2-TS
MP4
MOV
And many more
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Compression Methods
Temporal Redundancy
Motion Prediction
I Frame
Complete Frame Encoded
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B Frame
Only Motion Encoded
Ball Bi-directionally from I & P
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P Frame
Ball Encoded with Motion Vector
from I frame
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Groups of Pictures (GOP)

In MPEG-2, a typical GOP would consist of one I-picture and several P- and Bpictures, where each B-picture uses the nearest past I- or P-picture and the future Ppicture as references for prediction. B-pictures are not used as references.
H.264 removes this major restriction, providing the encoder the flexibility
to choose whether to use B-pictures as references for prediction.
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Bandwidth Requirements for Video

Variability of Video Coders
I
Frame
10241518
Bytes
I
Frame
10241518
Bytes
600 Kbps
P and B Frames
128256 Bytes
32 Kbps
I frame is a full sample of the video
Time
P and B frames use quantisation via motion vectors

and prediction algorithms delta encoding
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Bandwidth Requirements for Video

Calculating Layer 2/3 Overhead
Video Data Rate and
Bandwidth Required
Harder to calculate video because

payload size is variable (video
is bursty)
128k = 153k
384k = 460k
General rule of thumb is to add 20%

for all layer 2/layer 3 overhead
512k = 614k
Session speed is typically the

maximum transmission of the
session; average is usually much
less
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768k = 921k
1.5M = 1.8M
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IP Network
Traffic Profiles and Requirements
Voice
Data
Smooth/bursty
Benign/greedy
Drop insensitive
Delay insensitive
TCP retransmits
Traffic Patterns for

Data Vary Among
Applications
Smooth
Benign
Drop sensitive
Delay sensitive
UDP priority
Bandwidth per Call

Depends on Codec,
Sampling-Rate,
and Layer 2 Media
Video-Conf
Bursty
Greedy
Drop sensitive
Delay sensitive
UDP priority
IP/VC Has the Same

Requirements as
VoIP, but Has
Radically Different
Traffic Patterns
(BW Varies Greatly)
TelePresence
Bursty
Drop sensitive
Delay sensitive
Jitter sensitive
UDP priority
Telepresence
bandwidth varies
based on the
resolutions and has
Radically Different
Traffic Patterns
Each Traffic Type has different requirements of the network
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Recommended QoS Traffic

Classifications Traditional:
L2
CoS
L3 Classification
IP Prec. PHB
DSCP
Application
56-63
Reserved
48-55
Reserved
EF
46
Voice Media
AF41
34
Videoconferencing
CS3
24
Voice Signaling
AF2y
18,20,22
High Priority Data
AF1y
10,14,16
Medium Priority Data
BE
Best Effort Data
*** But what about other Video applications? ***

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A more modern QoS Classification Table:

Application
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DSCP
Network Control
CS6
48
Voice Media
EF
46
Broadcast Video
CS5
40
Multimedia Conferencing
AF41
34
Telepresence
CS4
32
Multimedia Streaming
AF31
26
Voice Signalling
CS3
24
Low-Latency Data
AF21
18
High Priority Data
CS2
16
Medium Priority Data
AF11
10
Best Effort Data
DF
Scavenger Class Data
CS1

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L3 Classification
PHB
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Video Applications
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Video Applications Types

Point-to-Point
ire
id
Un
Live Video
(Streaming)
l
na
io
ct
Experience
Security
Point-toMultipoint
Video
on
Demand
l
na
io
ct
ire
id
B
Level
Video
Telephony
Video
Conferencing
Broadcast
Video
Crossing a line
increases
complexity
Considerations:
Video Quality
Bandwidth
Latency
TelePresence
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Ciscos Video Communication Toolset

Experience Level
Video
Telephony
Web
Conferencing
Video
Conferencing
TelePresence
Real-Time and Highly Interactive

Live Video/
TV
Video on
Demand
Digital/
Display
Mass Delivery and Less Interaction

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Video Telephony
Overview
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Video Telephony
Video is Just a Phone Call!
Built on Unified Communications Manager
Video Advantage
Reasonable quality video for effective nonverbal communication

Simple installation and same user
experience
PC associates with IP phone
Phone registers as a video capable phone
Audio on the Phone
Video on the PC (Cisco VT Camera)
Personal Communicator
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Cisco Unified Personal Communicator

Video Telephony (Soft Phone)
Point to Point
Ad-hoc Multi-point video conferences
support
Supports Cisco VT Camera I and II on PC
Supports iSight camera on Mac
Video Formats CIF and QCIF
Frame Rate up to 30 FPS with support for H263 and H264

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How Multi-Person Video Telephony Works

MCU
Endpoints are all

SCCP controlled
10
10
Video & Audio

Stream
Video & Audio

Stream
Video & Audio

Stream
10
9
Redirect
Control
6
The Boss answers
the call
3
Video & Audio
Stream
Video Endpoint
Dogbert
Dilbert calls
The Boss
Video Endpoint
The Boss
7
Video & Audio
Stream
1
Call
On
Hold
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Dogbert calls
Dilbert
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Communications Manager
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2
Conference
Dilbert answers
the call
Video Endpoint
Dilbert
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Video Conferencing
Overview
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Unified Videoconferencing Components

Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)
Hardware (or Software) Resources to Bridge Participants
Gatekeeper (optional)
Admission and Policy, Bandwidth Management
GK
Gateway (optional)
Bridges connectivity, Translation
Complete Unified Communications

Video infrastructure
Traditional
Videoconferencing
(IP or ISDN)
Multiparty
Video
Telephony
Multi-location
for Cisco
TelePresence
Rich-media
Conferencing
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Cisco Unified MeetingPlace

Enterprise-class, Fully Integrated
Voice, Video and Web conferencing
Simple set up and attend
Wide Video Endpoint support
Meeting presence and

meeting management
Integrated Video Control

Reserve Endpoints and MCUs
Broad application support
Highly Scalable and distributed

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Cisco Unified MeetingPlace 7.0 Components
Application
Linux OS
Informix DB
MP Integration
Server(s)
Media Server(s)
Windows 2003/SQL
MP Application Server
MCS 7835/7845
MP Media Server
MP-3515 Fixed Hardware
Conference control of all Media

Linux OS/Informix Database
SIP User Agent
SMTP Email Integration
Outlook Plugin
WebEx Configuration
Directory Services to CUCM/LDAP
VUI Prompts
Web based Administration
New Conference Manager (IT)
MeetingPlace API
Optional Secondary Server
MP-3545 Modular Chassis
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MCS 7835/7845
Web Scheduling UI
User Authentication (SSO)

DSPs for voice/video mixing
MP IP Phone Service
MP-Audiovoice & control (250)
Web Conferencing
MP-Videovideo mixing (20 or 40)
Recordings (SAN/NAS)
Chassis provides power only
WebEx Option(s)
Optional Redundant boards
Optional Redundancy
MP for Outlook
MP for Lotus Notes
MP for MOC (LCS/OCS)
MP for Sametime Connect
MP for Jabber IM
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Cisco Unified MeetingPlace Express VT 2.0

MCU for video telephony endpoints
Ad-hoc and rich-media conferencing
Voice/video/web for Personal
Communicator
Voice/video for Communication
Manager video telephony endpoints
Unified Personal
Communicator
IP Phone
7985-G
Ideal for small number of users

Deployed internally for Cisco
Communications Manager Video
Telephony endpoints
Unified Video
Advantage
Sony
Tandberg
Polycom
Dedicated Single-server deployment, Linux-based software

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Unified MeetingPlace Express VT

Example Video Telephony and Web Collaboration
CUMPE-VT
Video
Video
Web
Video
Web
Cisco Communication
Manager
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Cisco Unified Videoconferencing Manager

Videoconferencing Management Solution
Scheduling people and
resources
Network management of
infrastructure
components & endpoints
Virtual MCU features for
seamless scalability
Call Detail Reports for
monitoring and billing
Endpoints
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MCUs and Gateways

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Gatekeepers
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TelePresence
Overview
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Telepresence Meeting
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Cisco TelePresence: Portfolio Evolution

TelePresence Endpoint to cover all types of rooms
and meetings
Large Crossfunctional meetings
CTS-3200
CTS-3000
1:1
meetings
or 1 to
many
CTS-1000
CTS-500
Exec office,
home office
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Small Conf
rooms
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Large conf
rooms
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Cisco TelePresence
CTS-500
Experience Cisco TelePresence quality from

your own office
Meet one-on-one or join a larger
meeting remotely
1080p, high definition video, CD quality audio
One touch to launch call
Fully integrated with Cisco Unified
Communications Manager
Sized for the executive office and corporate
home office
37 display provides vivid
face-to-face experience
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Cisco TelePresence
CTS-1000
4 participants at the virtual table

Table, chairs and plants
not included
Native 1080p camera and
65 plasma display
Wideband microphone
and speaker
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7970G
(Optional) high-definition
data projector
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Cisco TelePresence
CTS-3000
12 participants at the
virtual table
Includes everything shown
here, minus chairs and plants
Native 1080p cameras and
65 plasma displays
Wideband microphones
and speakers
High-definition data projector
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Cisco TelePresence
CTS-3200
Up to 18 participants at the
virtual table
Includes everything shown
here, minus chairs and plants
Native 1080p cameras and
65 plasma displays
Wideband microphones
and speakers
High-definition data projector
Up to 4 Data displays
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Cisco TelePresence Codec

Overview
Primary
Hub of connectivity for the room:
Phone User Interface
Cameras
Displays
Microphone
Speakers
Ethernet
PoE
Audio
HDMI
All Encoding, Decoding and Muxing

Operates Like a Phone
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Cisco TelePresence Network Requirements

Max Bandwidth Per SecondDetailed Breakdown
Network must be provisioned for the below, but average bandwidth utilisation is 60-80% of these numbers
Resolution
1080p
1080p
1080p
720p
720p
720p
Motion Handling
Best
Better
Good
Best
Better
Good
Video per Screen (kbps)
1000
4000
3500
3000
3000
2000
Audio per Microphone (kbps)
64
64
64
64
64
64
Auto Collaborate Video channel

(i.e. data projector (kbps)
500
500
500
500
500
500
Auto Collaborate Audio channel

(i.e. audio add-in) (kbps)
64
64
64
64
64
64
CTS-1000
Total Audio and Video (kbps)
4,628 TX
4,756 RX
4,128 TX
4,256 RX
3,628 TX
3,756 RX
3,628 TX
3,756 RX
2,628 TX
2,756 RX
1,628 TX
1,756 RX
CTS-3000
Total Audio and Video (kbps)
12,756
11,256
9,756
9,756
6,756
3,756
+ 20% for Layer 2-4 overhead

CTS-1000 total bandwidth (Mbps)
includes Layer 2- 4 overhead
5.5 Mbps TX
5.7 Mbps RX
CTS-3000 total bandwidth (Mbps)

includes Layer 2- 4 overhead
15.3 Mbps
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4.9 Mbps TX 4.3 Mbps TX 4.3 Mbps TX 3.1 Mbps TX

5.1 Mbps RX 4.5 Mbps RX 4.5 Mbps RX 3.3 Mbps RX
13.5 Mbps
11 .7 Mbps
11.7 Mbps
2.0 Mbps TX
2.1 Mbps RX
8.1 Mbps
4.5 Mbps
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TelePresence Network Requirements

Latency, Jitter and Loss SLA Summary
PE
CE
Service
Provider
PE
CE
Campus
Codec
Campus
WAN Tail
Service
Provider
LAN
SLAs only relate to Network Flight Time
Codec
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Branch
Codec
Codec
Metric
Target
Threshold 1
(Warning)
Threshold 2
(Call Drop)
Enterprise
Component
Service Provider
Component
Latency
150 ms
200 ms
400 ms
20%
80%
Jitter
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
50%
50%
Loss
0.05%
0.10%
0.20%
50%
50%

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Cisco TelePresence Manager

Provides management and
scheduling of Cisco TelePresence
rooms and Multipoint Switch
Middleware glue between Cisco
TelePresence Systems, Cisco
Unified CallManager and Microsoft
Exchange
Provides status of all
TelePresence rooms within the
enterprise and any scheduled
TelePresence meetings
Provides One Button to Push call
launch of scheduled meetings via
the touch-screen user interface of
the Cisco IP Phone 7970
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Cisco TelePresence Solution

Components
Cisco TelePresence
Multipoint Switch
(CTMS)
SIP Registrar and Back-to-Back User Agent
Cisco Unified
CallManager Cluster
SIP User Agent
SIP User Agent
Network Infrastructure
CTS-1000 or CTS-3000
CTS-1000 or CTS-3000
Microsoft Active
Microsoft
Cisco TelePresence
Microsoft
Directory
Exchange
Manager (CTM)
Outlook or
Lotus Notes Meeting Scheduling Components (Optional)
Client
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Cisco Unified Videoconferencing and

Cisco TelePresence
Interoperability
CTM
Interop
CTMS
CUVC MCU
SD Endpoints
CTS
Endpoints
Los Angeles
HD Endpoints
Cisco TelePresence Multipoint Switch and Cisco Unified Videoconferencing MCU

will cascade to join TelePresence and non-TelePresence endpoints into the same
meetings
The interop link between CTMS and MCU will use G.711 & CIF Standard Definition
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Digital Media
Overview
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Cisco Digital Media System: Overview

A Comprehensive Suite of Digital Signage, Enterprise TV
and Desktop Video Applications
Comprehensive: Suite of digital signage, Enterprise TV and desktop

video, managed from a single platform
Scalable: To thousands of users and digital displays
Network-Centric: For optimal, intelligent media content delivery
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Cisco Digital Signage, Enterprise TV and

Desktop Video Components
For Desktop Video
Digital Media
Encoder 1000
Digital Media Manager

For Desktop Video, Digital Signage
& Enterprise TV
Video Portal
Digital Media
Encoder 2000
For Digital Signage & Enterprise TV
For Enterprise TV
Digital Media Players

SA Encoders
For Digital Signage
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Digital Media WorkFlow

1. Content Creation
3. Content Distribution
Video Capture and Encoding
Access over Network
2. Content Management
ACNS
Ingest, Scheduling, Publishing,

Reporting
4. Content Delivery/Viewing
Digital
Display
PC
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Cisco Video Portal with Video Player
Video
Playback
Area
Navigation Area
or
Supplemental Video
Information
Basic Video
Playback Controls
Preview Plane
Advanced Video
Controls
Ticker Messages
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Cisco Digital Signage: Overview

A comprehensive solution for flexible and centralised
management and publishing of digital media to networked,
on-premise digital signage displays
Digital Media Manager
Digital Media
Players
SA Encoders
Or Media Server
(Web or Flash)
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Components of Cisco Enterprise TV
Digital Media
Player
Digital Media
Manager
Network as the Platform

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DMP 4400G
Digital signage: Full screen video
or screen zoning
Enterprise TV: remote controlled
channel and program guide
MPEG 1/2/4, including H.264, in SD
and HD, graphics, web content,
text and RSS tickers
Customisable on-screen templates
Remote management of display
(on/off, volume, contrast,
brightness)
Security: Hardened
device
4 GB Local storage, high
availability and automatic failover
Advertisements/Marketing
Executive Communications
Enterprise TV
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Video Strategy
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Developing a Video Strategy:

Requirements Checklist:
Which Video Applications does the business require? When?
Digital
Video on
Virtual
Video
Live
Signage
Demand
Meetings
Conference
TV
Which Endpoints fit each Application? How many?

Which protocols could be in use - Signalling and Transmission?
What is the approximate load on the network - QoS implications?
Identify and leverage what is common / shared?

Identify major hurdles and examine mitigation options
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Unified Video Network
Network
Video Advertising
Network
Video Learning and

Collaboration
Network
Video Conference
One to Many, Many to Many
From Silos to True Integration

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Q and A
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Recommended Unified Communications

Demos
Continue your Cisco Networkers learning experience by

visiting the following Unified Communications Demos
located in the World of Solutions
Cisco Unified Communications Manager 7.0 (CUCM 7)
Cisco Unified Presence Server 7.0 - (CUPS 7.0)
Cisco Unified Mobility Advantage (CUMA)
Unified Contact Centre Express 7.0
Unity Connection 7.0
Meeting Place Express 7.0 (MPE)
Webex
IBM Sametime and Microsoft Office Integration
Dual Mode Phones
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Meet the Expert

Make the most of your time at Cisco Networkers by
meeting one-on-one with a Cisco Expert. This is an
invaluable opportunity so dont miss out!
Visit the Meeting Centre in the World of Solutions to
select your topic of interest, your preferred expert in that
field and to set up a specific time to meet onsite.
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Complete Your Online

Session Evaluation
Win fabulous prizes by giving
us your feedback!
Go to the Internet stations
located throughout the
Convention Centre to complete
your session evaluation.
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VVT-1003 Introduction To Video Communications

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VVT-1003

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Video Consists of:

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lossless compression has very little gain in reducing

Lossy compression make use of Perceptual Coding,

Lossy compression is used when it is not possible

Video compression is the science of representing information in a compact form

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basics of Video Encoding

Reduce non-essential information from the video signal based on

Send the remaining information as efficiently as possible: Lossless

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Basics of Video Encoding

4 8x8 LUMA, 2 8x8 CHROMA for

Spatial prediction (used in all pictures)

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basics of Video Encoding

- Which picture requires more bits

- HRD constraints (no buffer

Bit Rate (MBit/s)

Target Bit Rate

- High-level bit allocation for each

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Current Video Encoding Standards

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2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

For example, Youtube uses Flash Video

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Groups of Pictures (GOP)

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Bandwidth Requirements for Video

I frame is a full sample of the video

P and B frames use quantisation via motion vectors

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2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bandwidth Requirements for Video

Harder to calculate video because

General rule of thumb is to add 20%

Session speed is typically the

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Traffic Patterns for

Bandwidth per Call

IP/VC Has the Same

Each Traffic Type has different requirements of the network

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2008, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommended QoS Traffic

* But what about other Video applications? *