Current Status of Bio-fuel and its Future

in the South East Asia and Japan

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCE AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

KYUSHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
YOSHIHITO SHIRAI
methane 400t/y

process
water
15000t/y

POME
40000t/y
COD 0000 ppm
SS
15000 ppm

lagoon
anaerobic pond
Large amount of
methane is releaed
to the atmosphare.

FFB
81000t/y

solid waste
EFB
14500t/y
EFB is used for fertilizer
to oil palm plantation

solid waste
fiber
14500t/y

All the energy for the mill

can be supplied by
cobustio of fiber.

CPO
27000t/y

a current palm oil mill

Consumption

World Consumption

Grains

100kg/capita y
150kg/capita y

1 billion t/y

Meat

100kg/capita y
40kg/capita y

800 million t/y

grains for meat

18kg/capita y
9kg/capita y

80 million t/y

Edible Oil

World Demand for Bio-diesel in the near future

5 million t/y
World Supply
Vegetable Oil

110 million t/y

80% for food

20% for Industry

Grains
2 billion t/y
(Rice, Wheat, Corn, Potato, Cassava)

Fresh Fruit Bunch: FFB

Fruit

Oil Palm Tree

FFB

for autoclave of FFB

drams for autoclave

Empty Fruit Bunch: EFB

Palm Oil Mill

EFB heap
Palm Oil mill
Effluent: POME

Fiber

methane
lagoon

fertilizer

POME
POME: palm oil mill effluent
COD >40000ppm
water
25 million t/y
sterilization
strip

FFB: fresh fruit

bunch
60 million t/y

CPO: crude
palm oil
11 million t/y
400 US$/t

rinse
digesting
press

fiber:
6 million t/y
moisture content
seed
fruit shell
40%
fiber + oil
kernel oil combustion
2700 kcal/kg
P K

palm kernel
3 million t/y
380 US$/t

shell: 4 million t/y

moisture content 10%
combustion
4500kcal/kg

EFB: empty fruit bunch

14.4 million t/y
moisture content 60%
combustion1400kcal/kg PALM OIL INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

CDM
Developed Country

Joint Project

Developing Country

Reducing GHG
Boundary

Space
Time < 2012
Measurable

Base Line

Joint Project

No
Yes

GHG

reduction

Site Descriptions

Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill

Anaerobic Treatment:
3600 m3 open digesting
tank (6 tanks)
HRT 20 days

Serting Palm Oil Mill

Anaerobic Treatment:
7500 m3 anaerobic pond (4
ponds)
HRT 40 days

Findings: CH4 emission & COD removed

Correlation between CH4
emission & COD removed
Open tank 0.109kg CH4 per
kg COD removed
Anaerobic pond 0.238kg
CH4 per kg COD removed

1600
Open Digesting Tank
1200
CH4 (kg/day)

400

COD removal efficiencies of

anaerobic process

0
5000

Open tank 80.7%

Anaerobic pond 97.8%

Correlation between CH4

emission & POME discharge
Open tank 5.5kg CH4 per
tonne POME
Anaerobic pond 12.36kg
CH4 per tonne POME

5500

6000

6500

7000

2500
2000
CH4 (kg/day)

800

Anaerobic pond

1500
1000
500
0
0

2000
4000
6000
Total COD Removed (kg/day)

8000

Biogas composition (measured)

methane 35% CO2 65% (digesting tanks)
methane 45% CO2 55% (facultative pond)

Biogas amount (measured)

4.9 L/min m2
7.06 m3/day m2 (digesting tanks)
0.7L/min m2
1.01 m3/day m2 (facultative pond)
Judging from Data from Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill

Total biogas from mill

4 million m3/y

Total methane from mill

1000t/y

POME
160000 m3/y

Biogas
(Methane+CO2)

mill
FFB
360000t/y

digesting tanks

Biogas
(Methane+CO2)

no biogas (30%)
EFB
FFB x 0.24
= 86400t/y

Fiber
FFB x 0.1
= 36000t/y

CPO
65000t/y
facultative pond

A model mill case study

Cooperative joint project among KITUPMFELDA

Cost Estimation 2.4 million JY
EFB(C-compounds)
(Fermentor, Scrubber
Cellulose
30%
Storage tank, and others)
Hemi-cellulose 30%
POME residence time would be
Biomass
(potentiality)
Lignin
30%
reduced to 10 days (currently
3
500m
methane
tank
system
Cellulose : 10000t/y
20days).
Lignin
: 10000t/y Installed by KIT and UPM
Hexose
: 11000t/y
Biogas
Pentose
: 11000t/y POME
(Methane+CO2)
16000 m3/Sep
Lactic acid : 22000t/y
mill
Ethanol
: 5500t/y
FFB
360000t/y

Biogas
digesting
tanks
Acids fermentation
(Methane+CO2)
no biogas (30%)
EFB
FFB x 0.24
= 86400t/y

Fiber
FFB x 0.1
= 36000t/y

CPO
65000t/y

Acetic acid
: 800t/y
Propionic acid : 400t/y
Butiric acid
: 400t/y
facultative pond

Production of Ethanol
from Kitchen Refuse in Japan
Yoshihito Shirai
Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering

Kyushu Institute of Technology

Saccharified liquid from Kitchen Refuse

100 kg Kitchen Refuse 50 kg
30 g

Water

Glucoamylase

Saccharification of Kitchen Refuse

Fertilizer
50 kg

150 kg
Residues

Separation

Saccharified liquid
100 kg
Video

Ethanol Production from Food Waste in Kitakyushu

Under NEDO Support

Food Waste
10 t/d
Ethanol plant
now operating

Power plant
from municipal waste

Ethanol
400 L/d
Kitakyushu Eco Energy Co. Ltd.

Sugar Production from EFB

By Nikki
130td

18td
H2SO4

500td

EFB

Water

450td

Saccharification

SMB:
Simulated Moving
Bed Adsorber

1200td

SMB
Conc.

352td
Residues

10Sugar Sol.

H2SO4
70) Water

50td(H2SO4 18t/d

1040td
sugar 104t

258td

H2SO4 31854000
For Residues 20005010000
total 154 k 154 k104 = 1.5kg
Resin 100t/y 50000 k 50000 k25200t 2
Energy feefor 258td water evaporation
129t steam required 129t500 64500 0.6
Labor fee capita45000d 0.4

Running fee 4.5 to produce 1kg of sugar

FELDA

Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
International
Airport (KLIA)

Serting Hilir

FELDA

FELDA

ADVANTAGES
of Palm Oil Industry as Green Industry!!
Business as Usual Huge area and green
(key word: BaU) energy by CDM
Lower country risk
Excellent labors
Stability of Counterpart
Environmentally &
economically friendly
business
Constant collection of biomass
through whole the year
Resources
as BaU

No logistics
issues as BaU

Energy

Even only one mill yields averagely no less than 40,000 tons of standardized biomass
(they are not waste but resource!!) as BaU.

Novel Business Using Biomass Energy from Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
CDM provides profitable
area for novel business to
which biomass energy can
be supplied from palm
oil industry with a very
good price

for novel business

CDM provides a complete methane
fermentation system and can change
lagoon area to the profitable area.

1. CDM can reduce GHG by sealing

lagoons.
2. Local pollution can be prevented.
(odd smell from lagoons stopped)
CDM provides electricity using the methane
3. Local employment can be enfermentation system to supply to novel
couraged by inviting novel
business with a very good price.
business.
According to the economic growth in Malaysia and Indonesia development of new
oil palm plantation in the tropical rain forest becomes no longer economically
effective. To answer the increasing demand for palm oil in the future, it will become
essential palm oil industry must cooperatively stay with other industry and people.